Editing Close central rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʉ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʉ
|ipa number=318
|decimal=649
|x-sampa=}
|kirshenbaum=u"
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0289.svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=356
|braille2=u
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

[[File:Spectrogram of close central rounded vowel (IPA ʉ).png|thumb|A spectrogram of {{IPA|[ʉ]}}]]

The '''close central rounded vowel''', or '''high central rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʉ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>}</code>. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of [[U with bar|its symbol]], "barred u".

The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare [[labialized post-palatal approximant]] {{IPA|[ẅ]}}.<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".</ref>

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with [[roundedness|protruded lips]] (''endolabial''). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (''exolabial'').

Some languages feature the '''near-close central rounded vowel''' ({{audio|Near-close central rounded vowel2.ogg|listen}}), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʉ̞}}, {{angbr IPA|ʊ̈}} and {{angbr IPA|ʊ̟}}, but {{angbr IPA|ɵ̝}} is also a possible transcription. The symbol {{angbr IPA|ᵿ}}, a conflation of {{angbr IPA|ʊ}} and {{angbr IPA|ʉ}}, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as ''Accents of English'' by [[John C. Wells]]. In the third edition of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', {{angbr IPA|ᵿ}} represents [[free variation]] between {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.

==Close central protruded vowel==
The '''close central protruded vowel''' is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|ʉ}}, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, can be used as an ''ad hoc'' symbol {{angbr IPA|ʉ̫}} for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|ʉʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɨʷ}} (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{central vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}

===Occurrence===
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Angami language|Angami]] || Khonoma{{sfnp|Blankenship|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|Chase|1993|p=129}} || {{lang|njm|s'''u'''}} || {{IPA|[sʉ˦]}} || 'deep' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} after {{IPA|/s/}}.{{sfnp|Blankenship|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|Chase|1993|p=129}}
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]||Some [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]] dialects{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=14}} ||{{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|յ'''ու'''ղ]]}}/yowġ ||{{IPA|[jʉʁ]}}|| 'oil' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} after {{IPA|/j/}}.
|-
| [[Berber language|Berber]]||[[Ayt Seghrouchen language|Ayt Seghrouchen]]{{sfnp|Abdel-Massih|1971|p=20}} ||ⵍⵍⴰⵢⴳⴳⵓⵔ/llayggur ||{{IPA|[lːæjˈɡːʉɾ]}} || 'he goes' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} after velar consonants.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard Northern{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|n'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[nʉ]}} || 'now' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|y}}; also described as close front {{IPAblink|y}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|2007|p=30}} and near-close front {{IPAblink|y˕}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=132}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[Randstad]]<ref name="cm">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=128, 131}}. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central {{IPAblink|ø|ɵ̟}}, but more sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|van Heuven|Genet|2002}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005}}) describe it as central {{IPAblink|ɵ}}. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|h'''u'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦɵ̝t]}} || 'hut' || Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower {{IPAblink|ɵ}} in Standard Dutch.<ref name="cm"/> See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}} || rowspan="6" | ''{{lang|en|[[English orthography|g'''oo'''se]]}}'' || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɡʉːs]}}|| rowspan="6" | 'goose' || See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Schneider|Burridge|Kortmann|Mesthrie|2004|p=582}} || See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| Modern [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=133}} || Realized as back {{IPAblink|uː}} in the conservative variety.{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=133}}
|-
| [[Scouse]]<ref name=watson>{{citation|last=Watson|first=Kevin|year=2007|title=Liverpool English|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=37|issue=3|pages=351–360|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail|doi=10.1017/s0025100307003180|s2cid=232345844|doi-access=free}}</ref> || May (less commonly) be fully front  {{IPAblink|yː}} instead.<ref name=watson/>
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || Realized as back {{IPAblink|uː}} in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=476, 487}} || {{IPA|[ɡʉs]}} || Can be back {{IPAblink|u}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=476, 487}}
|-
| [[Estuary English|Estuary]]{{sfnp|Schneider|Burridge|Kortmann|Mesthrie|2004|pp=188, 191–192}} || ''{{lang|en|[[English orthography|f'''oo'''t]]}}'' || {{IPA|[fʉ̞ʔt]}} || 'foot' || The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable.{{sfnp|Schneider|Burridge|Kortmann|Mesthrie|2004|pp=188, 191–192}}
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Mott|2011|p=75}} || rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|''g'''oo'''d'']] || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɡʊ̈d]}} || rowspan="4" | 'good' || Only in some words, particularly ''good'', otherwise realized as near-back {{IPAblink|ʊ}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2011|p=75}}
|-
| Rural white [[Southern American English|Southern American]]{{sfnp|Thomas|2004|pp=303, 308}} || Can be front {{IPAblink|ʏ}} instead.{{sfnp|Thomas|2004|pp=303, 308}}
|-
| [[English language in southern England|Southeastern English]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=174}} || May be unrounded {{IPAblink|ɪ̈}} instead;{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=174}} it corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Ulster]]<ref name="ireland">{{cite web|last=Jilka|first=Matthias|title=Irish English and Ulster English|place=Stuttgart|publisher=Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart|page=6|url=http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050911/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> || Short allophone of {{IPA|/u/}}.<ref name="ireland"/>
|-
| [[Scottish English|Shetland]]{{sfnp|Melchers|2004|p=42}}|| ''[[English orthography|str'''u'''t]]''|| {{IPA|[stɹʊ̈t]}}|| 'strut'
|Can be {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɔ̟}} or {{IPAblink|ʌ}} instead.{{sfnp|Melchers|2004|p=42}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=236}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|B'''u'''den]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈb̥ʉːd̥n̩]}} || 'booths' || The example word is from the [[Chemnitz dialect]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hausa language|Hausa]]{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|p=90}} || {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|p=90}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] || Dialect of the Uruan area and [[Uyo]]{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} || ''f'''uu'''k'' || {{IPA|[fʉ́ʉk]}} || 'cover many things/times' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} between consonants.{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}
|-
| Some dialects{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{example needed|date=November 2015}} || || Phonemic; contrasts with {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster]]{{sfnp|Ó Sé|2000|p=?}} || [[Irish orthography|''c'''iúi'''n'']] || {{IPA|[cʉːnʲ]}} || 'quiet' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} between slender consonants.{{sfnp|Ó Sé|2000|p=?}} See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]]{{sfnp|Ní Chasaide|1999|p=114}} || [[Irish orthography|'''''ú'''llaí'']] || {{IPA|[ˈʉ̜l̪ˠi]}}|| 'apples' || Often only weakly rounded;{{sfnp|Ní Chasaide|1999|p=114}} may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|u}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irula language|Irula]]{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=50}} || || {{IPA|[mʉːj]}} || "to surround" || Has other centralized vowels.
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || [[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]{{sfnp|Fattah|2000|pp=110-122}} || ''m'''ü'''çig'' || {{IPA|[mʉːˈt͡ʃɯɡ]}} || 'dust' || See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|pp=221, 223}} || {{lang|li|br'''uu'''dsje}} || {{IPA|[ˈbʀ̝ʉtʃə]}} || 'breadroll' || Close {{IPA|[ʉ]}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} or near-close {{IPA|[ʉ̞]}},{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|pp=221, 223}} depending on the dialect. Close front {{IPAblink|y}} in other dialects.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|y}}. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]], in which the vowel is close.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lüsu]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=75}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[lʉ˥zʉ˥˧]}} || 'Lüsu' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|pp=38, 67–68}} || ''{{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|к'''ю'''рий]]}}''/kyuriy/kjurij ||{{IPA|[ˈkʲʉrʲɪj]}}|| 'curium'|| Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} between [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants. Near-close when unstressed.{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|pp=38, 67–68}} See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scots language|Scots]]{{sfnp|Schneider|Burridge|Kortmann|Mesthrie|2004|p=54}} || {{lang|sco|b'''ui'''t}} || {{IPA|[bʉt]}} || 'boot' || May be more front {{IPAblink|ʏ}} instead.{{sfnp|Schneider|Burridge|Kortmann|Mesthrie|2004|p=54}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || older [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]] speakers{{sfnp|Nance|2013}} || rowspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|''co-dh'''iù''''']] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kʰɔˈjʉː]}} || rowspan=2" | 'anyway' || Normal allophone of {{IPAblink|uː}}. Fronted as {{IPAblink|yː}} among younger speakers.
|-
|| [[Wester Ross]] and [[Lochalsh]]<ref name="SGDS">{{Cite web|title=Aspiration|url=https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424000221/https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9 |archive-date=2021-04-24 }}</ref> || Normal allophone of {{IPAblink|uː}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Bohuslän{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=21}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''y'''la]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[²ʉᶻːlä]}} || rowspan="2" | 'howl' || rowspan="2" | A fricated vowel that corresponds to {{IPAblink|y̫ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=21}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| Närke{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=21}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=114}} || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|வால்]]}} ||{{IPA|[väːlʉ]}} || 'tail' || Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ}} instead.{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=114}} See [[Tamil phonology]]
|}

==Close central compressed vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close central compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = ÿ
|ipa symbol2 = ɨ͡β̞
|ipa symbol3 = ɨᵝ
|showbelow = no
}}

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}, which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are {{angbr IPA|ɨ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɨ]}} and labial compression) and {{angbr IPA|ɨᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɨ]}} modified with labial compression<ref>e.g. in Flemming (2002) ''Auditory representations in phonology'', p. 83.</ref>).

===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{central vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}

===Occurrence===
This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʉ}}. It occurs in some dialects of [[Swedish language|Swedish]], but see also [[Close front rounded vowel#Close front compressed vowel|close front compressed vowel]]. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See [[Close back rounded vowel#Close back compressed vowel|close back compressed vowel]]. It also occurs in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as an [[allophone]]. [[Medumba language|Medumba]] has a compressed central vowel {{IPA|[ɨᵝ]}} where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kenneth |last2=Meynadier |first2=Yohann |title=ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS |journal=18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences |date=2015 |pages=USBkey#0522 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211220 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || Some younger speakers{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|空気]]}} / {{transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''ū'''ki]]}}||{{IPA|[kÿːki]}} || 'air' || Near-back {{IPAblink|u|u̟}} for other speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}}
|-
| Standard Tokyo pronunciation ||{{Lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|寿司]]}} / {{transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|s'''u'''shi]]}}||{{IPA|[sÿɕi]}}|| 'sushi' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} after {{IPA|/s, z, t/}} and palatalized consonants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|title=The Phonology of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4|location=Oxford, England|pages=25}}</ref> See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|[[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Strandskogen|1979|pp=15, 21}}{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|pp=16, 29}}
|{{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|h'''u'''s]]}}
|{{IPA|[hÿːs]}}
|'house'
|Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʉː}}. Also described as front {{IPAblink|yː}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 18}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some dialects || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|f'''u'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[fÿːl]}} || 'ugly' || More front {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|yː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʏː}}]}} in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as {{angbr IPA|ʉː}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Close back compressed vowel]]
*[[Close front protruded vowel]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation
|last=Abdel-Massih
|first=Ernest T.
|year=1971
|title=A Reference Grammar of Tamazight
|publisher= University of Michigan
|location=Ann Arbor
}}
*{{cite book |first=Bhadriraju |last=Krishnamurti |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |title=The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys) |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77111-0 |location=Cambridge and London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7Wv4ncys88C&q=dravidian+languages }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation
|last1=Blankenship
|first1=Barbara
|last2=Ladefoged
|first2=Peter
|author2-link=Peter Ladefoged
|last3=Bhaskararao
|first3=Peri
|last4=Chase
|first4=Nichumeno
|year=1993
|chapter=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami
|editor-last=Maddieson
|editor-first=Ian
|editor-link=Ian Maddieson
|title=Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
|volume=84
|publication-place=Los Angeles
|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
|pages=127–141
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Chirkova
|first1=Katia
|last2=Chen
|first2=Yiya
|year=2013
|title=Lizu
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=75–86
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000242
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1981
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch
|edition=5th
|place=Leiden
|publisher=Brill Publishers
|isbn=9004103406
}}
* {{citation
|last=Cruttenden
|first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|publisher=Routledge
|edition=8th
|isbn=9781444183092
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ
}}
* {{citation
|last=Dum-Tragut
|first=Jasmine
|year=2009
|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
}}
* {{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year=1992
|title=Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=2
|pages=45–47
|doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X
|s2cid=243772965
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gussenhoven
|first1=Carlos
|last2=Aarts
|first2=Flor
|year=1999
|title=The dialect of Maastricht
|publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=29
|issue=2
|pages=155–166
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526
|s2cid=145782045
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year=2007
|title=Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf
|language=nl
|place=Nijmegen
|publisher=Radboud University
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325013034/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf
|archive-date=25 March 2017
|url-status=live
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Harrington
|first1=J.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Evans
|first3=Z.
|year=1997
|title=An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels
|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics
|volume=17
|issue=2
|pages=155–184
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/felicity/Papers/Harrington1997.pdf
|doi=10.1080/07268609708599550
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Heijmans
|first1=Linda
|last2=Gussenhoven
|first2=Carlos
|year=1998
|title=The Dutch dialect of Weert
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=28
|issue=1–2
|pages=107–112
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307
|s2cid=145635698
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Jones
|first1=Daniel
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
*{{citation
|last= Fattah
|first= Ismaïl Kamandâr
|year= 2000
|title= Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux
|publisher= Acta Iranica 
|isbn= 9042909188
}}
* {{citation
|last=Keane
|first=Elinor
|year=2004
|title=Tamil
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=111–116
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Khan
|first1=Sameer ud Dowla
|last2=Weise
|first2=Constanze
|year=2013
|title=Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=2
|pages=231–241
|url=http://academic.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%20Weise%202013%20Upper%20Saxon%20Chemnitz%20dialect.pdf
|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000145
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lass
|first=Roger
|chapter=South African English
|editor-last=Mesthrie
|editor-first=Rajend
|year=2002
|title=Language in South Africa
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521791052
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Melchers
|first=Gunnel
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=35–46
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mott
|first=Brian
|year=2011
|title=Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech
|journal=Dialectologia
|volume=9
|pages=69–94
|issn=2013-2247
|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/37522/1/618486.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Nance
|first=Claire
|year=2013
|title=Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic
|publisher=University of Glasgow
|url=https://theses.gla.ac.uk/4603/
|type=PhD
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ní Chasaide
|first=Ailbhe
|year=1999
|chapter=Irish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|pages=111–16
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Okada
|first=Hideo
|year=1999
|chapter=Japanese
|editor=International Phonetic Association
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|pages=117–119
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-52163751-0
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2
}}
* {{citation
|surname=Ó Sé
|given=Diarmuid
|title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne
|place=Dublin
|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann
|year=2000
|isbn=0-946452-97-0
|language=Irish
}}
* {{citation
|last=Peters
|first=Jörg
|year=2006
|title=The dialect of Hasselt
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Popperwell
|first=Ronald G.
|year=2010
|orig-year=First published 1963
|title=Pronunciation of Norwegian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-15742-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKOt3rL7K7kC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Riad
|first=Tomas
|year=2014
|title=The Phonology of Swedish
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-954357-1
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Scobbie
|first1=James M
|last2=Gordeeva
|first2=Olga B.
|last3=Matthews
|first3=Benjamin
|year=2006
|title=Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview
|place=Edinburgh
|publisher=QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
}}
* {{citation
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Schuh
|first1=Russell G.
|last2=Yalwa
|first2=Lawan D.
|year=1999
|chapter=Hausa
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|pages=90–95
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Strandskogen
|first=Åse-Berit
|title=Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger
|year=1979
|publisher=Gyldendal
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-05-10107-8
}}
* {{citation
|last=Thomas
|first=Erik R.
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=Rural Southern white accents
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=300–324
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last=Urua
|first=Eno-Abasi E.
|year=2004
|title=Ibibio
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=105–109
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001550
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite conference
|last1=van Heuven
|first1=Vincent J.
|last2=Genet
|first2=Roos
|year=2002
|title=Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de ''u'' van ''put''?
|conference=Dag van de Fonetiek
|location=Utrecht
}} A summary of the presentation can be found [http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/FonetischeVereniging/DvdFonetiek/DagvdFonetiek2002Abstracts.html#1545 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006195442/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/FonetischeVereniging/DvdFonetiek/DagvdFonetiek2002Abstracts.html#1545 |date=2018-10-06 }}.
* {{citation
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|year=1979
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-990584-0-6
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2007
|title=The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=2
|pages=219–225
|doi=10.1017/S0025100307002940
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Watson
|first=Kevin
|year=2007
|title=Liverpool English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=3
|pages=351–360
|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail
|doi=10.1017/s0025100307003180
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide2=y}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʉ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Close vowels]]
[[Category:Central vowels]]
[[Category:Rounded vowels]]