Editing Shilha language (section)

== Lexicon ==
{{See also|Berber_languages#Lexicon}}
Tashlhiyt, like other Berber languages, has a small number of loanwords from [[Phoenician language|Phoenician-Punic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Aramaic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861608 |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |location=Leiden |pages=57–60 |oclc=858861608}}</ref> There are also Latin loans from the time of the [[Roman Empire|Roman empire]], although the region in which Tashlhiyt is spoken was never in the empire's territory.<ref name=":50">{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861608 |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |location=Leiden |pages=63–72 |oclc=858861608}}</ref>

Most Tashlhiyt loanwords are Arabic in origin. [[Maarten Kossmann]] estimates that about 6% of the basic Tashlhiyt lexicon is borrowed from Arabic; [[Salem Chaker]] estimates that 25% of the stable lexicon overall is borrowed from Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861608 |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |location=Leiden |pages=107–110 |oclc=858861608}}</ref>

Although some nouns denoting typically Islamic concepts such as {{Lang|shi-latn|timzgida}} "mosque", {{Lang|shi-latn|taẓallit}} "ritual prayer", {{Lang|shi-latn|uẓum}} "fasting", which certainly belong to the very oldest layer of Arabic loans,<ref>Van den Boogert and Kossmann (1997).</ref> are fully incorporated into Shilha morphology, many equally central Islamic concepts are expressed with unincorporated nouns, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|lislam}} "Islam", {{Lang|shi-latn|lḥajj}} "pilgrimage to Mecca", {{Lang|shi-latn|zzka}} "alms tax". It is possible that during the early stages of islamization such concepts were expressed with native vocabulary or with earlier, non-Arabic loans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boogert |first=Nico van den |last2=Kossmann |first2=Maarten |date=1997 |title=Les Premiers Emprunts Arabes en Berbère |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/arab/44/2/article-p317_8.xml |journal=Arabica |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=317 |quote=Les nouveaux-convertis ne parlaient pas l'arabe et il fallut fabriquer un vocabulaire religieux dans leur propre langue, le berbère}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten Gosling |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25308-7 |series=Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics |location=Leiden Boston |pages=76-77 |quote=The present distribution of many specifically Berber terms for Islamic religious concepts suggests that a uniform Berber Islamic terminology was consciously created in order to meet this need, no doubt by early missionaries. […] There are three types of Islamic religious terms which are possibly part of the earliest stratum of missionary activity: newly coined terms or terms taken over from Berber; ancient Christian or Jewish terms mainly from Latin (or maybe Greek); and Arabic terms.}}</ref> One such term which has survived into the modern era is {{Lang|shi-latn|tafaska}} "ewe for slaughter on the (Islamic) [[Eid al-Adha|Feast of Immolation]]",{{efn|The Feast of Immolation itself is known in Shilha as {{Lang|shi-latn|lɛid n tfaska}} "the feast of the sacrificial ewe".}} from {{Lang|la|pascha}},{{efn|Pronounced in classical times as {{IPA|[paskʰa]}} or {{IPA|[paska]}}.}} the Latinized name of the Jewish festival of [[Passover]] (''Pesaḥ'') or, more specifically, of the [[Passover sacrifice|paschal lamb]] (''qorbān Pesaḥ'') which is sacrificed during the festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire Berbère tachelhiyt - français: Tome 4 T- Z |date=2025 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-70047-5 |series=Handbook oriental studies |location=Leiden |pages=2355 |quote=lʕid n tfaska « la fête du mouton»}}</ref> Another example is {{Lang|shi-latn|ibkkaḍan}} "sins", obsolete in the modern language, but attested in a premodern manuscript text,<ref>Aẓnag (late 16th century), {{Lang|shi-latn|Lɛqayd n ddin}}, in the phrase {{Lang|shi-latn|ingaẓn n tarwa…da ssiridn ibkkaḍan}} "the pains of childbirth are washing away the sins".</ref> whose singular {{Lang|shi-latn|abkkaḍu}} is borrowed from Romance (cf. Spanish {{Lang|es|pecado}}, Latin {{Lang|la|peccātum}}; modern Shilha uses {{Lang|shi-latn|ddnub}} "sins", from Arabic).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |date=2025 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-70049-9 |series=Handbook of Oriental studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section one, The Near and Middle East |location=Boston |pages=40, 710 |quote=abkkaḍu, pl. ibkkaḍan ‖ «péché » [...] ddnb, pl. ddnub ‖ ◊ 1. « ①péché »}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25308-7 |series=Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics |location=Leiden ; Boston |pages=67 |language=en |quote=[...] one suspects that abǝkkaḍ, as a Christian term, is a relatively late borrowing.}}</ref>

Tashlhiyt numerals 5 to 9 may be loanwords, although their origin is unclear; they do not seem to originate from Phoenician-Punic or Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861608 |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |location=Leiden |pages=61 |oclc=858861608}}</ref> Additionally, all Tashlhiyt numerals agree in gender, whereas Arabic numerals do not.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795895594 |title=The Afroasiatic languages |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay |isbn=978-1-139-42364-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=64 |chapter=Berber |oclc=795895594}}</ref>