Editing Celtiberian language (section)

==Morphology==

===Noun and adjective cases===

* ''{{lang|xce|arznā}}'' 'part, share' < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|φrasna}}'' < *parsna
* ''{{lang|xce|veizos}}'' 'witness' < *weidʰ-yo < *weidʰ- 'perceive, see' / ''vamos'' 'higher' < *up-m̥os
* ''{{lang|xce|gentis}}'' 'son, descendance' < *gen-ti. Common Celtic {{lang|cel-x-proto|genos}} 'family'
* ''{{lang|xce|loutu}}'' 'load' < *louttu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu. Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|luxtu}}'' < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu (oir. ''lucht'').
* ''{{lang|xce|duater}}'' 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr. Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|duxtir}}''.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="5" | Singular
! rowspan="8" | &nbsp;
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! ā-stem
! o-stem
! i-stem
! u-stem
! r-stem
! ā-stem
! o-stem
! i-stem
! u-stem
! r-stem
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| *arznā
| *veizos / *vamos (n. *-om)
| *gentis
| *loutus
| duater
| *arznās / *arznī
| *veizoi (n *-a)
| *gentis
| *loutoves
| *duateres
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| *arznām
| *veizom
| *gentim
| *loutum
| *duaterem
| *arznās < -*ams
| *veizus < *-ōs < -*oms
| *gentīs < -*ims
| *loutūs < -*ums
| *duaterēs < -*ems
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| *arznās
| *veizo
| *gentes<ref>Gorrochategui, Joaquín 1991 "Descripción y posición lingiiistica del celtibérico" in "Memoriae L. Mitxelena magistri sacrum vol I (3-32)". Ed. Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</ref>
| ?
| *duateros
| *arznaum
| *veizum < *weidʰ-y-ōm
| *gentizum < *isōm
| *loutoum < *ewōm
| ?
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| *arznāi
| *veizūi < *weidʰ-y-ōi 
| *gentei
| *loutuei<ref>Beltrán Lloris, F. Jordán Cólera, C. Marco Simón, F. 2005 "Novedades epigráficas en Peñalba de Villastar (Teruel)".  Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua Nº. 5, 911-956: '' ENIOROSEI Dat. sg. de un tema en -i. LVGVEI, Dat. sg. de un tema en -u. ERECAIAS, Gen .sg. de un tema en -a, TIASO, Gen. sg. de un tema en -o''</ref>
| ?
| ?
| *veizubos
| ?
| ?
| ?
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Ablative case|Ablative]]
| *arznaz<ref>Villar Liébana, F. 1996 "Fonética y Morfología Celtibéricas". La Hispania prerromana : actas del VI Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (339-378): ''1) filiación expresada mediante genitivo y cuya desinencia es -as < (*-ās) y 2) origen que se expresa mediante ablativo, cuya desinencia es -az < (*-ād)''</ref> 
| *veizuz < *weidʰ-y-ōd / *vamuz < *up-m̥ōd
| *gentiz
| *loutuez
| *duaterez < -*ed
| ?
| *veizubos
| ?
| ?
| ?
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| *arznai 
| *veizei
| *gentei
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
|}
<ref>Wodtko, Dagmar S. "An outline of Celtiberian grammar" 2003</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/handle/11222.digilib/114125|title=Gaulish language|last=Václav|first=Blažek|website=digilib.phil.muni.cz|access-date=2018-10-20|date=2013-07-04}}</ref>

An -n- stem can be seen in ''melmu'' nom.sg. < *-ōn, ''melmunos'' gen. sg. (from Botorrita III, probably a name).

It is notable that the genitive singular -o- stem ends in -o in Celtiberian, unlike the rest of Celtic (and Italic) where this ending is -ī <ref name="10.36707_palaeohispanica.v0i20.395">Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" ''PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 {{doi|10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395}}</ref><ref>Untermann, J. (1967). "Die Endung des Genitiv singularis der o-Stämme im Keltiberischen." In W. Meid (ed.), ''Beiträge zur Indogermanistik und Keltologie, Julius Pokorny zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet,'' pp. 281-288. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.</ref>

There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature.

===Demonstrative pronouns===

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Singular
! rowspan="7" | &nbsp;
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! masculine
! feminine
! neuter
! masculine
! feminine
! neuter
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| *''so'': so viros 'this man'
| *''sa'': sa duater 'this daughter'
| *''soz'': soz bezom < *so-d *bʰedʰ-yom 'this mine'.
| *''sos'' < *so-s ?
| *''sas'' < *sa-s ?
| *''soizos'' < so-syos < *so-sy-os ?
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| *''som'': 'to this'
| *''sam'': 'to this'
| *''sozom'' < *so-sy-om?
| *''sus'' < *sōs < *so-ms
| *''sās'' < *sa-ms
| *''soizus'' < so-syōs < *so-sy-oms ??
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ''soum'' < *so-ōm 'of these'
| ''saum'' < *sa-ōm 'of these'
| ''soizum'' < *so-sy-ōm 'of these'
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Dative case|Dative]]
| ''somui'' < *so-sm-ōi 'for this'
| ''somai'' < *so-sm-ai 'for this'
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| ''somei'' < *so-sm-ei 'from this'
| ''samei'' < *sa-sm-ei 'from this'
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
|}
<ref>Jordán Cólera, Carlos "La forma verbal ''cabint'' del bronce celtibérico  de Novallas". En Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343</ref>

===Relative pronoun===

Forms of the masculine singular relative pronoun *yo- can be found in the first [[Botorrita plaque]]: The form ''io-s'' in line 10 is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European ''*yo-'' (Sanskrit ''ya-'', Greek ''hos''), which shows up in Old Irish only as the aspiration{{clarify|date=September 2023}} for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular ''io-m'' and the dative singular ''io-mui'' of the same root.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref>

===Verbal endings===
The Indo-European third person verbal ending system seems to be evident, though the exact meaning of many verbs remains unclear: primary singular active *'''-ti''' in {{lang|xce|ambitise-ti}} (Botorrita I, A.5), '(that someone) builds around > encloses' from *h₂m̥b<sup>h</sup>i-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti, and {{lang|xce|auzeti}}, secondary *'''-t''' > /θ/ written <z> in {{lang|xce|terbere-z}} (SP.02.08, B-4) and perhaps {{lang|xce|kombalke-z}}; primary plural active *-'''nti''' in {{lang|xce|ara-nti}} (Z.09.24, A-4) and  {{lang|xce|zizonti}} "they sow" (or perhaps "they give" with assimilation of the initial do the medial <z>),<ref name="ffzg_EDPC-Addenda">Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p.10. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf</ref> secondary *'''-nt''' perhaps in ''{{lang|xce|atibio-n}}'' (Z.09.24, A-5), middle voice *-'''nto''' in {{lang|xce|auzanto}} (Z.09.03, 01) and perhaps ''{{lang|xce|esianto}}'' (SP.02.08 A-2).<ref name="Avdintvm">Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "''Avdintvm'', una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. ''Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos'', 2015-05, Vol.25 (25), pp.11-23</ref>

A third person imperative '''*-tо̄d''' > ''-tuz'' perhaps is seen in {{lang|xce|da-tuz}} "he must give" (Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo), {{lang|xce|usabituz}}, {{lang|xce|bize-tuz}} (Botorrita I A.5) and {{lang|xce|dinbituz}} 'he must build' < *dʰingʰ-bī-tōd. 

A possible third person singular subjunctive '''-a-ti''' may be {{lang|xce|asekati}}, and another in '''-e-ti''' may be seen in ''auzeti'' < *''aw-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-e-ti'' "he may bestow."<ref name="Avdintvm"/>

From the same root, we may have a truncated form of an athematic active third person singular aorist if ''auz'' is from *''auzaz'' < *''aw-d<sup>h</sup> h<sub>1</sub>''-'''t'''.<ref name="Avdintvm"/>

Also from the same root, an example of the genitive plural of the present active participle ending -'''nt-om''' may be found on the [[Novallas bronze tablet]] in ''audintum'' < ''*awd<sup>h</sup>eh<sub>1</sub>-nt-ōm.''<ref name="Avdintvm"/>

Possible infinitive form '''-u-nei''' perhaps from *'''-mn-ei''' may be seen in {{lang|xce|ambi-tinko-unei}} (Botorrita I A.5), and in {{lang|xce|ta-unei}} ‘to give’,<ref name="ffzg_EDPC-Addenda"/><ref name="10.36707_palaeohispanica.v0i20.395"/> a reduplicated infinitive form in ''ti-za-unei'' if from *''d<sup>h</sup>i-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-mn-ei'' "to place."<ref>Prosper, Blanca María. "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Result of Common Celtic ''-mn-'' in Galatian" ''Celtic Studies'' 3. 2008. pp. 189-199, p. 190</ref>