Editing Newar language (section)

==Grammar==
{{cleanup|section|reason=This section may need to be rewritten. |date=April 2019}}
Newar language is one of the few Tibeto-Burman languages with a [[clusivity]] distinction.

=== Noun cases ===
Noun cases in Newar have six cases and are differentiated based on whether the term in question is animate or inanimate. The following charts provides case endings that can be affixed on the end of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in IAST transliteration for contemporary and old (or "classical") Newar.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Noun Case Endings in Contemporary Newar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |title=The Newar Language: A Working Outline |publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa |year=1985 |location=Tokyo |pages=31–32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hale |first1=Austin |title=Newar (Nepāl Bhāsā) |last2=Shrestha |first2=Kedār |publisher=Lincom Europa |year=2006 |location=Münich |pages=23–36}}</ref>
|
|''Inanimate''
| colspan="2" |''Animate/non-honorific''
| colspan="2" |''Animate/honorific''
|-
|'''Case'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Plural'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Plural'''
|-
|'''[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]/[[Ergative case|Ergative]]'''
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki>
|(-sa-) -ṃ, 

-ḥṃ,
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pisaṃ, </nowiki>

-pisaḥṃ
|-
|'''[[Absolutive case|Absolutive]]'''
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pīṃ</nowiki>
|-
|'''[[Sociative case|Sociative]]'''
|X
|<nowiki>-yāke, -ike</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-tayke</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yāke, -ike</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pīṃke</nowiki>
|-
|'''[[Dative case|Dative]]'''
|<nowiki>-yāta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yāta, -ta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-tayta, -ita</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yāta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pīṃta</nowiki>
|-
|'''[[Genitive case|Genitive]]'''
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-tay</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pini</nowiki>
|-
|'''[[Locative case|Locative]]'''
|<nowiki>-e, -ay, -ī</nowiki>
|X
|X
|X
|X
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Noun Case Endings in Old Newar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Otter |first=Felix |title=A Course in Reading Classical Newari: Selections from the Vetālapañcaviṃśati |publisher=xasia eBooks |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-946742-94-4 |location=Heidelberg |pages=11–28}}</ref>
| 
|''Inanimate''
| colspan="2" |''Animate/non-honorific''
| colspan="2" |''Animate/honorific''
|-
|'''Case'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Plural'''
|'''Singular'''
|'''Plural'''
|-
|'''Instrumental/Ergative'''
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-taseṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-n, -seṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-paniseṃ</nowiki>
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ta, -to</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-pani</nowiki>
|-
|'''Sociative'''
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-mis(a)va</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-panis(a)va</nowiki>
|-
|'''Dative'''
|<nowiki>-taṃ, -yātā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-taṃ, -yātaṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-mistaṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yātaṃ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-panistaṃ</nowiki>
|-
|'''Genitive'''
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-tas, -mis</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-panis</nowiki>
|-
|'''Locative'''
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-(s)ke, -yāke</nowiki>
|X
|<nowiki>-(s)ke, -yāke</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-paniske</nowiki>
|}

===Sentence structure===
<!-- More contributions requested -->
Statement sentence-<br />
This language is a [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] ([[subject–object–verb]]) language. For instance, "My name is Bilat (Birat)" is "Jigu Na'aa Bilat Khaa'a " which word by word translation becomes, "My (Jigu) Name (Na'aa) Bilat is (Khaa'a)".

Interrogative sentence-<br/>
Wh-question:<br/>
In the case of Newar language, Wh-questions are rather "G-questions" with "when/which" being replaced by "Gublay/Gugu" respectively. There is an additional "Guli" which is used for "How much/How many". A S-word "Soo" is used for "who". "Chhoo/Schoo (with a silent 's')" is used for "What", and "Gathey" is used for "How".

===Affixes===

''Suffix''- "''Chaa''" and "''Ju''" are two popular suffixes. "''Chaa''" is added to signify "''junior''" or "''lesser''". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, ''kya'ah-chaa'' means nephew where "''chaa''" is being added to ''kya'ah(son)''. When added to name like ''Birat'' for "''Birat-chaa''", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "''ju''" is added to show respect. For example, "''Baa-ju''" means "''father-in-law''" where "''ju''" is added to "''Baa(father)''". Unlike "''chaa''", "''ju''" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "''Bhaaju''" is added for males and "''Mayju''" for females. Example, "''Birat bhaaju''" for a male name (''Birat'') and "''Suja Mayju''" for a female name (''Suja'').

''Prefix'' – "''Tap'ah''" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative ('distance' in relationship irrespective of spatial extent). A distant (younger) brother (''kija'') becomes "''tap'ah-kija''". "''Tuh''" is added to denote "higher". Father (''baa'')'s senior brother is referred to as "''Tuh-baa''".