Editing 1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)

{{Short description|Former skyscraper in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox building
| name                = 1 World Trade Center
| alternate_names     = {{unbulleted list|1 WTC|North Tower|WTC 1|Building A|Building 1|Tower A|Tower 1}}
| status              = <span style="color:red">Destroyed</span>
| image               = Photo of WTC1 (cropped).jpg
| image_size          = 250px
| caption             = The World Trade Center's North Tower (WTC1), pictured in summer 2001
| location            = West Street, New York, New York, United States
| highest_prev     = [[Empire State Building]]
| highest_next     = [[Willis Tower]]
| highest_start    = 1971
| highest_end      = 1973
| start_date          = August 6, 1968
| completion_date     = 1972
| inauguration_date   = April 4, 1973
| destruction_date    = [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|September 11, 2001, 10:28 AM Eastern Time Zone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://6abc.com/what-happened-on-911-september-11-remembrance-timeline-facts-about-911/6411796/|title=9/11/01 timeline: How the September 11, 2001 attacks unfolded|publisher=[[WPVI-TV]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=September 11, 2023|access-date=November 4, 2023|archive-date=November 5, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231105012442/https://6abc.com/what-happened-on-911-september-11-remembrance-timeline-facts-about-911/6411796/}}</ref>
| architect           = {{unbulleted list
 |[[Minoru Yamasaki]]
 |[[Emery Roth & Sons]]
 }}
| owner               = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
| floor_area          = {{convert|4759040|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| floor_count         = 110
| references          = <ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.nytimes.com/ref/magazine/08wtc-timeline.html?_r=0 | work =The New York Times Magazine | title =The World Trade Center: A Timeline | date =2004 | access-date =September 11, 2015 | archive-date =September 19, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150919212924/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/magazine/08wtc-timeline.html?_r=0 | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html| title= History of the Twin Towers|website=PANYNJ.gov|date= 2013| access-date= September 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913203625/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html|archive-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref>
| antenna_spire       = {{convert|1728|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
| roof                = {{convert|1368|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
| top_floor           = {{convert|1268|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/08/willis-tower-world-trade-center-dispute | title=Willis Tower and One World Trade Center battle for skyscraper supremacy | work=The Guardian | date=November 8, 2013 | last1=Gabbatt | first1=Adam }}</ref>
| elevator_count      = 99
| structural_engineer = [[Leslie E. Robertson]] (Worthington, Skilling, Helle, and Jackson)
| opened              = December 15, 1970
| topped_out_date     = December 23, 1970
| management          = [[Silverstein Properties]]
}}

The original '''One World Trade Center''' (also known as the '''North Tower''', '''Tower 1''', '''Building One''', or '''1 WTC''') was one of the Twin Towers of the original [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[New York City]]. It was completed in 1972, stood at a height of {{convert|1368|ft|m|1}}, and was the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest building in the world]] until 1973, when surpassed by the [[Willis Tower|Sears Tower]]<!--it didn't become "Willis Tower" until 2009--> in [[Chicago]].

It was distinguishable from its twin, the original [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|2 World Trade Center]], also known as the South Tower, by the {{convert|360|ft|m|adj=on}} telecommunications antenna on its roof. Including the antenna, the building stood at a total height of {{convert|1728|ft|m|1}}. Other things that made the North Tower distinguishable from its twin was a canopy connected to the North Tower's west facade on street level as well as two pedestrian walkways that extended from the west and south promenades of Three and Six World Trade Center to the North Tower's north and south facades on plaza level, all of which the South Tower lacked. The building's address was '''1 World Trade Center''', and the WTC complex had its own [[ZIP code]] ([[10048 (ZIP code)|10048]]) due to its large size.

The original World Trade Center was destroyed in the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001]]. Struck by [[American Airlines Flight 11]] at 8:46 a.m., the North Tower was the first of the Twin Towers to be hit by a hijacked aircraft, and the second to [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse]], at 10:28 a.m. The North Tower stood for 102 minutes after the aircraft impact. Of the 2,977 victims killed in the attacks, around 1,700 were in the North Tower or on the ground.

The North Tower was succeeded by the present-day [[One World Trade Center]] tower, which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped [[World Trade Center site]].<ref>[http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/index.html World Trade Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002053941/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/index.html |date=October 2, 2018 }}. PANYNJ.gov. 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx One World Trade Center construction updates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219055831/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx |date=December 19, 2013 }}. Lower Manhattan.info. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</ref> At the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]], the northern pool marks the spot where the North Tower once stood.

== History ==

=== Development ===
[[File:WTC-1970-under-construction.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1 World Trade Center under construction, May 1970]]
In 1961, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] agreed to build the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on the site of the [[Hudson Terminal]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City.<ref name="nyt-1961dec29">{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=December 29, 1961 |title=Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/12/29/119434880.pdf |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On {{Nowrap|September 20}}, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of [[Minoru Yamasaki]] as lead architect and [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]] as associate architects.<ref name=":0" /> Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a">{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |author-link=Ada Louise Huxtable |date=January 19, 1964 |title=A New Era Heralded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/19/archives/news-analysis-a-new-era-heralded-architectural-virtue-of-trade.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for {{convert|10000000|sqft|m2}} of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.{{sfnp|Gillespie|1999|p=49}} Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on {{Nowrap|January 18}}, 1964, called for a square plan approximately {{convert|208|ft|m}} in dimension on each side.<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a" />{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|p=7}}

In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.<ref name="nyt 19650329">{{Cite news |last=Ingraham |first=Joseph C. |date=March 29, 1965 |title=Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/03/29/96702632.pdf |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Demolition work began on {{Nowrap|March 21}}, 1966,{{sfnp|Gillespie|1999|p=61}} and groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on {{Nowrap|August 5}}, 1966.{{sfnp|World Trade Center Building Performance Study|2002|page=1.2}} In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74&nbsp;million in contracts to various steel suppliers.<ref name="nyt-1967jan24">{{Cite news |date=January 24, 1967 |title=Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/01/24/82570486.pdf |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Construction work began on the North Tower in {{Nowrap|August 1968}}.<ref name="pbstimeline">{{cite web |title=Timeline: World Trade Center chronology |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502225357/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html |archive-date=May 2, 2007 |access-date=May 15, 2007 |publisher=PBS – [[American Experience]]}}</ref> The [[topping out]] ceremony for 1&nbsp;WTC (the North Tower) took place on {{Nowrap|December 23}}, 1970.<ref name="pbstimeline"/> The first tenants moved into the North Tower on {{Nowrap|December 15, 1970}}, while it was still under construction,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lew |first1=H. S. |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |last2=Bukowski |first2=Richard W. |last3=Carino |first3=Nicholas J. |date=September 2005 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |page=xxxvi}}</ref><ref name="PANYNJ">{{cite web |date=June 1, 2014 |title=History of the Twin Towers |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228040848/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]}}</ref> and a ribbon cutting ceremony took place on {{Nowrap|April 4}}, 1973.{{sfnp|Gillespie|1999|p=134}}

=== Operation ===
On February 13, 1975, a [[1975 World Trade Center fire|three-alarm fire]] broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor, spreading to the 9th and 14th floors. At that time, the World Trade Center had no [[Fire sprinkler system|fire sprinkler systems]].<ref name="nyt 19750214">{{Cite news |date=February 14, 1975 |title=Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/14/archives/trade-center-hit-by-6floor-fire-blaze-starts-on-the-11th-16-men-are.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512074050/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/14/nyregion/14WTC.html |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  A disgruntled custodian was discovered to have deliberately started the fire and was criminally charged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Treaster |first=Joseph B. |date=1975-05-21 |title=Suspect, 19, Is Charged With Trade Center Fires |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/21/archives/suspect-19-is-charged-with-trade-center-fires.html |access-date=August 11, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=Disgruntled custodian sets off fire in north tower of New York's World Trade Center 40 years ago this hour (Feb 13 1975) |url=http://retronewser.com/2015/02/13/disgruntled-custodian-sets-off-fire-on-11th-floor-of-new-yorks-world-trade-center-40-years-ago-this-hour-feb-13-1975/ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=RetroNewser |language=en-US |author1=Admin }}</ref> Following the fire, in 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Michael |date=March 13, 1981 |title=TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/13/nyregion/trade-center-to-get-fire-sprinklers-at-45-million-cost-39312.html |access-date=January 9, 2022 |work=The New York Times |page=1 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17&nbsp;p.m. A [[Ryder]] truck filled with {{convert|1500|lb}} of explosives (planted by [[Ramzi Yousef]]) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.<ref name="reeve p10">{{cite book |last=Reeve |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev |title=The new jackals : Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism |publisher=[[Northeastern University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-55553-509-4 |location=Boston |page=[https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev/page/10 10] |url-access=registration}}</ref> According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 5, 1997 |title=Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/05/wtc.trial/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012085254/http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/05/wtc.trial/index.html |archive-date=October 12, 2008 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Tom |date=March 8, 1993 |title=A Shaken City's Towering Inferno |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/111113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030073528/http://www.newsweek.com/id/111113 |archive-date=October 30, 2008 |access-date=October 26, 2008 |work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref name="barbanel">{{Cite news |last=Barbanel |first=Josh |date=February 27, 1993 |title=Tougher Code May Not Have Helped |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC103DF934A15751C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |access-date=November 20, 2008 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore structural support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Port Authority Risk Management Staff |title=The World Trade Center Complex |url=http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928113151/http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |access-date=May 15, 2007 |publisher=[[United States Fire Administration]]}}</ref>

In February 2001, the Port Authority leased the entire World Trade Center complex to [[Vornado Realty Trust]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 23, 2001 |title=Brookfield Loses Lease Bid |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 20, 2001 |title=As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031151/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a |archive-date=January 19, 2008 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the next-highest bidder, [[Silverstein Properties]], signed a lease for the complex on {{Nowrap|July 24}}, 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=July 25, 2001 |title=Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112948/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Destruction ===
{{Main|September 11 attacks}}
{{See also|Casualties of the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:September_17_2001.jpg|left|thumb|The remains (from bottom to top) of One, [[6 World Trade Center|Six]], and [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|Seven World Trade Center]] on September 17, 2001]]
At 8:46&nbsp;a.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]) on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], five hijackers affiliated with [[al-Qaeda]] crashed [[American Airlines Flight 11]] into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 19, 2002 |title=Flight Path Study&nbsp;– American Airlines Flight 11 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214030913/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 19, 2002 |title=Flight Path Study&nbsp;– United Airlines Flight 175 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617050241/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board}}</ref> Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03&nbsp;a.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]), a second group of five terrorists crashed the hijacked [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.<ref name="911commission">{{cite web |title=9/11 Commission Report |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903025127/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |publisher=The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States}}</ref>
[[File:1WTCCrashZone (1).png|250px|thumb|Virtual image of hole caused by plane crash.]]
By 9:59&nbsp;a.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102&nbsp;minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28&nbsp;a.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Bill |date=May 1, 2002 |title=Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2002/05/01/skyscraper-protection-might-not-be-feasible-federal-engineers-say/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203170242/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2013 |work=Orlando Sentinel}}</ref> When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]], damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21&nbsp;p.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]).<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study'', Ch. 5 WTC 7&nbsp;– section 5.5.4</ref><ref>''Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7'', p. xxxvii.</ref>

Together with [[American Airlines Flight 77|a simultaneous attack]] on [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]], and [[United Airlines Flight 93|a passenger revolt that resulted in a plane crash]] in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], the attacks resulted in the deaths of [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|2,996 people]] (2,507 civilians, 343 [[Firefighter|firefighters]], 72 [[Law enforcement officer|law enforcement officers]], 55 [[military personnel]], and [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|the 19 hijackers]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America? |url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080840/http://www.iags.org/costof911.html |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=April 30, 2014 |work=2004 |publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security}}</ref><ref name="CBC-Winnipegger">{{cite news |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113021016/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |access-date=November 13, 2013 |publisher=CBC News |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stone |first=Andrea |date=August 20, 2002 |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627082049/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2011 |work=USA Today}}</ref> More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.<ref name="NISTcasualties">Sunder (2005), p. 48.</ref> In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, [[Stairwell A]], somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.<ref>{{cite news |author=Westfeldt, Amy |date=March 23, 2007 |title=Debate over staircase slows WTC project |url=http://web.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?category=SEP11&storyID=574510&BCCode=&newsdate=3/23/2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506020125/http://web.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?category=SEP11&storyID=574510&BCCode=&newsdate=3%2F23%2F2007 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=May 4, 2014 |work=Times Union |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower's impact zone were destroyed, making it impossible for anyone above the 91st floor to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.<ref name="NISTcasualties" />

==Architecture==
[[Minoru Yamasaki]] was the lead architect for the tower, and [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]] were the associate architects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Architect Named for Trade Center |last=Esterow |first=Milton |date=September 21, 1962 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/21/83523078.pdf}}</ref> During the World Trade Center's construction, the structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's 1968 [[building code]]s, which incorporated "advanced techniques" in [[building design]].{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=xxxviii}} The Twin Towers used a tube-frame design, which required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs.<ref name="steel2">{{cite journal |author=American Iron and Steel Institute |year=1964 |title=The World Trade Center – New York City |journal=Contemporary Steel Design |publisher=American Iron and Steel Institute |volume=1 |issue=4}}</ref> The structures were inspired by the architectural ethic of [[Le Corbusier]] and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.{{sfnp|Darton|1999|pp=32–34}} Yamasaki was also inspired by [[Islamic architecture]], elements of which he incorporated in the buildings' design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's [[Dhahran International Airport]] with the [[Saudi Binladin Group]].<ref name="Grudin2010">{{cite book |last=Grudin |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHFoCxkdiUIC&pg=PA39 |title=Design And Truth |date=April 20, 2010 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-16203-5 |pages=39 |access-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527162624/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHFoCxkdiUIC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kerr 2001">{{cite web |last=Kerr |first=Laurie |date=December 28, 2001 |title=Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/12/the_mosque_to_commerce.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919030203/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/12/the_mosque_to_commerce.html |archive-date=September 19, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]}}</ref> 

When completed, the North Tower stood {{convert|1368|ft|m|1}} tall.<ref name="WSO">{{cite web |url=http://w.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_wtc.htm |title=The World Trade Center: Statistics and History |access-date=August 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916031526/http://w.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_wtc.htm|archive-date=September 16, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It featured a {{convert|362|foot|m}} telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate [[Digital television|DTV]] broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached {{convert|1730|ft|m}}.<ref name="mcdowell">{{Cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EED7133CF932A25757C0A961958260 |title=At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices |last=McDowell |first=Edwin |date=April 11, 1997 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=November 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410152849/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EED7133CF932A25757C0A961958260 |archive-date=April 10, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each tower stood over {{convert|1350|ft|m}} high, and occupied about {{convert|1|acre|m2}} of the total {{convert|16|acre|m2}} of the site's land.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611065443/http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp |archive-date=June 11, 2002 |title=1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height |publisher=Engineering News-Record |date=August 16, 1999}}</ref>

=== Facade ===
The Twin Towers' facades were made of high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as [[Truss#Vierendeel Truss|Vierendeel trusses]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=William Baker |author2=Johnathan Barnett |author3=Christopher Marrion |author4=Ronald Hamburger |author5=James Milke |author6=Harold Nelson|chapter=Chapter 2. WTC 1 and WTC 2 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |publisher=[[FEMA]] |date=September 1, 2002|page=33|quote=... the loads initially carried by the damaged exterior columns were transferred by Vierendeel truss action to the remaining exterior columns immediately adjacent to the impact area.}}</ref>{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=6}} Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure.{{sfnp|Goldberger|2004|p=26}}{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|pages=5–6}} There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the building.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=8<!--|quote=Each building face consisted of 59 columns spaced at 3 ft 4 in. on center.-->}}{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=6}} In all, the perimeter walls measured {{convert|210|ft|m}} long on each side, and the corners were [[bevel]]ed. {{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=9}}{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|pages=5–6}} The perimeter structure was constructed of prefabricated modular pieces connected by [[wikt:spandrel|spandrel]] plates.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|pages=5–6}} From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced {{Convert|10|ft|m}} apart to accommodate doorways.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=10}}{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=6}} All columns were placed on [[bedrock]] 65–85&nbsp;feet (20–26&nbsp;m) below the surface.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLJ9?OpenDocument |title=World Trade Center "Bathtub": From Genesis to Armageddon |journal=Bridges |author=Tamaro, George J. |date=Spring 2002 |volume=32 |issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043409/http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLJ9?OpenDocument |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>

=== Structural features ===
{{Further|Construction of the World Trade Center#Design of the towers}}

The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135&nbsp;feet (27 by 41&nbsp;m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=8}} The North Tower's structural core was oriented with the long axis east to west.<ref name="NIST NCSTAR 1-6D p. 285" /> The core columns supported about half the towers' weight.<ref name="NIST NCSTAR 1-6D p. 285">{{Cite journal |last1=Zarghamee |first1=Mehdi S. |last2=Kitane |first2=Y. |last3=Erbay |first3=Omer O. |last4=McAllister |first4=Therese P. |last5=Gross |first5=John L. |date=December 1, 2005 |title=Global Structural Analysis of the Response of the World Trade Center Towers to Impact Damage and Fire. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-6D) |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/global-structural-analysis-response-world-trade-center-towers-impact-damage-and-fire |journal=NIST |language=en |pages=285}}</ref>  All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the [[mechanical floor]]s.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=8}} The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses, which connected to the perimeter columns.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=10}}

Hat [[truss]]es (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the North and South towers were designed to support a tall communication [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on top of each building.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005|page=10}} Only the North Tower actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html |title=New York: A Documentary Film – The Center of the World (Construction Footage) |publisher=Port Authority / PBS |access-date=May 16, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401224243/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html |archive-date=April 1, 2007 }}</ref> The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind.{{sfnp|Glanz|Lipton|2003|p=138}} In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building.<ref name="Robertson">{{cite web | last =Robertson | first = Leslie E. | year = 2002 | url = http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/EngineeringandHomelandSecurity/ReflectionsontheWorldTradeCenter.aspx | title = Reflections on the World Trade Center | work = The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1 | publisher = National Academy of Engineering | access-date = July 28, 2006}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) found a three-page [[white paper]] that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at {{convert|600|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, was indeed considered, but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis.<ref>Sadek, Fahim. ''Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers''(NCSTAR 1–2 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp. 305–307.</ref>

Sprayed-fire resistant materials (SFRMs), [[gypsum]] wallboard, and [[vermiculite]] were used to provide fireproofing to the interiors.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=8}} More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975,<ref name="FEMA">{{cite web | last = Hamburger | first = Ronald | title = World Trade Center Building Performance Study | publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency| url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf |access-date = July 27, 2006 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> but after the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|1993 bombing]], inspections found fireproofing to be deficient.<ref>{{harvp|NIST NCSTAR 1–6|2005|page=lxxi}}. NIST lists upgraded floors as 92–100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors.</ref> The 1968 New York City building codes did not require [[Fire sprinkler|sprinkler]]s for high-rise buildings, except for underground spaces,{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005|page=162}} but the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001.{{sfnp|NIST NCSTAR 1–4|2005|page=14}}

==Tenants at the time of the attacks==
The tenant list below was compiled from the original list provided by [[CoStar Group]] (a provider of electronic commercial real estate information), quoted by [[CNN]],<ref name=CNN>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html | publisher=CNN | title=List of World Trade Center tenants | access-date=May 8, 2010 | archive-date=January 6, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106160853/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and was sourced from UnBlinking.com.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207185844/http://www.unblinking.com/arc/2001-09a.htm Updated list]}}. UnBlinking.com. 2001. Retrieved November 29, 2012.</ref> Cantor Fitzgerald's corporate headquarters were located in 1 World Trade Center.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20010809041147/http://www.cantor.com/locations.htm office locations]." Cantor Fitzgerald. August 9, 2001. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>

<small>'''Note:''' Floor numbers in <span style="background:red;">&nbsp;red&nbsp;</span> were part of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]'s impact area on September 11, 2001, with floors trapped by its impact numbered in <span style="background:#444;">&nbsp;<span style="color:white;">dark gray</span>&nbsp;</span>.</small>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fl# !! Companies
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 110/R
| Local radio and TV stations: [[WCBS-TV|Channel 2 (WCBS)]], [[WNBC|Channel 4 (WNBC)]], [[WNYW|Channel 5 (WNYW)]], [[WABC-TV|Channel 7 (WABC)]], [[WWOR-TV|Channel 9 (WWOR)]], [[WPIX|Channel 11 (WPIX)]], [[WNET|Channel 13 (WNET)]], [[WPXN-TV|Channel 31 (WPXN)]], [[WNJU|Channel 47 (WNJU)]], [[WKCR-FM]], [[WPAT-FM]], [[WNYC-FM]], [[WKTU-FM]], [[CNBC]], [[Genuity (Internet company)|Genuity]], [[CNN]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 109
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 108
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 107
| [[Windows on the World]], ''[[Windows on the World|Greatest Bar on Earth]], [[Windows on the World|Wild Blue]]''
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 106
| [[Windows on the World]], [[Windows on the World|Windows on the World Wine School]], Windows on the World Conference and Banquet rooms
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 105
| [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Cantor Fitzgerald|eSpeed]], [[Genuity (Internet company)|Genuity]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 104
| [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Cantor Fitzgerald|eSpeed]], [[WNBC|Channel 4 (WNBC)]], [[UmeVoice]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 103
| [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Cantor Fitzgerald|eSpeed]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 102
| [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Alliance Consulting Group]], [[The Nishi-Nippon Bank Limited]], [[Paine Webber|PaineWebber]], [[Kidder, Peabody & Co.|Kidder Peabody & Co.]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 101
| [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Cantor Fitzgerald|eSpeed]], [[Boomer Esiason Foundation]], Chances for Children (charity), [[Kidder, Peabody & Co.|Kidder Peabody & Co.]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 100
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 99
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 98
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 97
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 96
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation]]
|-[[jillack parachutes]], [[john Lodder]]
! style="background:red;"| 95
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 94
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]], [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Private Client Services]], [[Guy Carpenter]]
|-
! style="background:red;"| 93
| [[Marsh & McLennan Companies]], [[Fred Alger Management]], [[Castle Convertible Fund Inc.]]
|-
! style="background:#444; color:white;"| 92
| [[Carr Futures]], Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios
|-
! 91
| [[American Bureau of Shipping]], [[Cedel Bank International]], [[Meyers Pollok Robbins]], [[New Japan Securities International]], Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios, [[Shiga Bank]]
|-
! 90
| [[American TCC International Group]], [[Chugoku Bank]], [[Dun & Bradstreet]], [[ClearStream International|Clearstream International]], [[Pass Consulting Corporation]]
|-
! 89
|[[Barcley Dwyer]], [[Bayview Services LLC]], [[CIIC Group (US)]], [[Cosmos Services America]], [[Hana Financial Group|Daehan International]], [[Drinker Biddle & Reath]], [[MetLife]], [[Mutual International Forwarding]], [[Strategic Communications Group]], [[Wai Gao Qiao USA]], [[Wall Street Planning Association]], Banco LatinoAmericano de Exportaciones Sud America, [[Italian Wine & Food Institute]], [[Jun He Law Offices]], [[Majestic Star Yacht Chartering]], [[Tokyo Securities Company]]
|-
! 88
| [[Studley, Inc.|Julien J. Studley]], [[Viking Sea Freight]], [[WTC Construction Manager]]
|-
! 87
| [[May Davis Group]], [[Bank of Kinki]], [[Okasan International America|Okasan Securities]], [[Thor Technologies]]
|-
! 86
| [[Studley, Inc.|Julien J. Studley]], [[Asiatic Chemical]], [[Society of Satellite Professionals International]]
|-
! 85
| [[SMW Trading Corporation]], [[Thermo Electron]], [[Chicago Investment Group]], [[Hyakugo Bank]], [[Ohrenstein & Brown]]
|-
! 84
|[[Bright China Capital]], David Peterson Law Offices, LG Securities America (Later merged separately to [[NH Investment & Securities]] and [[:ko:KB손해보험|KB securities]]), [[San-In Godo International Bank]], [[Unicom Capital Advisors]], Blue Star Line North America, [[Hana Financial Group|Daehan International]]
|-
! 83
| Axcelera, [[General Telecommunications]], eMeritus Communications, [[Lava Trading LLC]], [[Network Plus]], [[Global Crossings Holdings]], [[Ameson Education and Culture Exchange Foundation]], [[Taipei Bank]], [[Toho Bank]], [[Wako Securities America]]
|-
! 82
| [[New York Metropolitan Transportation Council]], [[DMJM Harris]]
|-
! 81
| [[Bank of America]], Blue Star Line North America, [[Network Plus]], [[New Continental Enterprises]]
|-
! 80
| [[Agricor Commodities Corporation]], [[Intrust Investment Realty]], [[Noga Commodities Overseas]], [[Noga Hotels New York]], [[Shizuoka Bank]], [[RLI Insurance Company]], [[Bank of Yokohama]], [[Zenshinren Bank]], TheBeast.com<ref name="CNN" />
|-
! 79
|[[Daynard & Van Thunen Company]], [[First Liberty Investment Group]], [[Nikko Securities]], [[Okato Shoji Company International]], [[Securant Technologies]], [[Iyo Bank]], Symphoni Interactive LLC
|-
! 78
| '''[[Sky lobby|Skylobby]]''', Avenir, [[Baltic Oil Corporation]], [[Cedar Capital Management Associates]], [[Cheng Cheng Enterprises Holdings]], [[Geiger & Geiger]], [[Hyundai Motor Company]], [[International Trade Centre]], [[Korea Local Authorities Foundation for International Relations]], [[Meridian Ventures Holdings]], [[Pacrim Trading & Shipping]], [[Phink Path]], [[Traders Access Center]], [[Atinav Avenue]], [[Korea Local Government Center]], [[Partner Reinsurance|Partner Reinsurance Company]], [[Kasikornthai Bank]], [[Verona Fair Organization US Representative]]
|-
! 77
| [[Hal Roth Agency]], [[Jun He Law Offices]], [[Martin Progressive LLC]], [[New-ey International Corporation]], [[World Trade Centers Association]], [[Alliance Continuing Care Network]], [[Kuhne & Nagel]], [[Partner Reinsurance Company]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 76
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 75
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|-
! 74
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 73
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 72
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 71
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 70
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 69
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 68
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 67
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]]
|-
! 66
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]]
|-
! 65
| [[Boeing|Boeing Aviation Technical Services]], [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 64
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 63
| [[Morgan Stanley]], Airport Access Program
|-
! 62
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 61
| [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 60
| [[Resona Holdings|Asahi Bank]], [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 59
| [[Sidley Austin|Sidley Austin Brown & Wood]], [[Morgan Stanley]]
|-
! 58
| [[Sidley Austin|Sidley Austin Brown & Wood]]
|-
! 57
| [[Sidley Austin|Sidley Austin Brown & Wood]]
|-
! 56
| [[Sidley Austin|Sidley Austin Brown & Wood]]
|-
! 55
| [[Pace University]], World Trade Institute of Pace University, Benchmark Hospitality at Pace University (now Downtown Conference Center at Pace University)
|-
! 54
| [[Sidley Austin|Sidley Austin Brown & Wood]]
|-
! 53
|[[AIG Aviation Brokerage]], [[Bank of Taiwan]], [[Bramax Manufacturing Corporation]], [[China Resource Products USA]], [[Keenan, Powers, & Andrews]], [[LoCurto & Funk Inc.]], [[National Nydegger Transport Corporation]], [[Pacrim Trading & Shipping]], [[Pure Energy Corporation]], [[Broadview Networks]], French Embassy Financial Services, [[JACOM Corporation]], [[TripleHop Technologies]]
|-
! 52
| [[Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel]], [[Hill, Betts & Nash]], [[Howly Corporation|Howly (US) Corporation]], [[Leeds & Morrelli]], [[Okasan Securities]], [[RGL Gallagher|RGL Gallagher PC]], [[Williams Capital Group]], [[Bramax Manufacturing Corporation]], [[Temenos USA Wholesalers]], [[Unifacemanu International]]
|-
! 51
| [[AT&T Corporation]], [[C&P Press]], [[Chilean Government Trade Bureau]], [[Chilean National Petroleum Company]], [[Chilean Production Promotion Center]], [[Chilean Trading Corporation]], [[Tradeweb]]
|-
! 50
| [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York]], [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]
|-
! 49
| [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York]], [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]], [[Overseas Union Bank]], [[Pacific American Corporation]]
|-
! 48
| [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York]], [[DKB Group|Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank]]
|-
! 47
| ADERLY-USA, Adjusters International, [[American TCC International Group]], [[ClearForest Corporation]], [[First Union Securities]], [[G.Z. Stephens, Inc.]], [[Pacific American Corporation]], [[Quint Amasis LLC]], [[Rollins Accounting]], [[Tejas Securities Group, Inc.]], W.J. Export Import, Inc.
|-
! 46
| [[Alegra International]], [[American Sino Trade Development Council]], ASTDC, [[Auspic International Technology & Trade Group Co., Inc.]], [[Auto Imperial]], [[Bank of Yokohama]], [[Beyondbond, Inc.]], [[Bluesky Technologies Inc.]], [[Ceylon Shipping Corporation]], Charles P. Chan, CPA, [[China U.S. Net Group, Inc.]], [[Consolidated Steelex Corporation]], [[Dahao U.S.A. Corporation]], [[China Inter-Ocean Transportation]], [[Hitachi|Hitachi Software Engineering America Limited]], [[Interglobe Communications]], [[J&X Tan's Trading Co.]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Kading Companies S.A.]], [[KISCO Corporation (USA)]], [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[R.S. Property]], [[Shandong Resources Inc.]], [[Shipping Services Italia]], [[Sinopec|Sinopec USA, Inc.]], [[Smartcomm Group, Inc.]], [[Sri Larkan Travel, Inc.]], [[Strategic Alliance International Group]], [[Suggested Open Systems]], [[Suntendy America, Inc.]], [[T&T Enterprises International, Inc.]], [[Teleport Investment Management LLC]], Thomas D. Mangione Limited, [[Tradeway, Inc.]], [[ViewTrade Group]], [[World Imperial Realty Corporation]], [[World News & Media Group, Inc.]], [[Yong Ren America Inc.]]
|-
! 45
| [[American Lota International]], [[Bramax Manufacturing Corporation]], [[China Construction America]], [[Dunavant Commodity Corporation]], [[Fertitta Enterprises]], [[F.E. Wallace & Co.]], [[HS Futures LP]], [[Hyundai Motor Company]], [[Pure Energy Corporation]], [[Security Traders Association]], [[Software Research Associates|Software Research Associates America]], [[Streamline Capital]], [[BAO Hercules]], [[Ching Fong Investment Company|Ching Fong Investment Company New York]], [[Johnson Enterprises]], [[SRA America]], [[S. Stern Custom Brokers]], [[Swiss Trading & Shipping Association]]
|-
! 44
| '''[[Sky lobby|Skylobby]]''', Skydive restaurant, [[MetLife]], [[Morgan Stanley]], [[New York Society of Security Analysts]], [[Market Technicians Association]], [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]]
|-
! 43
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 42
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 41
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|-
! 40
| [[Lehman Brothers]], Commerzbank Capital Markets AG
|-
! 39
| [[Lehman Brothers]], [[Cultural Institutions Retirement Systems]], [[First Liberty Investment Group]], [[Overseas Union Bank]], [[Xcel Federal Credit Union]], [[Tai Fook Securities]], [[Circle International]], [[Sun Hung Kai Securities]]
|-
! 38
| [[Lehman Brothers]], [[Regional Alliance for Small Contractors]], [[Turner Construction Company]], [[GSW & Associates]], [[GW Finance Corporation]]
|-
! 37
| [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]], [[Foreign relations of Thailand|Government of Thailand]], [[S. Stern|S. Stern Custom Brokers]], [[Thai Board of Investment]], [[Thai Office of the Economic Counselor]], [[Thai Trade Center]], [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]]
|-
! 36
| [[Kemper Corporation]]
|-
! 35
| [[Kemper Corporation]], Anne Pope Law Offices
|-
! 34
| [[Foreign relations of Thailand|Royal Thai Embassy Office]], [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[Tourism Authority of Thailand]]
|-
! 33
| [[Berel & Mullen]], [[China Daily Distribution Corporation]], [[Data Transmission Network Corporation]], [[Hu Tong International Company]], [[Koudis International]], [[MANAA Trading Group]], [[MIS Service Company]], Rachel & Associates, [[Serko & Simon]], [[Golden King USA]], [[American Bright Signs]], [[China United Trading Corporation]], [[Excel Shipping]], [[Hana Financial Group|Korean Associates Securities]], [[Rohde & Liesenfeld]], [[Lunham & Reeve, Inc.]]
|-
! 32
| [[Chang Hwa Bank]], [[Rohde & Liesenfeld]], [[Koudis International]]
|-
! 31
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], Empire Health Choice, [[Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield|EmpireBlue]]
|-
! 30
| Empire Health Choise, [[Elevance Health|EmpireBlue]]
|-
! 29
| [[China Patent and Trademark Agent USA]], [[World Travel]], [[Seth Shipping Corporation]], [[Taipei Bank]], [[ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company]]
|-
! 28
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
|-
! 27
| [[Bangkok Metropolitan Bank]], [[Anthem (company)|Anthem]], Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, [[Sinopec|Sinopec USA, Inc.]]
|-
! 26
| [[Garban Intercapital]]
|-
! 25
| [[Garban Intercapital]], [[R.H. Wrightson & Associates]], Cote d'Ivore Embassy Commercial Counselor, [[EXCO|EXCO USA International]], [[Harold I. Pepper Company]]
|-
! 24
| Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[Dominican Republic Export Promotion Center]], [[Electric Paper Incorporated|Electric Paper Inc.]], [[RN Forwarding]]
|-
! 23
| Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
|-
! 22
|Security Command Center, [[Cheng Xiang Trading USA]], [[Cboe Global Markets|Chicago Board Options Exchange Corporation]], G.C. Services, [[Gold Sky Inc.]], [[Kaiser Overseas]], [[Karoon Capital Management]], [[MLU Investment]], [[Pluto Commodities]], [[P. Wolfe Investments]], [[Tai Fook Securities]], [[The SCPIE Companies]], [[Unicom Capital Advisors]], [[AMROC International Company]], [[Central Trust of China]], [[China Steel]], [[New York Metropolitan Transportation Council]], [[SySoft e-Business Lab]]
|-
! 21
|[[Avesta Computer Services]], [[Continental Logistics]], [[:ko:한국투자증권|Dongwon Securities Company]](then part of [[Dongwon Industries]]), [[Friends Ivory & Sime]], [[Friends Villas Fischer Trust]], [[Infotech Commercial Systems]], Law Offices of Roman V. Popik, Lief International, [[Tower Computer Services]], United Seamen's Service (USS-AMMLA), [[1 Stop Investment Advice]], [[Brauner International Corporation]], Cat Technology Inc., Wired Cat, [[J.D. Smith Customs Broker]], [[Marc Commodities]], [[Regional Alliance for Small Contractors]], [[United Hercules]]
|-
! 20
| Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, [[Rohde & Liesenfeld]]
|-
! 19
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[NexxtHealth|Adams McFarlane LLC (NexxtHealth)]], [[Excel Shipping]], [[HZ Bernstein Air Freight]], Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
|-
! 18
| [[Neovest]], I/B/E/S International Inc., SportsGelt LLC
|-
! 17
|[[ABC International]], [[Masterpiece International]], [[Nippon Express|Nippon Express USA]], Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, [[ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company]]
|-
! 16
| [[California Bank & Trust]], Seven Star Lines, [[ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company]], Ramon International Insurance Brokers (ZimAmerican)
|-
! 15
| [[Landmark Education|Landmark Education Corporation]], [[Continental Forwarding]], [[Gringsby Brandford & Co.]], [[H.W. Robinson & Co.]]
|-
! 14
| [[Instinet]], [[Dun & Bradstreet]], [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[Aeolian Shipping Company]], [[Allen & Company|C. Allen & Co.]], [[Hirshbach & Smith]], [[VanderGrift Forwarding]]
|-
! 13
| [[Instinet]]
|-
! 12
| [[Lafayette Shipping Company]]
|-
! 11
| [[Bank of America]], [[Porcella Vicini & Co.]], [[Global Insight|Primark Decision Economics]], [[Raymond James Financial|Raymond James & Associates]], [[Allstate Insurance Company]], Tes USA
|-
! 10
| [[Bank of America]], Export Import Service, [[Hauser Air Corporation]]
|-
! 9
| [[Bank of America]], [[Foreign Credit Insurance Association]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 8
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|- style="background:#999;"
! 7
| [[Mechanical floor]]
|-
! 6
| —
|-
! 5
| [[Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel]]
|-
! 4
| [[Geiger & Geiger]]
|-
! 3
| [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]], [[LG Insurance Company]], [[W.R. Hambrecht + Co.|W.R. Hambrecht]]
|-
! 2
|—
|-
! [[Lobby (room)|L]]
| [[Avis Rent A Car System|Avis]], [[Delta Air Lines]], [[Olympia Airport Express]], [[Trans World Airlines]], [[Continental Airlines]], [[Continental Airlines|Continental Enterprises]], [[Citibank]]
|-
! [[Concourse|C]]
|[[Westfield World Trade Center#Original mall (1975–2001)|The Mall at the World Trade Center]]
|}
'''SOURCES:''' CoStar Group, CNN, and Unblinking.
[[File:"Reflecting Absence", 9-11 Memorial - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg|thumb|The North Pool of the present-day [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]], marking the spot upon which the original One World Trade Center stood.]]
Floor unknown: [[Alliance Global, Inc.|Alliance Global Finance]], [[Associated Charter Marine]], [[Carreden Group]], CIF Agency, [[Dimetol International Trade]], [[Eastern Capital Corporation]], [[Falcon International Freight]], [[First Pacific Rim]], [[GAC Shipping]], [[Garwood Financial]], [[Globe Shipping Company]], [[GSI Cargo Service]], [[Hachijuni Bank]], [[Hanil Securities]], [[Lin Brothers International]], [[Pluto Commodities]], Port Newark

===92nd floor===
The 92nd floor, though technically the first floor below Flight 11's impact zone, did not have any survivors.<ref name="National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 2004">{{cite book |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2004 |author=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|url=https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|page=303}}</ref> Sixty-nine people reported to work that morning, including 67 employees of [[Calyon Financial|Carr Futures]], a tenant on the 92nd floor. The impact itself spared every single person on Floor 92 and did no damage to the floor directly. However, the force of the crash collapsed walls and inflicted nonstructural damage such as smashed windows,<ref>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|page=166}}</ref> broken ceiling tiles and severed electrical wires, as well as causing knee-deep flooding throughout various rooms on the 92nd floor after the water pipes burst. Multiple calls were recorded from people trapped on the floor, the workers reporting that although the stairs on the 92nd floor had not been destroyed, they were walled off by fallen debris from Flight 11's impact zone immediately above.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=May 26, 2002|title=102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref> In addition to the stairs being rendered impassable, the centralized impact into the North Tower's core also interrupted elevator service in the skyscraper from its 50th floor and higher, severing all escape routes for anyone above the 91st floor.<ref>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf|access-date=June 13, 2023|page=74}}</ref>

Initially, conditions on the 92nd floor were likely not dissimilar to what they were on the 91st, from which everyone survived and escaped.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 26, 2002|title=102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/us/two-years-later-the-91st-floor-the-line-between-life-and-death-still-indelible.html|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref> The situation changed very quickly when flammable [[aviation fuel]] spilled down into the 92nd floor, igniting fires that rapidly began consuming its east side; within 12 minutes of the impact, the first known fatalities from the floor occurred over a three-minute period when eight workers were forced to [[suicide by jumping from height|jump]] from the northern end of the tower's east side to escape a rapidly advancing wall of flames.<ref>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|page=240}}</ref>
Those who remained made their way to an unoccupied area on the west side of the floor that was initially free of smoke and fire. However, images show that the blaze on the tower’s north face eventually spread westward to their safe haven in that section of the floor, making conditions there unsurvivable.<ref>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|access-date=June 13, 2023|page=335}}</ref>

The last phone call from the North Tower came from Thomas McGinnis, a trader on the 92nd floor, when he got through to his wife Iliana at 10:18. McGinnis and a number of others had been confined to a conference room the entire time after the door jammed shut from the building buckling as the plane hit, separating them from everyone else on the floor. Most of the floor was engulfed in flames by the time McGinnis called, with extremely limited space for the group to avoid being burned.<ref>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|access-date=June 13, 2023|page=356}}</ref>
Despite his wife's attempts to reassure him, McGinnis did not believe they would survive. The South Tower had already collapsed, and McGinnis revealed to her that he could see people jumping from the floors above. The line went dead at 10:26, two minutes before the tower collapsed.<ref name="auto"/>

===Tenants that left prior to the attacks===
Between 1978 and 1995, the [[Diplomatic missions of Paraguay|Consulate of Paraguay]] was located in Suite 1609 of 1 World Trade Center.<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1081EFC3D551B778DDDAD0A94DA405B848BF1D3 "Where to Get Information Before You Go"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518025508/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1081EFC3D551B778DDDAD0A94DA405B848BF1D3 |date=May 18, 2013 }} (requires subscription). ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved April 26, 2013. </ref><ref>"[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/population/children/adoptions/Paraguay.html 1995: International Adoption – Paraguay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181246/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/population/children/adoptions/Paraguay.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}." [[U.S. Department of State]] Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved January 15, 2012. "Consulate General of Paraguay Consular Section 1 World Trade Center, Suite 1609 New York, NY 10048".</ref> [[Home Lines]] once occupied Suite 3969 from 1974<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 1974 |title=WINTER CRUISES |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/03/archives/winter-cruises-rotterdam.html |access-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref> until 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB336D2CBBDC4F9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=CRUISE LINE OFFICES|work=[[Miami Herald]]|date=February 7, 1988|author=((2J Travel))|access-date=January 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516040558/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB336D2CBBDC4F9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=May 16, 2013|quote=Home Lines, 1 World Trade Center, Suite 3969, New York, NY 10048}}</ref>

==References==
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cudahy-Hudson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Darton |first=Eric |title=Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-465-01727-0}}
* {{Cite book | last=Gillespie | first=Angus K. | title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center | publisher=Rutgers University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8135-2742-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill | url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Glanz |first1=James  |first2=Eric |last2=Lipton  |name-list-style=amp |title=City in the Sky |publisher=Times Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8050-7691-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldberger | first=Paul | title=Up from Zero: Politics, Architecture, and the Rebuilding of New York | publisher=Random House Publishing Group | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58836-422-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/upfromzeropoliti00gold | url-access=registration}}
* {{cite web |publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency |date=May 2002 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |url=https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/3544 |access-date=August 21, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430200952/http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |ref={{harvid|World Trade Center Building Performance Study|2002}}}}
* {{Cite report |last1=Lew |first1=Hai S. |first2=Richard W. |last2=Bukowski |first3=Nicholas J. |last3=Carino |url=https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101332 |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1–1) |series=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |date=September 2005 |ref={{harvid|NIST NCSTAR 1–1|2005}}}}
* {{cite report |url=https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101351 |title=Active Fire Protection Systems (NCSTAR 1–4) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author1=Evans, David D. |author2=Richard D. Peacock, Erica D. Kuligowski |author3=W. Stuart Dols |author4=William L. Grosshandler |date=September 2005 |ref={{harvid|NIST NCSTAR 1–4|2005}}}}
* {{Cite report |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101279 |title=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NCSTAR 1–6) |series=Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |date=September 2005 |ref={{harvid|NIST NCSTAR 1–6|2005}}}}
* {{Cite report |author1 =Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder |author2 = Richard G. Gann|author3 =William L. Grosshandler|author4 =Hai S. Lew|author5 =Richard W. Bukowski|author6 =Fahim Sadek |author7 = Frank W. Gayle|author8 =John L. Gross|author9 =Therese P. McAllister |author10 =Jason D. Averill|author11 =James R. Lawson|author12 =Harold E. Nelson|author13 =Stephen A. Cauffman|title= Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower (NIST NCSTAR 1)|url=https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909017 |series=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |format=PDF |date=September 2005 |ref={{harvid|NIST NCSTAR 1|2005}}}}
* {{Cite New York 1960}}

==External links==
{{Portal|New York City|Architecture}}
* [https://www.costargroup.com/costar-news/details/wtc-response-update-governor-pataki-announces-partnership-to-help-new-york-city-businesses-in-need-of-office-space "WTC Response Update: Governor Pataki Announces Partnership To Help New York City Businesses In Need Of Office Space"]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[CoStar Group]].
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html List of World Trade Center tenants] via [[CNN]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120106160853/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html Archive])
* [http://www.tenantwise.com/reports/wtc_relocate.asp World Trade Center Tenant Relocation Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320154629/http://www.tenantwise.com/reports/wtc_relocate.asp |date=March 20, 2006 }} via TenantWise.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020412192921/http://mmc.com/136.html World Trade Center Tragedy: Information for Families, Friends and Colleagues] – [[Marsh and McLennan Companies]]

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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of tallest buildings in the world|Tallest building in the world]]|years=1970–1974}} <small>(North Tower)</small>
{{S-aft|rows=3|after=[[Willis Tower]]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of tallest buildings in the United States|Tallest building in the United States]]|years=1970–1974}} <small>(North Tower)</small>
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{{S-ttl|title=Tallest building with the most floors|years=1970–2001}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of tallest buildings in New York City|Tallest building in New York City]]|years=1970–2001}} <small>(North Tower)</small>
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{{WTC tenants lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1 World Trade Center (1971-2001)}}
[[Category:1973 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Lists of companies based in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Lists of tenants in the World Trade Center (1973–2001)|One]]
[[Category:Manhattan-related lists]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1973]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Manhattan]]
[[Category:September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:World Trade Center]]