Editing ExoMars (section)

=== Second launch (2028) ===

The ExoMars 2022 mission was planned for launch during a twelve-day launch window starting on 20 September 2022, and scheduled to land on Mars on 10 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/The_way_forward_to_Mars |title=The way forward to Mars |work=[[ESA]] |date=1 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> It would have included a German-built cruise stage and Russian descent module.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/28/exomars-rover-leaves-british-factory-heads-for-testing-in-france/ |title=ExoMars rover leaves British factory, heads for testing in France |work=Spaceflight Now |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 28 February 2022, the ESA announced that, as a result of sanctions related to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a 2022 launch is "very unlikely."<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/esa-says-its-very-unlikely-exomars-will-launch-this-year/ |title=ESA says it's "very unlikely" ExoMars will launch this year |work=SpaceNews Now |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> On 28 March 2022, the ExoMars rover was confirmed to be technically ready for launch, but the 2022 launch window for the mission is no longer possible due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rover ready – next steps for ExoMars |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Rover_ready_next_steps_for_ExoMars |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> The launch of a revised version of the mission, using a new non-Russian landing platform, is expected to occur no earlier than 2028.<ref name="sn-20220503" /> The ESA reported that Rosalind will be launched in 2028 in a US rocket with the rover expected to land in 2030 when the planet will not be experiencing a global dust storm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover will have a European landing platform |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_rover_will_have_a_European_landing_platform#:~:text=The%20European%20Space%20Agency%20(ESA)%20has%20selected%20Airbus,past%20and%20present%20signs%20of%20life%20on%20Mars. |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, US announced participation and said to provide the lander and 40 [[Radioisotope heater unit|Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs)]] are also kept reserved for this mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2023-05-03 |title=Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions |url=https://spacenews.com/plutonium-availability-constrains-plans-for-future-planetary-missions/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Cruise stage ====
{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}
The lander and Rosalind Franklin rover will be sent to Mars inside the descent module. The descent module will be attached to the carrier module, which will provide power, propulsion, and navigation. The carrier module has 16 hydrazine powered thrusters, 6 solar arrays that will provide electricity, [[Sun sensor]]s and [[star tracker]]s for navigation. It was developed and built by OHB System in Bremen, Germany. The carrier module will separate from the descent module right before the stacked spacecraft arrives at Mars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ExoMars carrier module prepares for final pre-launch testing|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/ExoMars_carrier_module_prepares_for_final_pre-launch_testing|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia works on ExoMars-2020 lander design|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars2018-2017.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ExoMars 2022 - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/exomars-2020|access-date=2022-01-15|website=directory.eoportal.org}}</ref>

==== Descent stage ====
{{update|date=April 2023}}
Prior to the cancellation of ESA-Roscosmos cooperation on ExoMars, the original plan was to use the Russian''-''built ''Kazachok,'' which the ESA cooperated on. Originally, ''Rosalind Franklin'' would descent from the ''Kazachok'' lander via a ramp. The lander was expected to image the landing site, monitor the climate, investigate the atmosphere, analyse the radiation environment, study the distribution of any subsurface water at the landing site, and perform geophysical investigations of the internal structure of Mars.<ref name="2018 lander payload">{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/European_payload_selected_for_ExoMars_2018_surface_platform |title=European payload selected for ExoMars 2018 surface platform |work=European Space Agency (ESA) |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Following a March 2015 request for the contribution of scientific instruments for the landing system,<ref name="2018Platform">{{cite news |url=http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=55672 |title=Announcement of Opportunity for European payload elements on the Surface Platform of the ExoMars 2018 mission |work=European Space Agency (ESA) |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> there will be 13 instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2020-surface-platform/|title=ExoMars 2020 surface platform|website=exploration.esa.int|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Examples of the instruments on the lander include the [[HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature)]] package, the METEO meteorological package, the MAIGRET magnetometer, and the [[LaRa|LaRa (Lander Radioscience)]] experiment. The stationary lander was expected to operate for at least one Earth year, and its instruments would have been powered by solar arrays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116|title=ISS-Reshetnev chosen for ExoMars-2020 project|last=JSC ISS–Reshetnev|language=en|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075647/http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the July 2022 cancellation, ESA has begun work on their own lander, which is expected to take 3 to 4 years to build and qualify. Many components of the ESA lander are reused from the Russian Descent module. Unlike ''Kazachok'', the European lander does not carry solar panels nor science instruments, and is expected to only operate for a few sols.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=FAQ: The ‘rebirth’ of ESA’s ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover ====

{{main|Rosalind Franklin (rover)}}
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| caption1 = An early ExoMars rover design model at the [[Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung|ILA]] 2006 in [[Berlin]]
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| caption2 = Another early design model of the rover at the Paris Air Show 2007
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ExoMars's ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover was due to land in June 2023 and to navigate autonomously across the Martian surface. However, the partnership with Russian scientists was cancelled in 2022 as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14789230 |title=Smart UK navigation system for Mars rover |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/news2/astrium-s-mars-rover-demonstrates-autonomous-navigation-capability.html |title=Mars rover Bruno goes it alone |publisher=EADS Astrium |date=14 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203101802/http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/news2/astrium-s-mars-rover-demonstrates-autonomous-navigation-capability.html |archive-date=3 December 2013  }}</ref><ref name="mepag.jpl.nasa.gov">{{cite conference |author=J. L. Vago |collaboration=ExoMars Project Team |title=ExoMars Status |conference=20th MEPAG Meeting |publisher=European Space Agency |date=3–4 March 2009 |url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/09_ExoMars_Status_MEPAG_09_Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320195652/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/09_ExoMars_Status_MEPAG_09_Final.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2009}}</ref> ''Rosalind Franklin'' is now projected to launch in 2028.<ref name="Drahl"/>

Instrumentation would consist of the exobiology laboratory suite, known as "Pasteur analytical laboratory" to look for signs of [[biomolecule]]s and [[biosignature]]s from past life.<ref name="still keen" /><ref name="Instruments">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMSZIAMS7F_0.html |title=The ExoMars Instruments |access-date=8 May 2012 |publisher=European Space Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026132118/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMSZIAMS7F_0.html |archive-date=26 October 2012  }}</ref><ref name="Press-Info">{{cite press release |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/press-info-exomars-status |title=Press Info: ExoMars Status |publisher=Thales Group |date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010438/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/press-info-exomars-status |archive-date=3 December 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/45787-rover-surface-operations/ |title=Rover surface operations |publisher=European Space Agency |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> Among other instruments, the rover will also carry a {{convert |2 |m |ft |adj=on}} sub-surface [[core drill]] to pull up samples for its on-board laboratory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_expedition&task=detail&id=3231 |title=Amase-ing Life on the Ice |work=Astrobiology Magazine |first=Adrienne |last=Kish |date=31 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905171009/http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_expedition&task=detail&id=3231 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They will have a mass of about {{convert|207|kg |lb|abbr=on}}.

The ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover includes the Pasteur instrument suite, including the [[Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer]] (MOMA),<ref name="Drahl"/> [[MicrOmega-IR]], and the [[Raman Laser Spectrometer]] (RLS). Examples of external instruments on the rover include:
*[[Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies]]
*[[Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars]]
*[[ADRON-RM]]