Editing Grantha script (section)

==Modern Grantha==
The Grantha script has evolved over time, and shares similarities with the modern Tamil Script.<ref name=omniglot/>

===Consonants===
As in other [[Brahmic]] scripts Grantha consonant signs have an [[inherent vowel]], typically corresponding to {{IPA|/a/}}, so, for example, the letter {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕}}}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ka/}}.

{|class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Consonants
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕|iso=ka}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌖|iso=kha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌗|iso=ga}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌘|iso=gha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌙|iso=ṅa}}
|
|
|
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌹|iso=ha}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌚|iso=ca}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌛|iso=cha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌜|iso=ja}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌝|iso=jha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌞|iso=ña}}
| colspan=2 {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌯|iso=ya}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌶|iso=śa}}
|
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌟|iso=ṭa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌠|iso=ṭha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌡|iso=ḍa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌢|iso=ḍha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌣|iso=ṇa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰|iso=ra}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌳|iso=ḷa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌷|iso=ṣa}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤|iso=ta}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌥|iso=tha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌦|iso=da}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌧|iso=dha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨|iso=na}}
|colspan=2 {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌲|iso=la}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌸|iso=sa}}
|
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌪|iso=pa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌫|iso=pha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌬|iso=ba}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌭|iso=bha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌮|iso=ma}}
|colspan=2 {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌵|iso=va}}
|
|}

===Consonant clusters===
Grantha has two ways of representing consonant clusters. Sometimes, consonants in a cluster may form ligatures.

{|class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Consonant cluster ligatures
|- class=letters-lo
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌷|iso=kṣa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌤|iso=kta}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌙𑍍𑌗|iso=ṅga}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌜𑍍𑌞|iso=jña}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌞𑍍𑌚|iso=ñca}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌞𑍍𑌜|iso=ñja}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌥|iso=ttha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌰|iso=tra}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌵|iso=tva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌦𑍍𑌧|iso=ddha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌦𑍍𑌵|iso=dva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌤|iso=nta}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵|iso=ntva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌥|iso=ntha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌦|iso=nda}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌧|iso=ndha}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌨|iso=nna}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌨𑍍|iso=nn}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌵|iso=nva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌶𑍍𑌚|iso=śca}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌶𑍍𑌰|iso=śra}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌷𑍍𑌟|iso=ṣṭa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌹𑍍𑌮|iso=hma}}
|}

Ligatures are normally preferred whenever they exist. If no ligatures exist, "stacked" forms of consonants are written, just as in Kannada and Telugu, with the lowest member of the stack being the only "live" consonant and the other members all being vowel-less. Note that ligatures may be used as members of stacks also.

{|class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Stacked consonants
|-class=letters-nadir
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌤|iso=tta}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵|iso=ttva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍍𑌵|iso=kṣva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍍𑌣|iso=kṣṇa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌗𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵|iso=gdhva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌸𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵|iso=stva}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌸|iso=ntsa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌤𑍍𑌸𑍍𑌨|iso=tsna}}
|}

====A few special cases====

*When {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌯}}}}, ''ya'' is the final consonant in a cluster, it is written as a ya-phala {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑍍𑌯}}}}. 
*When a cluster contains a non-initial {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌰}}}}, ''ra'', it becomes a ''ra-vattu'', {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑍍𑌰}}}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
*When a cluster begins with a {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌰}}}}, ''ra'', it becomes a ''reph'' and is shifted to the end of the cluster. 
*If a cluster contains both a ''reph'' and a ''ya-phala'', the ''ya-phala'' is written last.

{|class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Consonant clusters with {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑍍𑌯}}}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑍍𑌰}}}}, and ''reph''.
|- class=letters-nadir
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌯|iso=kya}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌖𑍍𑌯|iso=khya}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑍍𑌰|iso=kra}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌙𑍍𑌗𑍍𑌰|iso=ṅgra}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌙𑍍𑌗𑍍𑌰𑍍𑌯|iso=ṅgrya}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌦𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌯|iso=ddhya}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌕|iso=rka}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌕𑍍𑌷|iso=rkṣa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌣|iso=rṇa}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌮|iso=rma}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌧|iso=rddha}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌵𑍍𑌯|iso=rdvya}}
|}

===Vowels and syllables===
Grantha includes five long vowels, five short vowels, two vocalic consonants, ṛ and ḷ which are treated as vowels and may be short or long, and two part-vowels, ''anusvara'' {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|◌𑌂}}}} ṁ and ''visarga'', {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|◌𑌃}}}} ḥ. Independent vowel letters are used for word-initial vowels. Otherwise, vowels, vocalics, and part-vowels are written as diacritics attached to consonants. Each consonant in Grantha includes an inherent vowel ''a'', so the letter {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕}}}}, for example, is pronounced ka. Adding a vowel diacritic modifies the vowel sound, so {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕}}}} plus the diacritic {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌓}}}}, gives the syllable {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕𑍋}}}}, ''ko''. The absence of a vowel is marked with a [[virāma]] {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|◌𑍍}}}}, for example, {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕}}}} {{Transliteration|Gran|ISO|ka}} plus {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|◌𑍍}}}} creates an isolated consonant {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕𑍍}}}} ''k''.

{| class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Short vowels, vocalics, half vowels, diacritics, and examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌕}}}}, ka.
|- 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=a|ch=𑌅}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=i|ch=𑌇}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=u|ch=𑌉}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ṛ|ch=𑌋}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ḷ|ch=𑌌}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=e|ch=𑌏}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=o|ch=𑌓}} 
| {{letter|ch=◌|note={{noteTag|name=virama|group=vowels|The ''virama'' has no independent form because it is not a vowel. It is a diacritic that ''suppresses'' a letter's inherent vowel, leaving an isolated consonant.}}}}
| {{letter|ch=◌|note={{noteTag|name=anusvara|group=vowels|The ''anusvara'' and ''visarga'' have no independent forms because they can only modify a syllable's vowel.}}}}
| {{letter|ch=◌|note={{noteTag|name=anusvara|group=vowels}}}}
|- 
| {{letter|ch=◌|note={{noteTag|name=a|group=vowels|The vowel ''a'' has no corresponding diacritic since every consonant carries an inherent ''a''.}}}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑌿}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍁}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍃}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍢}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍇}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍋}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍍}} 
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌂|iso=ṁ}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌃|iso=ḥ}}
|-
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ka|ch=𑌕}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ki|ch=𑌕𑌿}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ku|ch=𑌕𑍁}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=kṛ|ch=𑌕𑍃}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=kḷ|ch=𑌕𑍢}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ke|ch=𑌕𑍇}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ko|ch=𑌕𑍋}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=k|ch=𑌕𑍍}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑌂|iso=kaṁ}}
|{{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=𑌕𑌃|iso=kaḥ}}
|}
{{noteFoot|group=vowels}}
{| class="wikitable letters-teal"
|+ Long vowels, their diacritics, and examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Gran|𑌮}}}}, ma.
|-
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ā|ch=𑌆}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ī|ch=𑌈}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran||iso=ū|ch=𑌊}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ṝ|ch=𑍠}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ḹ|ch=𑍡}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ai|ch=𑌐}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=au|ch=𑌔}}
|- class=letters-lo
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑌾}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍀}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍂}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍄}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍣}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍈}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|ch=◌𑍌}}
|- class=letters-lo
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mā|ch=𑌮𑌾}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mī|ch=𑌮𑍀}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran||iso=mū|ch=𑌮𑍂}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mṝ|ch=𑌮𑍄}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mḹ|ch=𑌮𑍣}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mai|ch=𑌮𑍈}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=mau|ch=𑌮𑍌}}
|}

There are a few [[typographical ligature|ligatures]] of consonants with vowel [[diacritic]]s and of consonants with ''virāma''.

{| class="wikitable letters-teal"
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ṭi|tops=𑌟+ ◌𑌿|ch=𑌟𑌿}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ṭī|tops=𑌟+ ◌𑍀|ch=𑌟𑍀}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ḷī|tops=𑌳+ ◌𑍀|ch=𑌳𑍀}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=ṭ|tops=𑌟 + ◌𑍍|ch=𑌟𑍍}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=t|tops=𑌤 + ◌𑍍|ch=𑌤𑍍}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=n|tops=𑌨+ ◌𑍍|ch=𑌨𑍍}}
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|iso=m|tops=𑌮 + ◌𑍍|ch=𑌮𑍍}}
|}

===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable letters-teal"
|-
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=0|ch=௦}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=1|ch=௧}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=2|ch=௨}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=3|ch=௩}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=4|ch=௪}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=5|ch=௫}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=6|ch=௬}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=7|ch=௭}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=8|ch=௮}} 
| {{letter|l=ta|s=Gran|top=9|ch=௯}} 
|}
[[File:Tamil-Palm-1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|A palm leaf manuscript in Sanskrit written in Grantha script.]]
[[File:1863 CE palm leaf manuscript, Jaiminiya Aranyaka Gana, Samaveda (unidentified layer of texts), Sanskrit, Southern Grantha script, Malayali scribe Kecavan, sample ii.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A Grantha script on palm leaf copy of the [[Samaveda]], a Sanskrit Vedic text.]]

===Sample text===
;Sanskrit in Grantha Script
{{lang|sa|{{Script|Gran|𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌵𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌮𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌗𑍌𑌰𑌵𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌅𑌧𑌿𑌕𑌾𑌰𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌚 𑌸𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌏𑌵 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇। 𑌏𑌤𑍇 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌚𑍇𑌤𑌨𑌾-𑌤𑌰𑍍𑌕-𑌶𑌕𑍍𑌤𑌿𑌭𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌂 𑌸𑍁𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌨𑍍𑌤𑌿। 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇𑌽𑌪𑌿 𑌬𑌨𑍍𑌧𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌵-𑌭𑌾𑌵𑌨𑌯𑌾 𑌪𑌰𑌸𑍍𑌪𑌰𑌂 𑌵𑍍𑌯𑌵𑌹𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍁।}}}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Sanskrit (Grantha) |url=http://efele.net/udhr/d/udhr_san_gran.html |website=UDHR in XML Project |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>
;Latin script transliteration
{{lang|sa|Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē. Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē´pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁ vyavaharantu.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm |website=www.omniglot.com |access-date=27 May 2024 |ref=omni}}</ref>
;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]])