Manakin
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Automatic taxobox The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains 55 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch mannekijn "little man" (also the source of the different bird name mannikin).<ref>New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Manakins range in size from Template:Convert and in weight from Template:Convert. Species in the genus Tyranneutes are the smallest manakins, those in the genus Antilophia are believed to be the largest (since the genus Schiffornis are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The bill is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are sexually dichromatic in their plumage,<ref name=P&S>Template:Cite book</ref> the males being mostly black with striking colours in patches,<ref name=EoB>Template:Cite book</ref> and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage.<ref name="P&S"/>
The syrinx or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families Cotingidae and Tyrannidae. Furthermore, it is so acutely variable within the group that genera and even species may be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most oscine families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes.<ref name=P&S/>
Distribution and habitatEdit
Manakins occur from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and on Trinidad and Tobago as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests,<ref name=P&S/> and the subtropical Andes.<ref name=HBW>Snow, D. W. (2004). Family Pipridae (Manakins). Pp. 110-169 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Template:ISBN</ref> Some highland species have altitudinal migrations.
Behaviour and ecologyEdit
FeedingEdit
Manakins feed in the understory on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird<ref name=HBW/>) including berries, and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "hawk" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks.<ref name=P&S/>
ReproductionEdit
Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers, which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of Manacus and Ceratopipra have superfast wing movements.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The helmeted manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two eggs, which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.<ref name=P&S/>
Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among the more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.<ref name=P&S/>
Species listEdit
The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae.<ref name="SACC">Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Template:Webarchive American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.</ref>
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- "Jungle Dancers", Nature article about manakin behaviour, from the PBS website
- "High-speed videos of two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)", from the Journal of Experimental Biology website
- Videos of Machaeropterus deliciosus making a "tick-tick-ting" sound through wing motion, from the Science website
- Manakin videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- "Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae", from the Ecology Online Sweden website