Close central rounded vowel

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

File:Spectrogram of close central rounded vowel (IPA ʉ).png

main}}

The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of its symbol, "barred u".

The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".</ref>

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).

Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel ({{#if:Near-close central rounded vowel2.ogg|{{#ifexist:Media:Near-close central rounded vowel2.ogg|<phonos file="Near-close central rounded vowel2.ogg">listen</phonos>|{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Near-close central rounded vowel2.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}}), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, but Template:Angbr IPA is also a possible transcription. The symbol Template:Angbr IPA, a conflation of Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Template:Angbr IPA represents free variation between {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Close central protruded vowelEdit

The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Close vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Protruded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami	KhonomaTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'deep'	main}} after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Armenian	Some Eastern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}/yowġ	main}}	'oil'	main}} after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.
Berber	Ayt Seghrouchen Template:Sfnp	ⵍⵍⴰⵢⴳⴳⵓⵔ/llayggur	main}}	'he goes'	main}} after velar consonants.
Dutch	Standard NorthernTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'now'	Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; also described as close front Template:IPAblink Template:Sfnp and near-close front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Randstad<ref name="cm">Template:Harvcoltxt. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central Template:IPAblink, but more sources (e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt) describe it as central Template:IPAblink. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'hut'	Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower Template:IPAblink in Standard Dutch.<ref name="cm"/> See Dutch phonology
English	Australian Template:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'goose'	See Australian English phonology
	New Zealand Template:Sfnp				See New Zealand English phonology
	Modern Received Pronunciation Template:Sfnp				Realized as back Template:IPAblink in the conservative variety.Template:Sfnp
	Scouse<ref name=watson>Template:Citation</ref>				May (less commonly) be fully front Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name=watson/>
	South African Template:Sfnp				Realized as back Template:IPAblink in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
	General American Template:Sfnp		main}}		Can be back Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
	Estuary Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'foot'	The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable.Template:Sfnp
	Cockney Template:Sfnp	good	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'good'	Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
	Rural white Southern American Template:Sfnp				Can be front Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
	Southeastern English Template:Sfnp				May be unrounded Template:IPAblink instead;Template:Sfnp it corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects. See English phonology
	Ulster<ref name="ireland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation				CitationClass=web }}</ref> \|\| Short allophone of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.<ref name="ireland"/>
	Shetland Template:Sfnp	strut	main}}	'strut'	Can be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
German	Upper Saxon Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'booths'	The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect.
Hausa Template:Sfnp		Template:Example needed			main}}.Template:Sfnp
Ibibio	Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo Template:Sfnp	fuuk	main}}	'cover many things/times'	main}} between consonants.Template:Sfnp
Ibibio	Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Example needed			main}}.Template:Sfnp
Irish	Munster Template:Sfnp	ciúin	main}}	'quiet'	main}} between slender consonants.Template:Sfnp See Irish phonology
Irish	Ulster Template:Sfnp	úllaí	main}}	'apples'	Often only weakly rounded;Template:Sfnp may be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Irula Template:Sfnp			main}}	"to surround"	Has other centralized vowels.
Kurdish	Southern Template:Sfnp	müçig	main}}	'dust'	See Kurdish phonology
Limburgish	Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'breadroll'	main}}Template:Sfnp or near-close {{#invoke:IPA\|main}},Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect. Close front Template:IPAblink in other dialects.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is close.
Lüsu Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		'Lüsu'
Russian Template:Sfnp		lang}}/kyuriy/kjurij	main}}	'curium'	main}} between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.Template:Sfnp See Russian phonology
Scots Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'boot'	May be more front Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic	older Lewis speakersTemplate:Sfnp	co-dhiù	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'anyway'	Normal allophone of Template:IPAblink. Fronted as Template:IPAblink among younger speakers.
Scottish Gaelic	Wester Ross and Lochalsh<ref name="SGDS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	co-dhiù	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	CitationClass=web }}</ref> \|\| Normal allophone of Template:IPAblink.
Swedish	BohuslänTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'howl'	A fricated vowel that corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
Swedish	NärkeTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'howl'
Tamil Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'tail'	Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Tamil phonology

Close central compressed vowelEdit

Template:Infobox IPA

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and labial compression) and Template:Angbr IPA ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} modified with labial compression<ref>e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.</ref>).

FeaturesEdit

Template:Close vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Compressed vowel

OccurrenceEdit

This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Japanese	Some younger speakersTemplate:Sfnp	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'air'	Near-back Template:IPAblink for other speakers.Template:Sfnp
Japanese	Standard Tokyo pronunciation	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'sushi'	main}} after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} and palatalized consonants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Japanese phonology
Norwegian	Urban East Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'house'	Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. Also described as front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Swedish	Some dialects	lang}}	main}}	'ugly'	main}} in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA. See Swedish phonology