Editing 1975 in science

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{{Year nav topic5|1975|science}}
{{Science year nav|1975}}

The year '''1975 in science''' and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* April 19 –  [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], India's first satellite, is launched using [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] boosters.
* July 17 – [[Apollo–Soyuz]] Test Project: An American [[Apollo program|Apollo]] and a Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]] dock with each other in [[orbit]] marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
* August 20 – [[Viking program]]: [[NASA]] launches the ''[[Viking 1]]'' planetary probe toward [[Mars]].

==Biology==
* August 7 – [[César Milstein]] and [[Georges Köhler]] report their discovery of how to use [[Hybridoma|hybridoma cells]] to isolate [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]], effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kohler, G. |author2=Milstein, C. |year=1975|title=Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=256|issue=5517|pages=495–497|pmid=1172191|doi=10.1038/256495a0|bibcode=1975Natur.256..495K|s2cid=4161444 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Waldman|first=Thomas A.|year=2003|title=Immunotherapy: past, present and future|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=9|pages=269–277|doi=10.1038/nm0303-269|pmid=12612576|issue=3|s2cid=9745527 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233435|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Living specimens of the [[Chacoan Peccary]] (''Catagonus wagneri''), previously known only from fossils, are identified in [[Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Naish|first=Darren|authorlink=Darren Naish|title=New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology|work=Tetrapod Zoology|date=2008-11-24|accessdate=2008-12-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010917/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology| archivedate= 16 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Climatology==
* August 8 – The term ''[[global warming]]'' is probably first used in its modern sense by [[Wallace Smith Broecker]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Wallace S.|last=Broecker|title=Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=189|date=1975-08-08|pages=460–463|doi=10.1126/science.189.4201.460 |bibcode = 1975Sci...189..460B|issue=4201|pmid=17781884|s2cid=16702835 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Stefan|title=Happy 35th birthday, global warming!|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/07/happy-35th-birthday-global-warming/|work=[[RealClimate]]|date=2010-07-28|accessdate=2012-01-28|quote=[Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Brad|title=Wally's World|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/03/wallys_world|work=[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]|date=2010-08-03|accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>

==Computer science==
* January – [[Altair 8800]] is released, sparking the era of the [[microcomputer]].
* March 5 – [[Hacker (hobbyist)|Hacker]]s in [[Silicon Valley]] hold the first meeting of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]].
* April 4 – [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul Allen]] form a company at this time called [[Microsoft|Micro-Soft]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], to develop and sell their [[Altair BASIC]] [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] software for the Altair 8800.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/dayintech-0404/|title=April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership|newspaper=Wired.com|access-date=2016-01-25|last=Alfred|first=Randy}}</ref>
* The [[MOS Technology 6502]] is introduced. An 8-bit [[microprocessor]] designed by a small team led by [[Chuck Peddle]] for [[MOS Technology]], it is, by a considerable margin, the least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market.

==Mathematics==
* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] coins the term ''[[fractal]]''.
* The [[Harada–Norton group]] is discovered.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Harada|first=Koichiro|title=Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|location=Boston, MA|mr=0401904|year=1976|chapter=On the simple group F of order <math>2^{14}\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5^{6}\cdot 7\cdot 11\cdot 19</math>|pages=119–276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Simon P.|last=Norton|title=F and other simple groups|publisher=PhD Thesis|location=University of Cambridge|year=1975}}</ref>
* [[John N. Mather]] and [[Richard McGehee]] prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mather, J. N. |author2=McGehee, R. |chapter=Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time |title=Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications|volume=38|year=1975|pages=573–597|doi=10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18|series=Lecture Notes in Physics |bibcode=1975LNP....38..573M |isbn=978-3-540-07171-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ams.org/notices/199505/saari-2.pdf|author=Saari, Donald G.|author2=Xia, Zhihong (Jeff)|title=Off to infinity in finite time|journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]|year=1995|volume=42|issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Alain|last=Chenciner|title=The three body problem|volume=2|issue=10|pages=2111|year=2007|journal=Scholarpedia|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.2111|bibcode=2007SchpJ...2.2111C|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* The [[Monty Hall problem]] in [[probability]] is first posed, by [[Steve Selvin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=A problem in probability (letter to the editor)|journal=[[The American Statistician]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=67–71|date=February 1975|doi=10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)|journal=American Statistician|volume=29|issue=3|page=134  |date=August 1975}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* October 16 – The last naturally occurring case of [[smallpox]] is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old [[Rahima Banu]] in Bangladesh.<ref>Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library image number 7762].</ref>
* [[Lyme disease]] first recognised at [[Lyme, Connecticut]].
* [[Mini–mental state examination]] (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for [[dementia]] or other [[cognitive dysfunction]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6|pmid=1202204|title="Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician|url=http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/0022-3956(75)90026-6/pdf|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=189–98|year=1975|last1=Folstein|first1=Marshal F|last2=Folstein|first2=Susan E|last3=McHugh|first3=Paul R|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Technology==
* [[Steven Sasson]] of [[Eastman Kodak]] in the United States produces the first self-contained (portable) [[digital camera]].

==Awards==
* Nobel Prizes
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Aage Bohr]], [[Ben Roy Mottelson]], [[James Rainwater]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[John Warcup Cornforth]], [[Vladimir Prelog]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[David Baltimore]], [[Renato Dulbecco]], [[Howard Martin Temin]]
* [[Turing Award]] – [[Allen Newell]], [[Herbert A. Simon]]

==Births==
* July 11 – [[Naomi McClure-Griffiths]], American-born [[astrophysicist]].
* July 17 – [[Terence Tao]], Australian-born [[mathematician]].
* November 14 – [[Martin Hairer]], Swiss-born Austrian-British mathematician.
* [[Catherine A. Lozupone]], American [[microbiologist]].

==Deaths==
* February 8 – [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]] b. [[1886 in science|1886]]), British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
* February 10 – [[Elizabeth Kozlova]] (b. [[1892 in science|1892]]), Russian ornithologist 
* February 14 – Sir [[Julian Huxley]] (b. [[1887 in science|1887]]), English [[biologist]] and author.
* April 19 – [[Percy Lavon Julian]] (b. [[1899 in science|1899]]), African American research chemist.
* May 14 – [[Ernst Alexanderson]] (b. [[1878 in science|1878]]), [[Swedish American]] television pioneer.
* May 18 – [[Christopher Strachey]] (b. [[1916 in science|1916]]), English computer scientist.
* June 8 – [[Douglas Guthrie]] (b. [[1885 in science|1885]]), Scottish [[otolaryngologist]] and medical historian.
* June 27 – Sir [[Geoffrey Ingram Taylor|Geoffrey Taylor]] (b. [[1886 in science|1886]]), English [[physicist]].
* September 5 – [[Alice Catherine Evans]] (b. [[1881 in science|1881]]), [[Americans|American]] microbiologist.
* October 10 – [[August Dvorak]] (b. [[1894 in science|1894]]), American [[educational psychologist]].
* October 23 – [[Gordon Hamilton Fairley]] (b. [[1930 in science|1930]]), British [[oncologist]].
* November – [[Priscilla Fairfield Bok]] (b. [[1896 in science|1896]]), American astronomer.
* November 19 – [[Tokushichi Mishima]] (b. [[1893 in science|1893]]), Japanese inventor and metallurgist.
* December 13 – [[Mary Locke Petermann]] (b. [[1908 in science|1908]]), American cellular [[biochemist]].
* December 28 – [[Frances McConnell-Mills]] (b. [[1900 in science|1900]]), American [[toxicologist]].

==References==
<references />

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[[Category:20th century in science]]
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