Editing ExoMars (section)

== Mission profile ==

ExoMars is a joint programme of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA). According to current plans, the ExoMars project will comprise one orbiter (the [[Trace Gas Orbiter]]) and one rover.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.1em auto;"
! Contributing agency
! First launch in 2016
! Second launch in 2028<ref name="LaunchMoved2020"/>
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[File:Roscosmos logo ru.svg|50px]]<br />Roscosmos
| Launch by [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton rocket]]
| rowspan="2" | None, originally planned to launch by Proton rocket and land with ''Kazachok''.
|-
| Two instrument packages for the [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter|TGO]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[File:ESA logo.png|50px]]<br />ESA
| [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]]
| rowspan=2 | ExoMars's [[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]] and European Lander.
|-
| [[Schiaparelli EDM lander|''Schiaparelli'' EDM lander]]
|-
|
|
|}

The landing module and the rover will be cleaned and [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilised]] to prevent contaminating Mars with Earth life forms, and also to ensure that any biomolecules detected were not carried from Earth. Cleaning will require a combination of sterilising methods, including [[ionising radiation]], [[UV]] radiation, and chemicals such as ethyl and isopropyl alcohol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-10-mars.html |title=Packing for Mars |work=Pys Org |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> (see [[Planetary protection]]).

=== First launch (2016) ===

==== Trace Gas Orbiter ====
{{Main|ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter}}

The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is a Mars telecommunications orbiter and atmospheric gas analyzer mission that was launched on 14 March 2016 09:31 UTC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/09/20/launch-of-european-mars-mission-delayed-two-months/ |title=Launch of European Mars mission delayed two months |work=Spaceflight Now |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> The spacecraft arrived in the Martian orbit in October 2016. It delivered the ExoMars Schiaparelli EDM lander and then proceed to map the sources of [[methane on Mars]] and other gases, and in doing so, will help select the landing site for the ExoMars [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] to be launched in 2022. The presence of methane in Mars's atmosphere is intriguing because its likely origin is either present-day life or geological activity. Upon the arrival of the rover in 2023, the orbiter would be transferred into a lower orbit where it would be able to perform analytical science activities as well as provide the ExoMars rover with a telecommunication relay. NASA provided an ''Electra'' telecommunications relay and navigation instrument to ensure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth.<ref name="ESA signed" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter B. |last=de Selding |title=U.S., Europe Won't Go It Alone in Mars Exploration |url=https://spacenews.com/us-europe-wont-go-it-alone-mars-exploration/ |work=Space News|date=October 3, 2012|access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> The TGO would continue serving as a telecommunication relay satellite for future landed missions until 2022.<ref name="June 2011">{{citation |first1=Mark |last1=Allen |first2=Olivier |last2=Witasse |title=MEPAG June 2011 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=16 June 2011 |url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jun-11/13-EMTGO_MEPAG_June2011_presentation-rev2.pdf|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929004716/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jun-11/13-EMTGO_MEPAG_June2011_presentation-rev2.pdf|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>

==== ''Schiaparelli'' EDM lander ====
{{main|Schiaparelli EDM lander}}
[[File:Schiaparelli Lander Model at ESOC.JPG|thumb|Model of the ExoMars ''Schiaparelli'' EDL Demonstrator Module (EDM). During its descent it returned 600 MB of data, but it did not achieve a soft landing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/1020-exomars-schiaparelli-analysis-to-continue|title=ExoMars: Schiaparelli Analysis to Continue|website=The Planetary Society}}</ref>]]

The Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) called ''Schiaparelli'',<ref name="Lander naming">{{cite news |first=Sean |last=Patterson |title=ESA Names ExoMars Lander 'Schiaparelli' |date=8 November 2013 |url=http://spacefellowship.com/news/art35863/exomars-lander-module-named-schiaparelli.html |work=Space Fellowship}}</ref> was intended to provide the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) and Russia's [[Roscosmos]] with the technology for landing on the surface of Mars.<ref name="EDM July 2014">{{cite web |url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/47852-entry-descent-and-landing-demonstrator-module/ |title=Schiaparelli: the ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module |work=ESA |date=2013 |access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> It was launched together with the [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] (TGO) on 14 March 2016, 09:31 UTC and was scheduled to land softly on 19 October 2016. No signal indicating a successful landing was received,<ref name="NYT-20161020">{{cite news |last=Chan |first=Sewell |title=No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/science/space/no-signal-from-mars-lander-but-european-officials-declare-mission-a-success.html |date=20 October 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 October 2016 }}</ref> and on 21 October 2016 NASA released a [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] [[:File:PIA21130-SignsOfSchiaparelliTestLanderSeenFromOrbit-20161021.gif|image]] showing what appears to be the lander crash site.<ref name="NYT-20161021" /> The lander was equipped with a non-rechargeable electric battery with enough power for four [[Timekeeping on Mars#Sols|sols]]. The soft landing should have taken place on [[Meridiani Planum]]<ref name="EDM July 2014"/> during the dust storm season, which would have provided a unique chance to characterise a dust-laden atmosphere during entry and descent, and to conduct surface measurements associated with a dust-rich environment.<ref name="payload">{{cite news |title=Entry, Descent and Surface Science for 2016 Mars Mission |date=10 June 2010 |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110610131834.htm |work=Science Daily}}</ref>

Once on the surface, it was to measure the wind speed and direction, humidity, pressure and surface temperature, and determine the transparency of the atmosphere.<ref name="payload" /> It carried a surface payload, based on the proposed meteorological '''DREAMS''' (Dust Characterisation, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface) package, consists of a suite of sensors to measure the wind speed and direction (MetWind), humidity (MetHumi), pressure (MetBaro), surface temperature (MarsTem), the transparency of the atmosphere (Optical Depth Sensor; ODS), and atmospheric electrification (Atmospheric Radiation and Electricity Sensor; MicroARES).<ref name="ESPC2013">
F. Esposito, ''et al.,'' [http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2013/EPSC2013-815.pdf DREAMS for the ExoMars 2016 mission: a suite of sensors for the characterisation of Martian environment"] (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress 2013, EPSC Abstracts Vol. 8, EPSC2013-815 (2013)</ref><ref name=DREAMS>{{cite web |url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48898 |title=EDM surface payload |date=19 December 2011 |work=European Space Agency (ESA)}}</ref> The DREAMS payload was to function for 2 or 3 days as an environmental station for the duration of the EDM surface mission after landing.<ref name="EDM July 2014" /><ref name=Vago>{{cite news |first=J |last=Vago |display-authors=etal |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/ESA-Bulletin-155/offline/download.pdf  |title=ExoMars, ESA's next step in Mars exploration |work=ESA Bulletin magazine |issue=155 |date=August 2013 |pages=12–23}}</ref>

=== Second launch (2028) ===

The ExoMars 2022 mission was planned for launch during a twelve-day launch window starting on 20 September 2022, and scheduled to land on Mars on 10 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/The_way_forward_to_Mars |title=The way forward to Mars |work=[[ESA]] |date=1 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> It would have included a German-built cruise stage and Russian descent module.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/28/exomars-rover-leaves-british-factory-heads-for-testing-in-france/ |title=ExoMars rover leaves British factory, heads for testing in France |work=Spaceflight Now |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 28 February 2022, the ESA announced that, as a result of sanctions related to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a 2022 launch is "very unlikely."<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/esa-says-its-very-unlikely-exomars-will-launch-this-year/ |title=ESA says it's "very unlikely" ExoMars will launch this year |work=SpaceNews Now |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> On 28 March 2022, the ExoMars rover was confirmed to be technically ready for launch, but the 2022 launch window for the mission is no longer possible due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rover ready – next steps for ExoMars |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Rover_ready_next_steps_for_ExoMars |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> The launch of a revised version of the mission, using a new non-Russian landing platform, is expected to occur no earlier than 2028.<ref name="sn-20220503" /> The ESA reported that Rosalind will be launched in 2028 in a US rocket with the rover expected to land in 2030 when the planet will not be experiencing a global dust storm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover will have a European landing platform |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_rover_will_have_a_European_landing_platform#:~:text=The%20European%20Space%20Agency%20(ESA)%20has%20selected%20Airbus,past%20and%20present%20signs%20of%20life%20on%20Mars. |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, US announced participation and said to provide the lander and 40 [[Radioisotope heater unit|Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs)]] are also kept reserved for this mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2023-05-03 |title=Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions |url=https://spacenews.com/plutonium-availability-constrains-plans-for-future-planetary-missions/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Cruise stage ====
{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}
The lander and Rosalind Franklin rover will be sent to Mars inside the descent module. The descent module will be attached to the carrier module, which will provide power, propulsion, and navigation. The carrier module has 16 hydrazine powered thrusters, 6 solar arrays that will provide electricity, [[Sun sensor]]s and [[star tracker]]s for navigation. It was developed and built by OHB System in Bremen, Germany. The carrier module will separate from the descent module right before the stacked spacecraft arrives at Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ExoMars carrier module prepares for final pre-launch testing|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/ExoMars_carrier_module_prepares_for_final_pre-launch_testing|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia works on ExoMars-2020 lander design|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars2018-2017.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ExoMars 2022 - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/exomars-2020|access-date=2022-01-15|website=directory.eoportal.org}}</ref>

==== Descent stage ====
{{update|date=April 2023}}
Prior to the cancellation of ESA-Roscosmos cooperation on ExoMars, the original plan was to use the Russian''-''built ''Kazachok,'' which the ESA cooperated on. Originally, ''Rosalind Franklin'' would descent from the ''Kazachok'' lander via a ramp. The lander was expected to image the landing site, monitor the climate, investigate the atmosphere, analyse the radiation environment, study the distribution of any subsurface water at the landing site, and perform geophysical investigations of the internal structure of Mars.<ref name="2018 lander payload">{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/European_payload_selected_for_ExoMars_2018_surface_platform |title=European payload selected for ExoMars 2018 surface platform |work=European Space Agency (ESA) |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Following a March 2015 request for the contribution of scientific instruments for the landing system,<ref name="2018Platform">{{cite news |url=http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=55672 |title=Announcement of Opportunity for European payload elements on the Surface Platform of the ExoMars 2018 mission |work=European Space Agency (ESA) |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> there will be 13 instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2020-surface-platform/|title=ExoMars 2020 surface platform|website=exploration.esa.int|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Examples of the instruments on the lander include the [[HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature)]] package, the METEO meteorological package, the MAIGRET magnetometer, and the [[LaRa|LaRa (Lander Radioscience)]] experiment. The stationary lander was expected to operate for at least one Earth year, and its instruments would have been powered by solar arrays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116|title=ISS-Reshetnev chosen for ExoMars-2020 project|last=JSC ISS–Reshetnev|language=en|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075647/http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the July 2022 cancellation, ESA has begun work on their own lander, which is expected to take 3 to 4 years to build and qualify. Many components of the ESA lander are reused from the Russian Descent module. Unlike ''Kazachok'', the European lander does not carry solar panels nor science instruments, and is expected to only operate for a few sols.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=FAQ: The ‘rebirth’ of ESA’s ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover ====

{{main|Rosalind Franklin (rover)}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = ExoMars model at ILA 2006.jpg 
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| caption1 = An early ExoMars rover design model at the [[Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung|ILA]] 2006 in [[Berlin]]
| image2 = Paris Air Show 2007-06-24 n18.jpg 
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| caption2 = Another early design model of the rover at the Paris Air Show 2007
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ExoMars's ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover was due to land in June 2023 and to navigate autonomously across the Martian surface. However, the partnership with Russian scientists was cancelled in 2022 as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14789230 |title=Smart UK navigation system for Mars rover |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/news2/astrium-s-mars-rover-demonstrates-autonomous-navigation-capability.html |title=Mars rover Bruno goes it alone |publisher=EADS Astrium |date=14 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203101802/http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/news2/astrium-s-mars-rover-demonstrates-autonomous-navigation-capability.html |archive-date=3 December 2013  }}</ref><ref name="mepag.jpl.nasa.gov">{{cite conference |author=J. L. Vago |collaboration=ExoMars Project Team |title=ExoMars Status |conference=20th MEPAG Meeting |publisher=European Space Agency |date=3–4 March 2009 |url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/09_ExoMars_Status_MEPAG_09_Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320195652/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/09_ExoMars_Status_MEPAG_09_Final.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2009}}</ref> ''Rosalind Franklin'' is now projected to launch in 2028.<ref name="Drahl"/>

Instrumentation would consist of the exobiology laboratory suite, known as "Pasteur analytical laboratory" to look for signs of [[biomolecule]]s and [[biosignature]]s from past life.<ref name="still keen" /><ref name="Instruments">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMSZIAMS7F_0.html |title=The ExoMars Instruments |access-date=8 May 2012 |publisher=European Space Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026132118/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMSZIAMS7F_0.html |archive-date=26 October 2012  }}</ref><ref name="Press-Info">{{cite press release |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/press-info-exomars-status |title=Press Info: ExoMars Status |publisher=Thales Group |date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010438/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/press-info-exomars-status |archive-date=3 December 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/45787-rover-surface-operations/ |title=Rover surface operations |publisher=European Space Agency |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> Among other instruments, the rover will also carry a {{convert |2 |m |ft |adj=on}} sub-surface [[core drill]] to pull up samples for its on-board laboratory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_expedition&task=detail&id=3231 |title=Amase-ing Life on the Ice |work=Astrobiology Magazine |first=Adrienne |last=Kish |date=31 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905171009/http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_expedition&task=detail&id=3231 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They will have a mass of about {{convert|207|kg |lb|abbr=on}}.

The ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover includes the Pasteur instrument suite, including the [[Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer]] (MOMA),<ref name="Drahl"/> [[MicrOmega-IR]], and the [[Raman Laser Spectrometer]] (RLS). Examples of external instruments on the rover include:
*[[Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies]]
*[[Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars]]
*[[ADRON-RM]]