Editing Arctostaphylos

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the heath family}}
{{See also|Manzanita}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Arctostaphylos patula 08154.JPG
|image_caption = Whiteleaf manzanita (''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'')
|taxon = Arctostaphylos
|authority = [[Michel Adanson|Adanson]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = About 60, see text.
|type_species = ''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]]''
|type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Sprengel]]
}}

'''''Arctostaphylos''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|k|t|oʊ|ˈ|s|t|æ|f|ᵻ|l|ə|s|,_|-|l|ɒ|s}};{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|Arctostaphylos}}}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> from {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄρκτος}} {{grc-tr|ἄρκτος}} "bear" and {{wikt-lang|grc|σταφυλή}} {{grc-tr|σταφυλή}} "bunch of grapes") is a [[genus]] of [[plants]] comprising the [[manzanita]]s ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|æ|n|z|ə|ˈ|n|iː|t|ə|z}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|manzanita}}}}{{refn|{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/manzanita |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182747/https://www.lexico.com/definition/manzanita |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=manzanita |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} }}) and [[bearberry|bearberries]]. There are about 60 species of ''Arctostaphylos'', ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain [[shrub]] to small [[tree]]s up to {{Convert|6|m|abbr=on}} tall. Most are [[evergreen]] (one species [[deciduous]]), with small oval [[leaf|leaves]] {{Convert|1-7|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} long, arranged spirally on the stems. The [[flowers]] are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The [[fruit]] are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.

''Arctostaphylos'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora arctostaphyli]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''A.&nbsp;uva-ursi'') and ''[[Coleophora glaucella]]''.

==Distribution==
[[File:Arctostaphylos nevadensis 7744.JPG|right|thumb|Pinemat manzanita (''A.&nbsp;nevadensis'') occurs from [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to [[California]].]]
[[File:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3 RF.jpg|right|thumb|Common bearberry with flowers (''A.&nbsp;uva-ursi'')]]
[[Manzanita]]s, the bulk of ''Arctostaphylos'' species, are present in the [[chaparral]] biome of western [[North America]], where they occur from southern [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to [[California]] and [[New Mexico]] in the [[United States]], and throughout much of northern and central [[Mexico]].

One species, however, ''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi|A.&nbsp;uva-ursi]]'' (common bearberry), is adapted to [[arctic]] and [[subarctic]] climates and has a [[wikt:Special:Search/circumpolar|circumpolar]] distribution in northern [[North America]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].

An unusual association of manzanita occurs on [[Hood Mountain]], in [[Sonoma County, California]], where stands of [[pygmy forest]] dominated by [[Hesperocyparis sargentii]] are found.

==Fossil record==
One [[fossil]] [[fruit]] of  †''Arctostaphylos globula'' and several fossil fruits of †''Arctostaphylos menzelii'' have been described from [[middle Miocene]] [[strata]] of the Fasterholt area near [[Silkeborg]] in Central [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite journal| title=Angiosperm fruits and seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) |first=Else Marie |last=Friis |journal=Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberne Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=1–165 |year=1985 |url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/369_Friis,%20Else%20Marie.pdf }}</ref>

==Cultivation==
Cultivation is generally difficult due to [[fungus|fungal]] diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some [[cultivar]]s are easier to grow.

==Taxonomy==
The following species are recognised in the genus ''Arctostaphylos'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctostaphylos Adans. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331363-2 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}} 
*''[[Arctostaphylos acutifolia]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos andersonii]]'' {{small|A.Gray}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos auriculata]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos australis]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos bakeri]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos bolensis]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos canescens]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos catalinae]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos caucasica]]'' {{small|Lipsch.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos columbiana]]'' {{small|Piper}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos confertiflora]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos cratericola]]'' {{small|(Donn.Sm.) Donn.Sm.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos crustacea]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos cruzensis]]'' {{small|Roof}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos densiflora]]'' {{small|M.S.Baker}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos edmundsii]]'' {{small|J.T.Howell}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos franciscana]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos gabilanensis]]'' {{small|V.T.Parker & M.C.Vasey}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos glandulosa]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos glauca]]'' {{small|Lindl.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos glutinosa]]'' {{small|B.Schreib.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × helleri]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos hispidula]]'' {{small|Howell}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos hookeri]]'' {{small|G.Don}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos hooveri]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos imbricata]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos incognita]]'' {{small|J.E.Keeley, Massihi, J.Delgad. & Hirales}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos insularis]]'' {{small|Greene & Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × jepsonii]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos klamathensis]]'' {{small|S.W.Edwards, Keeler-Wolf & W.Knight}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × laxiflora]]'' {{small|A.Heller ex Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos luciana]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos malloryi]]'' {{small|(W.Knight & Gankin) P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos manzanita]]'' {{small|Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × media]]'' {{small|Greene}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos mewukka]]'' {{small|Merriam}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos montana]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos montaraensis]]'' {{small|Roof}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos montereyensis]]'' {{small|Hoover}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos moranii]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos morroensis]]'' {{small|Wiesl. & B.Schreib.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos myrtifolia]]'' {{small|Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos nevadensis]]'' {{small|A.Gray}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos nissenana]]'' {{small|Merriam}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos nortensis]]'' {{small|(P.V.Wells) P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos nummularia]]'' {{small|A.Gray}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos obispoensis]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos ohloneana]]'' {{small|M.C.Vasey & V.T.Parker}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos osoensis]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos otayensis]]'' {{small|Wiesl. & B.Schreib.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pacifica]]'' {{small|Roof}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pajaroensis]]'' {{small|J.E.Adams}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pallida]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos parryana]]'' {{small|Lemmon}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × parvifolia]]'' {{small|Howell}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos patula]]'' {{small|Greene}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pechoensis]]'' {{small|(Abrams) Dudley ex Abrams}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos peninsularis]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pilosula]]'' {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pringlei]]'' {{small|Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pumila]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos pungens]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos purissima]]'' {{small|P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos rainbowensis]]'' {{small|J.E.Keeley & Massihi}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos refugioensis]]'' {{small|Gankin}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos regismontana]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × repens]]'' {{small|(Howell) P.V.Wells}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos rudis]]'' {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos sensitiva]]'' {{small|Jeps.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos silvicola]]'' {{small|Jeps. & Wiesl.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos stanfordiana]]'' {{small|Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos × strigosa]]'' {{small|Howell}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa]]'' {{small|(Pursh) Lindl.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]]'' {{small|(L.) Spreng.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos virgata]]'' {{small|Eastw.}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos viridissima]]'' {{small|(Eastw.) McMinn}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'' {{small|Parry}}
*''[[Arctostaphylos wellsii]]'' {{small|W.Knight}}
{{div col end}}
=== Ranges ===
* Subgenus ''Micrococcus''
** Sect. ''Micrococcus''
{|class="wikitable"
! Species
! Common name 
! Range
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos mendocinoensis|mendocinoensis]]''
| Pygmy manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos myrtifolia|myrtifolia]]''
| Ione manzanita
| California (Amador, Calaveras Counties)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos nissenana|nissenana]]''
| Nissenan manzanita
| California (coastal and inland ranges north of San Francisco Bay)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos nummularia|nummularia]]''
| Glossyleaf manzanita
| California (Mendocino County)
|}
* Subgenus ''Arctostaphylos'', which has three [[section (biology)|section]]s:
** Sect. ''Arctostaphylos''
{|class="wikitable"
! Species
! Common name 
! Range
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos alpina|alpina]]''
| Alpine bearberry
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos bakeri|bakeri]]''
| Baker's manzanita
| California (Sonoma County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos densiflora|densiflora]]''
| Sonoma manzanita
| California (Sonoma County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos edmundsii|edmundsii]]''
| Little Sur manzanita
| California (Monterey County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos franciscana|franciscana]]''
| Franciscan manzanita
| California (San Francisco County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos gabrielensis|gabrielensis]]''
| San Gabriel manzanita
| California (Los Angeles County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos glauca|glauca]]''
| Bigberry manzanita
| California and Baja California
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos hispidula|hispidula]]''
| Gasquet manzanita
| Coastal mountain ranges of southern Oregon and northern California
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos hookeri|hookeri]]''
| Hooker's manzanita
| California
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos insularis|insularis]]''
| Island manzanita
| California (Santa Cruz Island)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos klamathensis|klamathensis]]''
| Klamath manzanita
| California (Klamath Mountains)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos manzanita|manzanita]]''
| Common manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita
| California (Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos mewukka|mewukka]]''
| Indian manzanita
| California (Sierra Nevada)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos nevadensis|nevadensis]]''
| Pinemat manzanita
| California
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos parryana|parryana]]''
| Parry manzanita
| California (southern)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos patula|patula]]''
| Greenleaf manzanita
| Western North America
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pumila|pumila]]''
| Sandmat manzanita
| California (Monterey County)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pungens|pungens]]''
| Pointleaf manzanita
| Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos rudis|rudis]]''
| Shagbark manzanita
| California (southern central coast)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos stanfordiana|stanfordiana]]''
| Stanford's manzanita
| California (Outer North Coast Ranges north of the San Francisco Bay Area)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi|uva-ursi]]''
| Bearberry
| Europe, Asia, North America
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos viscida|viscida]]''
| Sticky manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita
| California and Oregon
|}
** Sect. ''Foliobracteata''
{|class="wikitable"
! Species
! Common name 
! Range
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos andersonii|andersonii]]''
| Santa Cruz manzanita
| [[Santa Cruz mountains]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos auriculata|auriculata]]''
| Mount Diablo manzanita
| [[Mount Diablo]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos canescens|canescens]]''
| Hoary manzanita
| Coastal ranges of SW OR and N CA
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos catalinae|catalinae]]''
| Santa Catalina Island manzanita
| [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos columbiana|columbiana]]''
| Hairy manzanita
| West coast from N. CA to S. [[British Columbia|BC]]
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos confertiflora|confertiflora]]''
| Santa Rosa Island manzanita
| [[Santa Rosa Island, California|Santa Rosa Island]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos cruzensis|cruzensis]]''
| La Cruz manzanita
| [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]] and [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo]] counties (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos glandulosa|glandulosa]]''
| Eastwood manzanita
| Coastal slops from OR, CA, Baja California
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos glutinosa|glutinosa]]''
| Schreiber's manzanita
| [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos hooveri|hooveri]]''
| Hoover's manzanita
| [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos imbricata|imbricata]]''
| San Bruno Mountain manzanita
| [[San Bruno Mountain]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos luciana|luciana]]''
| Santa Lucia manzanita
| southern [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos malloryi|malloryi]]''
| Mallory's manzanita
| [[California coast ranges|Inner North Coast Ranges]] west and northwest of the [[Sacramento Valley]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos montaraensis|montaraensis]]''
| Montara manzanita
| [[San Bruno Mountain]] and [[Montara Mountain]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos montereyensis|montereyensis]]''
| Monterey manzanita
| [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos morroensis|morroensis]]''
| Morro manzanita
| [[Morro Bay]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos nortensis|nortensis]]''
| Del Norte manzanita
| [[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte County]] (CA), [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry County]] (OR), [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine County]] (OR)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos obispoensis|obispoensis]]''
| Serpentine manzanita
| Southern [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos osoensis|osoensis]]''
| Oso manzanita
| [[Los Osos Valley]] (San Luis Obispo, CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos otayensis|otayensis]]''
| Otay manzanita
| [[San Diego County]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pajaroensis|pajaroensis]]''
| Pajaro manzanita
| [[Monterey County]], [[Santa Cruz County (California)|Santa Cruz County]], [[San Benito County (California)|San Benito County]] (CA)
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pallida|pallida]]''
| Pallid manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pechoensis|pechoensis]]''
| Pecho manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pilosula|pilosula]]''
| La Panzo manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos purissima|purissima]]''
| La Purissima manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos refugioensis|refugioensis]]''
| Refugio manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos regismontana|regismontana]]''
| Kings Mountain manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos silvicola|silvicola]]''
| Bonny Doon manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa|tomentosa]]''
| Woolyleaf manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos virgata|virgata]]''
| Bolinas manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos viridissima|viridissima]]''
| Whitehair manzanita
| 
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos wellsii|wellsii]]''
| Wells' manzanita
| 
|}
** Sect. ''Pictobracteata''
{|class="wikitable"
! Species
! Common name 
! Range
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos pringlei|pringlei]]''
| Pringle manzanita
| 
|}
* Unassigned
{|class="wikitable"
! Species
! Common name 
! Range
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos rainbowensis|rainbowensis]]''
| Rainbow manzanita
|
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos gabilanensis|gabilanensis]]''
| Gabilan manzanita
|
|-
| ''[[Arctostaphylos ohloneana|ohloneana]]''
| Ohlone manzanita
|
|}
See also the closely related genus ''[[Comarostaphylis]]'', previously often included in ''Arctostaphylos''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |author=Hickman, James C. |year=1993 |title=The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-520-082559 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jepsonmanualhigh00hick }}
* {{citation |author=Hogan, C. Michael |year=2012 |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Arctostaphylos |title=Arctostaphylos |editor1=McGinley, M. |editor2=C. J. Cleveland |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment}} 
* {{Citation |last=Kauffmann |first=Michael |title=Field Guide to Manzanitas: California, North America, and Mexico |date=2021-07-29 |edition=2nd |publisher=Backcountry Press |isbn=978-1941624159 |last2=Parker |first2=Tom |last3=Vasey |first3=Michael |last4=Bisbee |first4=Jeff}}
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Arctostaphylos Treatment from the Jepson Manual]
* {{citation |author=Wells, Philip V. |year=2000 |title=Manzanitas of California |publisher=University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0-933994-22-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC5FAQAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite journal |author=Wells, Philip V. |year=1992 |title=Subgenera and sections of ''Arctostaphylos'' |journal=The Four Seasons |volume=9 |pages=64–69}}

==External links==
* [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=9173 Jepson Manual Treatment]

{{Arbutoideae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q280566}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arctostaphylos| ]]
[[Category:Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Michel Adanson]]