Editing 7Q5

{{short description|Dead Sea scroll fragment}}
[[Image:7Q5.jpg|thumb|right|Fragment 5 from Cave 7 of the Qumran Community in its entirety]]

Among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], '''7Q5''' is the designation for a small Greek [[papyrus]] fragment discovered in [[Qumran]] [[List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7|Cave 7]]. It contains about 18 legible or partially legible Greek letters and was published in 1962 as an unidentified text. The editor assigned the fragment to a date between 50 BCE and 50 CE on the basis of its handwriting.<ref name="M. Baillet, J.T. Milik 1962">M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (eds.), ''Les 'petites grottes' de Qumrân'' (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan III; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 144.</ref> In 1972, the Spanish papyrologist [[José O'Callaghan Martínez|Jose O'Callaghan]] argued that the papyrus was in fact a fragment of the [[Gospel of Mark]], [[Mark 6#Textual witnesses|chapter 6]], verses 52 and 53. While some New Testament textual scholars have been unpersuaded by this argument, a vocal minority continue to support the identification of the fragment as a part of the Gospel of Mark.<ref>{{cite journal|quote=... Qumran ms. 7Q5 ... is captioned as if it contains a fragment of Mark: it was of course O'Callaghan who made that controversial — and now virtually universally rejected — identification of this Dead Sea text as a piece of the New Testament ... |last=Elliot |date=2003 |first=J. K. |title=Book Notes |journal=Novum Testamentum |volume=45 |number=2 |pages=203 |jstor=1561021}}</ref><ref>Gundry (1999), p.698. [[Carlo Maria Martini]], S.J., Archbishop of Milan and part of the five-member team which edited the definitive modern edition of the Greek New Testament for the United Bible Societies agreed with O'Callaghan's identification and assertions.</ref> Scholars who disagree with the 7Q5 identification who presented papers (Harald Risesenfeld, C. Martini, Camilie Focant, Stuart Pickering and Rosalie Cook). Some high profile papyrologists have given statements to support the identification of 7Q5 as Mark 6.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&pg=PA40&dq=eichstatt+7q5+symposium&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPtrbx9eGMAxWBjYkEHfDtCgMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=eichstatt%207q5%20symposium&f=false</ref> This includes [[Orsolina Montevecchi]],<ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=ddGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGuIjSjeKMAxVil4kEHaDnGpkQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5&f=false </ref> President (later honorary president) of International Papyrological Association, [[Sergio Daris]] Honorary President of the Papyrological Association,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-VsPAQAAMAAJ&q=s+daris+7q5&dq=s+daris+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIn9LdheSMAxUMJNAFHWmWGzUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#daris%20thought</ref> [[Heikki Koskenniemi]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=%C2%A0koskenniemi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi72cG6h-SMAxXCOjQIHdFgO8kQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0koskenniemi%207q5&f=false</ref> and [[Herbert Hunger]].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=7q5+heikki&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6kLSM9-GMAxVprIkEHWw9BJYQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=7q5%20heikki&f=false</ref><ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=nnFXAAAAYAAJ&q=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV-fz9jeKMAxWHCnkGHSVVBx44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5</ref><ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTp5OljuKMAxWtv4kEHbogKMc4FBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi&f=false</ref>

== O'Callaghan's proposed identification ==

O'Callaghan challenged the reading of the original edition of the fragment, largely because he misunderstood the original editor's use of an [[iota subscript]] in line 2 of the fragment.<ref>Brent Nongbri, "The Strange 'nu' Story of 7Q5," ''Variant Readings'' (March 19, 2022) https://brentnongbri.com/2022/03/19/the-strange-nu-story-of-7q5/: "It’s not the case that O’Callaghan judged the editors’ omega–iota-space-alpha sequence to be a bad reading in need of improvement. Rather, he appears to have failed to understand that Baillet and Boismard rendered the script ⲱⲓ (omega–iota) by means of a printed ῳ employing the iota subscript. O'Callaghan took the printed ῳ to represent just one letter–ⲱ–and then believed the editors had misconstrued the following vertical line ("el palo vertical") as part of an alpha." Nongbri cites as the source of this observation Stuart R. Pickering and Rosalie R.E. Cook, ''Has a Fragment of the Gospel of Mark Been Found at Qumran?'' (Sydney: Macquarie University Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, 1989).</ref> The Greek text below shows O'Callaghan's reconstruction with bold font representing proposed identifications with characters from 7Q5:<ref>{{cite book|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u_QZmC8TesC&q=7q5&pg=PA315|title=The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance for Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity|year=2004|edition=First HarperCollins paperback|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0-06-068465-8|first=James|last=VanderKam|author2=Peter Flint}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
<div class="center">ου γαρ<br />
συνηκαν '''<span style="color: red">ε</span>'''πι τοις αρτοις,<br />
αλλ ην α'''<span style="color: red">υτων η</span>''' καρδια πεπωρω-<br />
μεν'''<span style="color: red">η. και δι</span>'''απερασαντες [επι την γην]<br />
ηλθον εις γε'''<span style="color: red">ννησ</span>'''αρετ και <br />
προσωρμισ'''<span style="color: red">θησα</span>'''ν. και εξελ-<br />
θοντων αυτων εκ του πλοιου ευθυς<br />
επιγνοντες αυτον.</div>
{{Col-2}}
<div class="center">hou gar<br />
synēkan '''<span style="color: red">e</span>'''pi tois artois,<br />
all ēn a'''<span style="color: red">utōn ē</span>''' kardia pepōrō-<br />
men'''<span style="color: red">ē. kai di</span>'''aperasantes [epi tēn gēn]<br />
ēlthon eis ge'''<span style="color: red">nnēs</span>'''aret kai <br />
prosōrmis'''<span style="color: red">thēsa</span>'''n. kai exel-<br />
thontōn autōn ek tou ploiou euthys<br />
epignontes auton.</div>
{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
<poem>
Proposed reconstruction:

for they did not
understand '''c'''oncerning the loaves
but was t'''heir''' heart harden-
e'''d. And cr'''ossing over [unto the land]
they came unto Ge'''nnes'''aret and
drew to the sh'''or'''e. And com-
ing forth out of the boat immediately
they recognized him.
</poem>
{{Col-2}}
<poem>
Mark chapter 6 verses 52-53 ([[New Revised Standard Version]]):

(52) For they did not understand about the loaves, 
but their hearts were hardened.
(53) When they had crossed over, 
they came to land at Gennesaret and moored the boat.
</poem>
{{Col-end}}

== Argument ==
[[File:Cave7Q.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The 7th Cave at Qumran, where 7Q5 was found.]]
O'Callaghan's argument is as follows:
# According to O'Callaghan, in line 2 "after the ⲱ, the ⲁ suggested by the editors seems inadmissible. The traces of the facsimile are too uncertain to allow a satisfactory reading, even though one comes to discover the left vertical stroke and the peculiar descending contour of a ⲛ similar to that of line 4."<ref>Brent Nongbri, "The Strange 'nu' Story of 7Q5," ''Variant Readings'' (March 19, 2022) https://brentnongbri.com/2022/03/19/the-strange-nu-story-of-7q5/.</ref> By reading a nu after the omega, O'Callaghan was able to reconstruct the words [α]υτων η [καρδια], which could be matched with a passage in Mark's gospel.
# O'Callaghan pointed out that the combination of letters '''ννησ''' <nnēs> in line 4 may be part of the word Γε'''ννησ'''αρετ <[[Kinneret (archaeological site)|Gennēsaret]]>.
# O'Callaghan argued that the spacing before the word '''και''' <kai> ("and") suggests a paragraph break, which is consistent with the normative layout for Mark 6:52-53.
# Furthermore, a computer search "using the most elaborate Greek texts ... has failed to yield any text other than Mark 6:52-53 for the combination of letters identified by O'Callaghan et al. in 7Q5".<ref>Thiede n. 31, pp. 40-41</ref>

Some New Testament scholars <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=%C2%A0koskenniemi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicxar7hOeMAxWZhIkEHdjTJv4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0koskenniemi%207q5&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ddGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGuIjSjeKMAxVil4kEHaDnGpkQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5&f=false</ref> have rejected O'Callaghan's arguments include the following:
* Several of the letters read or reconstructed by O'Callaghan are highly debatable to them (especially the nu in line 2).<ref>Robert H. Gundry, "No NU in Line 2 of 7Q5: A Final Disidentification of 7Q5 With Mark 6:52-53," ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 118 (4): 698–707. doi:10.2307/3268112.</ref>
* The spacing before the word '''και''' <kai> ("and") proposed as a paragraph break may not be indicative of anything.
* In papyri spacings of this width can be also found within words (Pap. Bodmer XXIV, plate 26; in Qumran in fragment 4Q122).
* Other examples in the Qumran texts show that the word '''και''' <kai> ("and") usually was separated with spacings – and this has nothing to do with the text's structure (as proposed by O'Callaghan).
* The sequence '''ννησ''' can be also found in the word εγε'''ννησ'''εν <egennēsen> ("begot"), a very common word used in biblical genealogies and the reconstruction suggested by the original editor.<ref name="M. Baillet, J.T. Milik 1962"/>

Papyrologist [[Carsten Peter Thiede]] responded to the objections of [[Daniel B. Wallace]] and other scholars that they commit “a kind of fallacy of analogy that no papyrologist would commit.”<ref>https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj57-2-12</ref>
Thiede continued in the prestigious Westminster Journal that “is it really too much to expect that in a paper published in 1994, the detailed analysis by the great papyrologist [[Herbert Hunger]] of Vienna, Austria, published in 1992, in favor of Mark 6:52-53 and already answering the objections raised by Wallace- should have been noticed.”<ref>https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj57-2-12</ref> 

Further counterarguments
* To make the identification of the fragment with Mark 6:52-53, O'Callaghan had to substitute a '''δ''' (delta) {{angbr|d}} for the '''τ''' (tau) {{angbr|t}} found in line 3 of 7Q5.<ref name="wallace">{{Clarify|date=September 2009}}
* {{cite journal|first=Daniel|last=Wallace|title=7Q5: 'The Earliest NT Papyrus?'|journal=Biblical Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=1196}} quoted at {{cite book|page=252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7futW840scC&q=7q5&pg=PA252|first=Stephen L.|last=Cox|author2=Kendell H. Easley|title=Harmony of the Gospels|publisher=Broadman & Holman|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0}}</ref> Carsten Thiede provided over 25 ancient documents where the d/t shift occurs.<ref>https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj57-2-12</ref>
There are numerous texts with the d to t shift including text dated 42CE, [[papyrus 66]], [[papyrus 4]], [[papyrus 75]] as recorded in ''Papiros neotestamentarios en la cueva 7 de Qumrân?'' ("New Testament Papyri in Cave 7 at Qumran?")<ref>''Biblica'' 53 (1972) 91-100. Translated into English by W. L. Holladay in ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 91 (1972) supplement no. 2.</ref>
* The words επι την γην <epi tēn gēn> ("to the land") in line 4, which are found in Mark 6:53, would have to be considered as being omitted from 7Q5 in order to fit into its column. However, this omission is found in no extant manuscripts of Mark's Gospel.<ref name="wallace" /> There are other documents which omission of the words on to the land are not present in manuscripts of Mark’s Gospel<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=SxdkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=manuscripts+on+the+land+omitted+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiomdTRhueMAxXq78kDHYPBK9EQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=manuscripts%20on%20the%20land%20omitted%207q5&f=false</ref> Omissions by scribal typo does not remove an identification of a text. [[papyrus 45]] of Mark’s gospel does not have “to the other side” and yet it is clearly part of full pages of Mark’s gospel.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iMuDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181&dq=papyrus+45+mark+to+the+other+side+omitted&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt-KmTieiMAxWUq4kEHQ6vOWQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=papyrus%2045%20mark%20to%20the%20other%20side%20omitted&f=false</ref>
* The identification of the last letter in line 2 with ''nu'' does was thought to not fit into the pattern of this Greek letter as it is clearly written in line 4 by amateur papyrologists.<ref>Gundry (1999)</ref> However, the electron microscope at the Investigation Department of the Israel National Police clearly shows a diagonal line for the “NU”. This fits Mark’s Gospel as shown on image 2 that is also in the book which recorded the 1991 Qumran symposium papers presented for consideration of 7Q5 as Mark’s Gospel<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=SxdkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=manuscripts+on+the+land+omitted+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiomdTRhueMAxXq78kDHYPBK9EQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=manuscripts%20on%20the%20land%20omitted%207q5&f=false</ref>
* The computer search performed by Thiede matched Herbert Hungers 22 point analysis that confirmed 7Q5 is the Gospel of Mark.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&pg=PA39&dq=hunger+hunger+analysis+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhIeXiOeMAxWbq4kEHfhyLfgQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=hunger%20hunger%20analysis%207q5&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ddGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&dq=hunger+hunger+analysis+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhIeXiOeMAxWbq4kEHfhyLfgQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=hunger%20hunger%20analysis%207q5&f=false</ref>
** A similar search performed by scholar Daniel Wallace, which allowed other identifications for the disputed letters, found sixteen matches.<ref name="wallace" /> However, when the letters confirmed by the Department of Investigations electronic microscope is included, 7Q5 only fits Mark’s Gospel.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&pg=PA190&dq=ibykus+analysis+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib0NDIiOeMAxU1wvACHUhyHeAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=ibykus%20analysis%207q5&f=false</ref>
** A computer search performed with the undisputed letters of the fragment 7Q5 does finds the text Mk 6:52-53, because the undisputed letter '''τ''' in line 3 does fits to this text.<ref>See Wallace, footnote 18.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&pg=PA190&dq=ibykus+analysis+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib0NDIiOeMAxU1wvACHUhyHeAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=ibykus%20analysis%207q5&f=false</ref>

Anachronism found in Mark's Gospel
* Another potential problem with identifying 7Q5 as Mark's gospel is the argument that Mark 12:13–17 may potentially contain a reference to [[Vespasian|Vespasian's]] [[Fiscus Judaicus]] imposed in 71 AD, while 7Q5 dates to before 50 AD.<ref>Zeichmann, Christopher (2017). "The Date of Mark’s Gospel Apart from the Temple and Rumors of War: The Taxation Episode (12:13–17) as Evidence". https://www.academia.edu/34194619/The_Date_of_Mark_s_Gospel_Apart_from_the_Temple_and_Rumors_of_War_The_Taxation_Episode_12_13_17_as_Evidence(2017)</ref> 

Argument for an earlier date
*Colophons in the 12th century manuscripts of [[Family Kr]](Family 35) from Mark’s Gospel claim that the work was written 10 years after the death of Jesus, rendering a date of 40-43 CE.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzr7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR63&dq=colophon+mark+gospel+10th+year+ascension&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2kPjdieeMAxWX8MkDHYXZB8sQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=colophon%20mark%20gospel%2010th%20year%20ascension&f=false</ref> The late dating of these colophons and absence of earlier testimony from previous writers in earlier centuries make this tradition unlikely to be reliable in dating Mark's gospel.

== Significance ==
If 7Q5 was actually a fragment of {{bibleref|Mark|6:52-53}} and was deposited in the cave at Qumran by 68 AD, it would become the earliest known fragment of the [[New Testament]], predating [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52|P52]] by at least some if not many decades. Yet, since the amount of text in the manuscript is so small, even a confirmation of 7Q5 as Markan "might mean nothing more than that the contents of these few verses were already formalized, not necessarily that there was a manuscript of Mark's Gospel on hand".<ref>{{cite book|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VVcEmE6ZJMC&q=7q5&pg=PA11|first=Robert E.|last=Picirilli|title=The Gospel of Mark|publisher=Randall House Publications|year=2003|isbn=0-89265-500-3|edition=first|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref> Since the entirety of the find in Cave 7 consists of fragments in Greek, it is possible that the contents of this cave are of a separate "Hellenized" library than the Hebrew texts found in the other caves.

Sunday April 12th, 1992 7q5 was examined forensically in the Investigations Department of the Israel National Police. The investigation was carried out by Chief Inspector Sharon Landau in the presence of Dr Joseph Almog, the Director of the Israel Division of Identification and Forensic Science and Curator Joseph Zias. The decisive parts of the analysis were “recorded by a TV team from the Bavarian Television Company, ARD.”<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&dq=examination+carried+out+by+sharon+landau&pg=PA195 | title=Rekindling the Word: In Search of Gospel Truth | isbn=978-1-56338-136-2 | last1=Thiede | first1=Carsten Peter | date=1995 | publisher=Gracewing }}</ref> From the examination of line 2 of fragment 7Q5 under the stereo microscope, Thiede believed he saw the diagonal middle stroke of a NU, "as demanded by the identification of 7Q5 as Mark 6:52-53”<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&dq=diagonal+middle+stroke+of+a+nu&pg=PA196 | title=Rekindling the Word: In Search of Gospel Truth | isbn=978-1-56338-136-2 | last1=Thiede | first1=Carsten Peter | date=1995 | publisher=Gracewing }}</ref> Yet, another examination by Stephen Pfann using the Rokefeller Museum's Olympus SZ4045 Zoom Stereo Microscope with an Olympus Cold Light Illuminator 3000 detected no traces of the alleged diagonal and instead concluded that the original editors were correct in reading an iota: "The iota is absolutely an iota."<ref>Robert H. Gundry, "No NU in Line 2 of 7Q5: A Final Disidentification of 7Q5 With Mark 6:52-53," ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 118 (4): 698–707. doi:10.2307/3268112.</ref> Computer print outs of the letter “NU” as well as other letters of 7Q5 corroborated it as Mark’s Gospel were made by the use of stereo microscope in the independent Department of Investigations at the Israel National Police office.  The computer print outs were added the appendix of the book Eichstatt symposium on Qumran along with majority of scholarly essays corroborating 7Q5 as Gospel of Mark<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=7q5+israel+1992+microscope+NU&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTuMb57uSMAxWnjIkEHfkTIwYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=1992&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.academia.edu/121198113/Christen_und_Christliches_in_Qumran_edited_by_Bernhard_Mayer_Eichst%C3%A4tter_Studien_NF_32_Regensburg_Verlag_Friedrich_Pustet_1992_Pp_268_43_plates_DM_88_00_ISBN_3_7917_1346_9</ref>

==See also==
* [[4Q108]]
* [[4QMMT]]
* [[List of New Testament papyri]]
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite journal
|first=Robert H.
|last=Gundry
|title=No NU in Line 2 of 7Q5: A Final Disidentification of 7Q5 With Mark 6:52-53
|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature
|volume=118
|pages=698–707
|date=Dec 1999
|issue=4
|doi=10.2307/3268112
|jstor=3268112
|publisher=The Society of Biblical Literature
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Carsten Peter
|last=Thiede
|title=The Earliest Gospel Manuscript?: the Qumran Papyrus 7Q5 and its Significance for New Testament Studies
|publisher=Paternoster Press
|year=1992
|isbn=0-85364-507-8
|location=Exeter
}}
* {{cite journal |first=Vito |last=Sibilio |title=La datazione dei Vangeli. Una messa a punto della situazione, in Christianitas |journal=Rivista di storia cultura e pensiero del Cristianesimo |volume=1 |number=1 |date=2013 |pages=15–29 |url=http://www.christianitas.it/n.1-incipit-indice.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Zeichmann |first=Christopher |year=2017 |title=The Date of Mark's Gospel Apart from the Temple and Rumors of War: The Taxation Episode (12:13–17) as Evidence |url=https://www.academia.edu/34194619/}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal |last=Enste |first=Stefan |title=Kein Markustext in Qumran. Eine Untersuchung der These: Qumran-Fragment 7Q5 = Mk 6,52-53 |publisher=Freiburg/Göttingen |year=2000 |journal=NTOA |volume=45}}
* {{cite book |last1=Estrada |first1=David |last2=White |first2=William Jr.|title=The First New Testament |location=Nashville |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc. |year=1978 |isbn=0-8407-5121-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1196 7Q5: The Earliest NT Papyrus?]
<!--*[http://www.breadofangels.com/7q5/key.html 7Q5: Key to the Controversy]-->
* [https://archive.today/20130105013928/http://www.theologicallycorrect.com/studycenter/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=32 Greek Qumran Fragment 7Q5: Possibilities and Impossibilities]
* [http://www.stefan-enste.de/7Q5DetailEngl.htm 7Q5 – An Interesting Detail]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119024410/http://www.centuryone.org/essene.html Jerusalem's Essenes Gate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050529080703/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos21/cambiar-pregunta/cambiar-pregunta.shtml 7q5: Cambiar la pregunta (In Spanish)]
{{Gospel of Mark}}
{{Dead Sea Scrolls}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1st-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Dead Sea Scrolls]]
[[Category:Greek-language papyri]]