Editing Manakin (section)

===Reproduction===
Many manakin species have spectacular [[Lek (animal behavior)|lekking]] courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera ''[[Pipra]]'' and ''[[Chiroxiphia]]''. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwark |first1=Ryan W |last2=Fuxjager |first2=Matthew J |last3=Schmidt |first3=Marc F |date=2022-05-31 |editor-last=McCarthy |editor-first=Margaret M |editor2-last=Dulac |editor2-first=Catherine |title=Proposing a neural framework for the evolution of elaborate courtship displays |journal=eLife |volume=11 |pages=e74860 |doi=10.7554/eLife.74860 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=9154748 |pmid=35639093 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The members of the genera ''[[Machaeropterus]]'' and ''[[Manacus]]'' have heavily modified [[flight feather|wing feathers]], which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of ''[[Manacus]]'' and ''[[Ceratopipra]]'' have superfast wing movements.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pease, J|author2=Driver, R|author3 = de la Cerda, D|author4 = Day, L|author5 = Lindsay, W|author6 = Schinger, B|author7 = Schuppe, E|author8 = Balakrishnan, C|author9 =Fuxjager, M|year=2022|title= Layered evolution of gene expression in "superfast" muscles for courtship |journal= PNAS|volume=119|issue= 14|pages=e2119671119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2119671119|doi-access=free |pmid=35363565|pmc=9168950 |s2cid=247865808}}</ref> The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuxjager |first1=Matthew J |last2=Miles |first2=Meredith C |last3=Goller |first3=Franz |last4=Petersen |first4=John |last5=Yancey |first5=Julia |date=2017-11-01 |title=Androgens Support Male Acrobatic Courtship Behavior by Enhancing Muscle Speed and Easing the Severity of Its Tradeoff With Force |journal=Endocrinology |language=en |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=4038–4046 |doi=10.1210/en.2017-00599 |issn=0013-7227|doi-access=free |pmid=28938418 }}</ref>

Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The [[helmeted manakin]] does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two [[bird egg|eggs]], which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.<ref name=P&S/>

Lekking [[Polygyny in animals|polygyny]] seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated [[sexual selection]] led to an [[adaptive radiation]] in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among the more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alfonso |first1=Camilo |last2=Jones |first2=Blake C |last3=Vernasco |first3=Ben J |last4=Moore |first4=Ignacio T |date=2021-07-12 |title=Integrative Studies of Sexual Selection in Manakins, a Clade of Charismatic Tropical Birds |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1267–1280 |doi=10.1093/icb/icab158 |issn=1540-7063|doi-access=free |pmid=34251421 }}</ref> An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.<ref name=P&S/>