Editing Shilha language (section)

==== Possessed nouns ====
These are a subtype of uninflected nouns. As with proper names, gender is not transparently marked on possessed nouns, which take gender agreement according to the natural sex of the referent. Plurals are either suppletive or made with the preposed pluralizer {{Lang|shi-latn|id}}. Most possessed nouns are consanguinal kinship terms which require a possessive suffix (the table contains a selection).

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="350"| ||width="120"| Singular ||width="120"| Plural || Remarks
|-
| "the mother(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|id ma-}}||
|-
| "the father(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|baba-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|id baba-}}||
|-
| "the daughter(s) of"  || {{Lang|shi-latn|ylli-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ysti-}}||
|-
| "the son(s) of"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|yiw-, yu-, ywi-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|(t-arwa)}}|| the plural is a pl.m. inflected noun "sons, offspring"
|-
| "the sister(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt-ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|yst-ma-}}|| compound, lit. "the daughter(s) of the mother of"
|-
| "the brother(s) of"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|g°-ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ayt-ma-}}|| compound, lit. "the son(s) of the mother of"
|-
| "grandmother: the mother of the mother of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|jdda-}}|| || Arabic loan
|-
| "grandfather: the father of the mother of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|ti-ma-}}|| || compound
|-
| "grandmother: the mother of the father of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|tabt-ti-}}|| || compound
|-
| "grandfather: the father of the father of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|jddi-}}|| || Arabic loan
|}

These kinship terms cannot occur without pronominal suffix. Example:

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|width="120"|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-Ø}}|| width="200"|"my sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-k}} || "your (sg.m.) sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-m}} || "your (sg.f.) sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-s}} || "her sister, his sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-nɣ}} || "our sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-un}} || "your (pl.m.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-unt}} || "your (pl.f.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-sn}} || "their (m.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-snt}} || "their (f.) sisters"
|}

If these nouns are part of an NP-internal possessive construction, possession must be indicated twice:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|baba-s n tslit|father-her of EA-bride|"the father of the bride"}}
{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|yiwi-s n g°ma-Ø|son-his of brother-my|"my brother's son"}}
{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|illi-s n wasif|daughter-its of EA-river|"the daughter of the river: fever" (compound)}}

The suffix must also be added when possession is expressed in a clause:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ur iṭṭif abla yat ultma-s
|not he.possesses except one sister.his
|"he only has one sister"}}

Some kinship terms are not possessed nouns but inflected nouns which take possessive complements (see examples above).

Another group of possessed nouns require a following noun phrase, occurring only in an NP-internal possessive phrase. A following inflected noun must be in the EA.

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="240"| ||width="95"| Singular ||width="95"| Plural
|-
| "the son(s) of, native(s) of" || {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}  || {{Lang|shi-latn|ayt}}
|-
| "the female native(s) of" || {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|yst}}
|}

These four possessed nouns occur as first element in compound kinship terms (see above; {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} then becomes {{Lang|shi-latn|g°}} in {{Lang|shi-latn|g°-ma-}} "the brother of"). They also serve to indicate descent, origin and ethnicity:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|Ḥmad u Musa}} "Ahmed son of Moussa" (name of a [[Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa (saint)|famous saint]])<ref>The possessed noun {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt}}, the feminine counterpart of {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}, is not used in genealogies; thus, Fadma the daughter of Moussa is {{Lang|shi-latn|Faḍma Musa}}, not *{{Lang|shi-latn|Faḍma wlt Musa}} (cf. Aspinion 1953:30).</ref>
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u Brayyim}} "member of the Aït Brayyim ethnic group"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u bṛṛa}} "native of outside: a foreigner"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u Trudant}} "a native of Taroudant"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ayt Ugrsif}} "the natives of Aguercif"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ult Uglu}} "native woman of Aglou"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ist Tfrawt}} "the women of Tafraout"
When {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} is followed by another (phonemic) {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} the result is {{Lang|shi-latn|gg°}}:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|w Wijjan}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|Gg°ijjan}} "native of Ouijjane" (also surname: Gouijjane)
: {{Lang|shi-latn|a-rgaz w w-rgaz}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|argaz gg°rgaz}} "a man, son of a man: a man of virtue"
{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt}} occurs in many Shilha ethnonyms:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt Bubkr}} "the Sons of Boubker" (Aït Boubker), singular {{Lang|shi-latn|U Bubkr}}
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt Wafqqa}} "the Sons of Ouafka" (Aït Ouafka), singular {{Lang|shi-latn|w Wafqqa}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|Gg°afqqa}}