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Celtiberian language
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===Vowels=== * PIE '''*e, *h₁e''' > '''e''': '''{{lang|xce|Togoitei eni}}''' 'in Togotis' < *''h₁en-i'' (cf. Lat. ''in'', OIr. ''in'' 'into, in'), '''{{lang|xce|somei eni touzei}}''' 'inside of this territory', '''es-''' 'out of, not' < *''eks'' < *''h₁eǵʰs'' (cf. Lat. ''ex-'', Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|exs-}}'', OIr. ''ess-''), '''{{lang|xce|esankios}}''' 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < *''h₁eǵʰs-*h₂enk-yos'', '''{{lang|xce|treba}}''' 'settlement, town', '''{{lang|xce|Kontrebia}}''' 'conventus, capital' < *''kom-treb-ya'' (cf. OIr. ''treb'', W. ''tref'' 'settlement'), '''{{lang|xce|ekuo}}''' ''horse'' < *''h₁ekw-os'', '''{{lang|xce|ekualo}}''' 'horseman'. * PIE '''*h₂e''' > '''a''': '''{{lang|xce|ankios}}''' 'fenced, enclosed' < *''h₂enk-yos'', '''{{lang|xce|Ablu}}''' 'strong' < *''h₂ep-lō'' 'strength', '''{{lang|xce|augu}}''' 'valid, firm' < *''h₂ewg-u'', adj. 'strong, firm, valid'. * PIE '''*o, *Ho''' > '''o''': '''{{lang|xce|olzui}}''' (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< *''olzo'' 'last' < *''h₂ol-tyo'', cf. Lat. ''{{lang|la|ultimus}}'' < *''h₂ol-t-m̥o''. OIr. ''ollam'' 'master poet' < *''oltamo'' < *''h₂ol-t-m̥''), '''{{lang|xce|okris}}''' 'mountain' (< *''h₂ok-r-i'', cf. Lat. ''{{lang|la|ocris}}'' 'mountain', OIr. ''ochair'' 'edge' < *''h₂ok-r-i''), '''{{lang|xce|monima}}''' 'memory' (< *''monī-mā'' < *''mon-eye-mā''). * PIE '''*eh₁''' > '''ē''' > '''ī'''?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE ''<sup>*</sup>h<sub>3</sub>r{{PIE|ē}}g<sup>'</sup>-s'' meaning "king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian ''-reiKis'', Gaulish ''-rix'', British ''rix'', Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton ''ri'' meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in '''{{lang|xce|dekez}}''' 'he did' < *''deked'' < *''dʰeh₁k-et'', identical to Latin ''fecit''. * PIE '''*eh₂''' > '''ā''': '''{{lang|xce|dāunei}}''' 'to burn' < *''deh₂u-nei'' (Old Irish ''dóud, dód'' 'burn' < *''deh₂u-to-''), '''{{lang|xce|silabur sāzom}}''' 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< *''sātio'' < *''seh₂t-yo'', Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|sāti}}'' 'sufficiency', OIr. ''sáith''), '''kār''' 'friendship' (< *''keh₂r'', cf. Lat. ''cārus'' 'dear' < *''keh₂r-os'', Irish ''cara'' 'friend', W. ''caru'' 'love' < *''kh₂r-os''). * PIE '''*eh₃, *oH''' > '''a/u''': Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|ū}}'' in final syllables and ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|ā}}'' in non-final syllables, e.g. IE ''<sup>*</sup>dh<sub>3</sub>-t{{PIE|ō}}d'' to Celtiberian '''{{lang|xce|datuz}}''' meaning 'he must give'. '''{{lang|xce|dama}}''' 'sentence' < *''dʰoh₁m-eh₂'' 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old Irish ''dán'' 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *''dʰoh₁m-o'' 'verdict, sentence'). * PIE '''*Hw-''' > '''w-''': '''uta''' 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< *''h₂w-ta'', 'or, and', cfr, Umb. ''ute'' 'or', Lat. ''aut'' 'or' (< *''h₂ew-ti''). * PIE '''ey''' remains '''ey''' in Celtiberian and Lepontic ('''teiuo-''' < *''dēywo-''), but in other Celtic languages, it becomes ē (apparently, another indication of the conservatism of Celtiberian, unless these spellings indicate a high /e/ rather than an actual diphthong).<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p753. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</ref>
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