Editing Tewa language (section)

== Morphology ==

=== Roots ===

Tewa has what are called both "free" and "bound" roots. 

Free roots are defined as those roots which can be converted directly into a word, sometimes be the addition of a word superfix. Within free roots, there are two additional types, isolated and non-isolated free roots. There is a very small number of isolated free roots, as these are roots that are neither combinable with other roots nor affixable. Non-isolated free roots are roots that are combinable with other roots and/or are affixable. A limited non-isolated free root is one which can combine only with affixes, but not with other roots. A universal non-isolated free root is one which can combine both with other roots and affixes.

Bound roots are defined as those roots which cannot be converted directly into a word.

=== Verbs ===

Tewa has 15 types of verbs, and a few example verbs and their conjugations are shown below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Meaning
! Habitual
! Progressive
! Completive
! Potential
! Imperative 
! Combining
! Stative
|-
|divide
|wiyende'
|wiyende'
|wiye
|wiyé
|wíyé
|wiye
|wiʔyen
|-
|enter
|cʔuyaʔ
|curemaen
|cʔú
|cʔún
|cuwave
|cure
|
|-
|get (pl. obj.)
|hónde'
|hónde'
|hógi
|hón
|hó'gí
|xon
|xo'gin
|-
|stir
|wí:re'
|wí:re'
|wí:
|wí:
|wí:
|wí:
|wíʔin
|-
|return
|bunde'
|bummá:
|bun
|bu:n
|bun
|bun
|buʔun
|-
|bite
|xunde'
|xunde'
|xu:gi:
|xu:n
|xú'gí
|xu:gi:
|xu'gin
|}

Verbs can be divided into two classes, S and A, standing for stative and active, based of the pronomial prefixes which they contain. In general, S verbs deal with identity, quality, feeling, condition, position, and motion. Class A verbs are, in general, transitive verbs.

==== Verb affixes ====

All known verb affixes are included in the chart below, showing where the affixes fall in particular constructions of words.
{| class="wikitable"
! 6
! 5
! 4
! 3
! 2
! 1
! Root
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
|-
|ti
|wí
|VP
|pi
|ra
|wé:
|
|ri:
|í
|pí
|ri
|raʔ
|ân
|kun
|ho'
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ri'
|
|
|an
|á
|á
|waen
|bo
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|waen
|bo
|há'
|
|an
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|há'
|}

These affixes are used to delineate tense, subject, negation, and emphasis.

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are divided into two classes: class N, which is affixed with set marker /-n/, and class non-N, which does not have this affix. 

Class non-N is the larger of the two, containing almost all nouns in Tewa, which are, for the most part, mono- or di-syllabic.

Class N nouns are mostly designations for age-sex differentiation, kinship terms, and forms which translate as pronouns. 

==== Noun affixes ====
All known noun affixes are included in the chart below.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Root
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
|-
|ti
|
|ge
|n
|gí'
|á
|rí
|bá
|bo
|raʔ
|ân
|kun
|ho'
|-
|
|
|
|n2
|ví
|á2
|
|waen
|há'
|á
|á
|
|ví
|-
|
|
|
|
|waen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|há'
|}

/-n2/ is different from /-n/ because of the occurrence of /-n2/ with singular, dual, and plural situations involving the same root, which is never the case for /-n/.

=== Class Z words ===

Class Z words are neither particles, verbs, or nouns. They are affixable with suffixes like /-á/, /-ân/, /-bo/, and /-ho'/, /-reʔ/, /-an/, /-we/, and /-ge/, but unlike nouns and verbs they do not occur with the specific affixes which delineate those classes (/wé:-/ or /pi-/ and /-ví/ respectively).

These compromise words whose English equivalents involve time, location, manner, interrogation, etc.

=== Morphological processes ===

* Substitution: 
** /d/ becomes /r/, /d/ being the initial occurrence and following /n/.
** /b/ becomes /v/ in similar vowels to the /d/ ~ /r/ substitution. 
** /n/ becomes /m/, with the latter occurring before labials and the latter elsewhere. 
* Augmentation: Some suffixes occur with a longer form following /n/. 
* Contraction: Certain suffixes occur preceding /-á/ series marker, /-á/ emphasizer, /-ân/ emphasizer, and /-an/ question marker.