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Chinese numerals
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=== Large numbers=== {{redirect|万|the surname|Wan (surname)}} For numbers larger than 10,000, similarly to the [[long and short scales]] in the West, there have been four systems in ancient and modern usage. The original one, with unique names for all powers of ten up to the 14th, is ascribed to the [[Yellow Emperor]] in the 6th century book by Zhen Luan, {{zhi|p=Wujing suanshu|l=Arithmetic in Five Classics}}. In modern Chinese, only the second system is used, in which the same ancient names are used, but each represents a [[myriad]], {{zhi|c=萬|p=wàn}} times the previous: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="100" | Character ! {{zhi|c=萬}} ! {{zhi|c=億}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=兆}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=京}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=垓}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=秭}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=穰}} ! {{zhi|c=溝}} ! {{zhi|c=澗}} ! rowspan="2" | {{zhi|c=正}} ! {{zhi|c=載}} ! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | Factor of increase |- ! Character (S) ! {{zhi|c=万}} ! {{zhi|c=亿}} ! {{zhi|c=沟}} ! {{zhi|c=涧}} ! {{zhi|c=载}} |- ! Pinyin ! {{zhi|p=wàn}} ! {{zhi|p=yì}} ! {{zhi|p=zhào}} ! {{zhi|p=jīng}} ! {{zhi|p=gāi}} ! {{zhi|p=zǐ}} ! {{zhi|p=rǎng}} ! {{zhi|p=gōu}} ! {{zhi|p=jiàn}} ! {{zhi|p=zhèng}} ! {{zhi|p=zǎi}} |- ! Jyutping ! {{zhi|j=maan6}} ! {{zhi|j=jik1}} ! {{zhi|j=siu6}} ! {{zhi|j=ging1}} ! {{zhi|j=goi1}} ! {{zhi|j=zi2}} ! {{zhi|j=joeng5}} ! {{zhi|j=kau1}} ! {{zhi|j=gaan3}} ! {{zhi|j=zing3}} ! {{zhi|j=zoi2}} |- ! Tai Lo ! {{zhi|poj=bān}} ! {{zhi|poj=ik}} ! {{zhi|poj=tiāu}} ! {{zhi|poj=king}} ! {{zhi|poj=kai}} ! {{zhi|poj=cí}} ! {{zhi|poj=jiông}} ! {{zhi|poj=koo}} ! {{zhi|poj=kàn}} ! {{zhi|poj=cèng}} ! {{zhi|poj=cáinn}} |- ! Wugniu ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|6}}ve}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|6}}yi}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|6}}zau}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|1}}cin}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|1}}ke}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|3}}tsy}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|4}}gnian}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|1}}keu}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|5}}ke}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|5}}tsen}} ! {{Transliteration|wuu|{{sup|5}}tse}} |- !Alternative | | | |{{zhi|t=經|s=经}} | |{{zhi|c=𥝱}} |{{zhi|c=壤}} | | | | | |- !Rank |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |=n |- !"short scale" ({{zhi|c=下數}}) |[[10,000|10<sup>4</sup>]] |[[100,000|10<sup>5</sup>]] |[[1,000,000|10<sup>6</sup>]] |[[10,000,000|10<sup>7</sup>]] |[[100,000,000|10<sup>8</sup>]] |[[1,000,000,000|10<sup>9</sup>]] |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>10</sup>]] |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>11</sup>]] |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>12</sup>]] |10<sup>13</sup> |10<sup>14</sup> |=10<sup>n+3</sup> Each numeral is 10 ({{zhi|c=十|p=shí}}) times the previous. |- !"myriad scale" ({{zhi|c=萬進}}, current usage) |10<sup>4</sup> |10<sup>8</sup> |10<sup>12</sup> |10<sup>16</sup> |10<sup>20</sup> |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>24</sup>]] |10<sup>28</sup> |10<sup>32</sup> |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>36</sup>]] |10<sup>40</sup> |10<sup>44</sup> |=10<sup>4n</sup> Each numeral is 10,000 ({{zhi|t=萬|s=万|p=wàn}}) times the previous. |- !"mid-scale" ({{zhi|c=中數}}) |10<sup>4</sup> |10<sup>8</sup> |10<sup>16</sup> |10<sup>24</sup> |10<sup>32</sup> |10<sup>40</sup> |[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10<sup>48</sup>]] |10<sup>56</sup> |10<sup>64</sup> |10<sup>72</sup> |10<sup>80</sup> |=10<sup>8(n-1)</sup> Starting with {{zhi|c=亿}}, each numeral is 10<sup>8</sup> ({{zhi|t=萬乘以萬|s=万乘以万|p=wàn chéngyǐ wàn|l=10000 times 10000}}) times the previous. |- !"long scale" ({{zhi|c=上數}}) |10<sup>4</sup> |10<sup>8</sup> |10<sup>16</sup> |10<sup>32</sup> |10<sup>64</sup> |10<sup>128</sup> |10<sup>256</sup> |10<sup>512</sup> |10<sup>1024</sup> |10<sup>2048</sup> |10<sup>4096</sup> |=10<sup>2<sup>n+1</sup></sup> Each numeral is the [[square (algebra)|square]] of the previous. This is similar to the [[-yllion]] system. |} In practice, this situation does not lead to ambiguity, with the exception of {{zhi|c=兆|p=zhào}}, which means 10<sup>12</sup> according to the system in common usage throughout the Chinese communities as well as in [[Japanese numerals|Japan]] and [[Korean numerals|Korea]], but has also been used for 10<sup>6</sup> in recent years (especially in mainland China for [[megabyte]]). To avoid problems arising from the ambiguity, the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] government never uses this character in official documents, but uses {{zhi|c=万亿|p=wànyì}}) or {{zhi|c=太|p=tài|l=tera-}} instead. Partly due to this, combinations of {{zhi|c=万}} and {{zhi|c=亿}} are often used instead of the larger units of the traditional system as well, for example {{zhi|c=亿亿|p=yìyì}} instead of {{zhi|c=京}}. The [[Republic of China|ROC]] government in [[Taiwan]] uses {{zhi|c=兆|p=zhào}} to mean 10<sup>12</sup> in official documents.
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