Editing Tokoyama (section)

==Sumo==
[[File:Fusanishiki 1961 Scan10016.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Former {{Transliteration|ja|sekiwake}} [[Fusanishiki Katsuhiko|Fusanishiki]] getting his hair done in 1961]]
{{See also|Rikishi#Clothing and physical appearance}}
In professional sumo, the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} are employed by the [[Japan Sumo Association]] to cut and prepare [[rikishi|wrestler]]s' hair, which is then styled in a {{Transliteration|ja|[[chonmage]]}} style.<ref name="sumo101">{{cite web|last=Gunning|first=John|author-link=John Gunning (journalist)|title=Sumo 101: Tokoyama (Hairdressers)|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/11/14/sumo/sumo-hairdressers-require-many-years-training-specialized-tools/|work=[[The Japan Times]]|url-access=subscription|date=14 November 2018|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100628/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/11/14/sumo/sumo-hairdressers-require-many-years-training-specialized-tools/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Daniel|date=13 October 2016|title=The Sumo Top Knot Is the Original Man Bun|url=https://www.meridian.net/japan/2016/10/13/13269478/history-of-sumo-wrestler-hair-longform-essay|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Meridian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918101038/https://www.meridian.net/japan/2016/10/13/13269478/history-of-sumo-wrestler-hair-longform-essay|archive-date=18 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, wrestlers went to public barbershops to get their hair done.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}} However, during the [[Meiji era]], traditional barbers gradually disappeared as [[Westernization|Western]] hairstyles became fashionable.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}}{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}} To continue styling the hair of wrestlers who had maintained the tradition of wearing the {{Transliteration|ja|chonmage}} topknot, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} were borrowed for a time from kabuki theaters to serve wrestlers during [[honbasho|tournaments]].{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}}{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}} Eventually, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} became an integral part of professional sumo and began training specifically to style the wrestlers' hair.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}}

Today, the Sumo Association employs the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} and ranks them according to experience and ability.{{sfn|Schilling|1994|p=124}} There are around 50 {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} employed by the Sumo Association at all times,{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}}<ref name="nhk2">{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/sports/story/22302/|title=特集 横綱 白鵬のまげを結い続け、共に歩んだ床山|work=[[NHK]]|date=11 September 2021|access-date=18 January 2024|language=ja}}</ref> but new positions can be created if a stable with more than 12 wrestlers and no hairdresser requests so.<ref name=waraku>{{cite web|url=https://intojapanwaraku.com/culture/242235/|title=伝統の「カミ」技で大相撲を支える、床山の世界 ～特等床山・床鶴氏インタビュー・前編～|work={{Interlanguage link|Waraku (magazine)|ja|3=和樂|lt=Waraku Magazine}} |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |date=30 April 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|language=ja}}</ref> Apprentices, all men aged 15 to 19,<ref name=waraku/> are attached to a [[heya (sumo)|sumo stable]] like other personnel such as {{Transliteration|ja|[[gyōji]]}} (referee) or {{Transliteration|ja|[[yobidashi]]}} (handymen).{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=193}}{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}}{{sfn|Schilling|1994|p=124}} Stables that do not have their own {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} can rely on hairdressers from other stables belonging to the same {{Transliteration|ja|[[Glossary of sumo terms#ichimon|ichimon]]}} (clan) to do their wrestlers' hair.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=139}}{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}} Each {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} learns his trade from a senior member of staff.{{sfn|Schilling|1994|p=124}} If a {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}'s stable doesn't have a more experienced hairdresser, a hairdresser from the same {{Transliteration|ja|ichimon}} will take over the apprenticeship.<ref name=waraku/> {{Transliteration|ja|Tokoyama}} must train for at least seven years before they are considered capable of working on their own.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=57}} Only the most senior {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} are entitled to prepare the more ornate {{Transliteration|ja|ōichonmage}}, the [[Ginkgo biloba|ginkgo]] leaf shaped topknot which {{Transliteration|ja|[[sekitori]]}}-ranked wrestlers wear in their bouts and on other formal occasions.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}} This usually only happens after ten years' experience.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=144}}{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=105}}

{{Transliteration|ja|Tokoyama}} are divided into a hierarchical system that does not follow the names of sumo divisions, unlike the {{Transliteration|ja|[[gyōji]]}} and {{Transliteration|ja|[[yobidashi]]}}.<ref name="nhk"/> Beginners start at {{nihongo|fifth class||gotō}} and are promoted according to their years of service and skills until they reach {{nihongo|first class||ittō}}.<ref name="nhk"/> {{Transliteration|ja|Tokoyama}} are not considered qualified craftsmen ({{Transliteration|ja|shikakusha}}) until they are promoted to the rank of {{nihongo|second class||nitō}}.<ref name="nito">{{cite web |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/sumo/news/202309300000874.html|title=二等床山昇進の床隆「頑張ってきたかいがある」床旭美「一層真面目に取り組む」|date=30 September 2023|publisher=Nikkan Sports|access-date=18 January 2024|language=ja}}</ref> Promotion to third class takes around 10 years, while promotion to second and first class takes around 20 and 30 years respectively.<ref name=waraku/> When promoted to second class, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} receive a higher salary and a bonus during [[honbasho|tournaments]].<ref name="nito"/> When they have reached first class and have demonstrated exceptional skill, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} can ascend to {{Transliteration|ja|tokutō}}, or 'special class' {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}.<ref name="nhk"/> Promotion to this rank has very strict prerequisites and the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} must have served for around 45 years and have demonstrated "excellent talents".<ref name=waraku/><ref name="nhk"/> There is normally a maximum of two {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} at this rank,<ref name="sumo101"/> although three special class {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} coexisted in 2019 (Tokohachi, Tokomatsu and Tokoyodo).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20191025-OHT1T50239.html?page=1|title=御嶽海と歩む出羽海部屋の床山、大銀杏に夢を結う|date=26 October 2019|publisher=Sports Hochi|access-date=18 January 2024|language=ja}}</ref> Special class {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} are the only ones allowed to style the topknot of a {{Transliteration|ja|[[yokozuna]]}}, a sumo wrestler of the highest rank.<ref name="sumo101"/> {{Transliteration|ja|Tokoyama}} are subject to mandatory retirement at the age of 65.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=105}}

In professional sumo, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} work under a pseudonym that always starts with the [[kanji]] for 'floor' or 'bed' ({{lang|ja|[[wikt:床#Japanese|床]]}}, pronounced {{Transliteration|ja|toko}}) in their names.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}} The rest of the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}'s name is usually derived from a kanji in his personal name, or from a kanji borrowed from the stable to which he belongs.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=104}}<ref name="nhk">{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/sports/story/1023/|title=特集 - 17歳の床山「ふるさとの力士の活躍願い 修行の日々」|work=[[NHK]]|date=27 November 2019|access-date=18 January 2024|language=ja}}</ref> Unlike {{Transliteration|ja|gyōji}}, {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} names cannot be passed on and are therefore unique.<ref name=waraku/>

Special class {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} have also appeared on the {{Transliteration|ja|[[banzuke]]}} since [[2008 in sumo|January 2008]] and in [[2012 in sumo|January 2012]], first-class {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} were also added.<ref name=waraku/>

Wrestlers' hairstyles are so important in the culture of sumo that the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} profession is highly valued, with some former wrestlers employing their own hairdressers on their own money, like [[Taihō Kōki|Taihō]].{{sfn|Kenrick|1969|p=50}} Some wrestlers create close ties with their hairdresser, such as former {{Transliteration|ja|yokozuna}} [[Hakuhō Shō|Hakuhō]], whose hair was combed throughout his career by the same {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}, former special class {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} Tokohachi.<ref name="nhk2"/><ref name="Asahi2">{{cite web|author=Kensuke Suzuki |title=SUMO/ Hakuho worked with hairdresser who didn't like the yokozuna |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14460044 |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065417/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14460044|url-status=live}}</ref> The importance of {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} also extends to the founding of new stables, as their opening may be called into question if they are unable to obtain a hairdresser.{{sfn|Kenrick|1969|p=50}}