Editing Common moorhen

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common moorhen
| image = Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) France.jpg
| image2 = Gallinula chloropus - Common Moorhen XC545002.mp3
| image2_caption = Adult ''G. c. chloropus'' and audio recording of call, both from [[France]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Gallinula chloropus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T62120190A155506651 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T62120190A155506651.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Gallinula
| species = chloropus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map = GallinulaChloropusIUCNver2019-2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''G. chloropus'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}}  {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF8080|Probably extinct|outline=gray}}
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = About five; see [[#Subspecies|text]]
| synonyms = *''Fulica chloropus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Fulica fusca'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}}
}}

The '''common moorhen''' ('''''Gallinula chloropus'''''), also known as the '''waterhen''', is a bird species in the [[Rail (bird)|rail]] family (Rallidae). It is distributed across many parts of the [[Old World]], across Africa, Europe, and Asia.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> It lives around well-vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> The species is not found in the [[polar regions]] or many [[tropical rainforest]]s; generally it is one of the commonest Old World rail species, together with the [[Eurasian coot]] in some regions.

==Taxonomy==
The common moorhen was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it in the [[genus]] ''[[Fulica (genus)|Fulica]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Fulica chloropus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=152 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727059 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=203 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483016 }}</ref> The common moorhen is now one of five extant species placed in the genus ''[[Gallinula]]'' that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flufftails/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''gallinula'' meaning "little hen" or "little chicken". The specific epithet ''chloropus'' combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''khlōros'' [[wikt:χλωρός|χλωρός]] meaning "green" and ''pous'' ([[wikt:πούς|πούς]]) meaning "foot".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n170/mode/1up 170], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n103/mode/1up 103]}}</ref>

The closely related [[common gallinule]] ''G. galeata'' of the [[New World]], and the [[tristan moorhen]] ''G. nesiotis'' and [[gough moorhen]] ''G. comeri'' of the [[Tristan da Cunha]] archipelago, formerly often regarded as conspecific, are now treated as a separate species by all the ornithological authorities,<ref name="Hoyo">{{cite book | last=Hoyo | first=Josep del | title=All the birds of the world | publisher=Lynx edicions | publication-place=Barcelona | date=2020 | isbn=978-84-16728-37-4 | page=184}}</ref> following the discovery of significant genetic differences in addition to differences in the structure of the red bill shield and vocal differences.<ref name="Groenenberg">{{cite journal | last=Groenenberg | first=Dick S. J. | last2=Beintema | first2=Albert J. | last3=Dekker | first3=René W. R. J. | last4=Gittenberger | first4=Edmund | title=Ancient DNA Elucidates the Controversy about the Flightless Island Hens (Gallinula sp.) of Tristan da Cunha | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=3 | issue=3 | date=2008-03-19 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=18350170 | pmc=2266797 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001835 | doi-access=free | page=e1835}}</ref><ref name="Constantine">{{cite book | last=Constantine | first=Mark | last2=Approach | first2=Sound | title=The Sound Approach to Birding | publisher=The Sound Approach | publication-place=Poole, Dorset | date=2006 | isbn=978-90-810933-1-6 | page=}}</ref><ref name=Chesser /> The final species in the genus, the [[dusky moorhen]] ''G. tenebrosa'' of [[Australasia]], has also been considered conspecific by some authors in the past.<ref name="hbw"/>

The name ''mor-hen'' has been recorded in [[English language|English]] since the 13th century.<ref name=PDBBN/> The word ''moor'' here is in its old sense meaning [[marsh]];<ref name=PDBBN/> the species is not usually found in what is now called [[moorland]]. Another old name, waterhen, is more descriptive of the bird's [[habitat]].<ref name=PDBBN/> A "watercock" is not a male "waterhen" but the rail species ''[[Gallicrex cinerea]]'', not closely related to the common moorhen. "Water rail" usually refers to ''[[Rallus aquaticus]]'', again not closely related.

Five [[subspecies]] are currently accepted:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''G. c. chloropus'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – Europe and north Africa to Japan and southeast Asia
* ''G. c. meridionalis'' ([[Christian Ludwig Brehm|Brehm, CL]], 1831) – Africa south of the Sahara and [[Saint Helena]] (tropical southeast Atlantic Ocean)
* ''G. c. pyrrhorrhoa'' [[Alfred Newton|Newton, A]], 1861 – [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]] (west, central [[Mascarene Islands]]) 
* ''G. c. orientalis'' [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821 – [[Granitic Seychelles|Inner Islands]] (northeast Seychelles), Andamans, [[Malay Peninsula]], Greater and [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Sulawesi]] region and Philippines
* ''G. c. guami'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert, EJO]], 1917 – north [[Mariana Islands]] and [[Guam]] (west [[Micronesia]])

==Description==
[[File:Moorhen feet.jpg|thumb|Common moorhen feet have no webbing.]]
The moorhen is a distinctive species, with predominantly black and brown plumage, with the exception of a white under-tail, white streaks on the flanks, yellow legs and a red [[frontal shield]]. The bill is red with a yellow tip. The young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. The [[subspecies]] ''G. c. meridionalis'' is smaller than the [[nominate subspecies|nominate]], has slaty blue-grey upperwing [[Covert feather|coverts]] and lacks the olive wash. Subspecies ''G. c. orientalis'' is similar to ''G. c. meridionalis'' but has a larger shield. Subspecies ''G. c. pyrrhorrhoa'' is darker than the nominate; subspecies ''G. c. pyrrhorrhoa'' has buff {{Birdgloss|undertail coverts}}.<ref name="hbw">{{ cite book | last=Taylor | first=P.B. | year=1996 | chapter=Family Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules and coots) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=3: Hoatzin to Auks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-20-7 | pages=108–209 [200–201] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0003unse/page/200/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> In the related [[common gallinule]] (''Gallinula galeata'') of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back margin of the red area.

The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened.<ref name=Snow/> A midsized to large rail, it can range from {{convert|30|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and span {{convert|50|to|62|cm|in|abbr=on}} across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from {{convert|192|to|500|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=arkive/><ref name=AAB/>

==Distribution and habitat==
This is a common breeding and resident bird in marsh environments, rivers, well-vegetated lakes and even in city parks. Populations in areas where the waters freeze, such as eastern Europe, [[bird migration|migrate]] to more temperate climates. In China, common moorhen populations are largely resident south of the Yangtze River, whilst northern populations migrate in the winter; these populations show high genetic diversity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1= Ruan, L. |author2= Xu, W. | author3= Han, Y. | author4= Zhu, C. | author5= Guan, B. | author6= Xu, C. | author7= Goa, B. |author8= Zhao, D. | year=2018| title= Gene flow from multiple sources maintains high genetic diversity and stable population history of Common Moorhen ''Gallinula chloropus'' in China | journal=Ibis| volume=160| pages= 855–869| doi=10.1111/ibi.12579| issue=4}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
===Food and feeding===
This species will consume a wide variety of vegetable material and small aquatic creatures. They forage beside or in the water, sometimes walking on lilypads or upending in the water to feed. They are often secretive, but can become tame in some areas. Despite loss of habitat in parts of its range, the common moorhen remains plentiful and widespread.

===Breeding===
The birds are territorial during breeding season, and will fight with other members of their species, as well as other water birds such as [[duck]]s, to drive them out of their territory. The nest is a basket built on the ground in dense vegetation. Laying starts in spring, between mid-March and mid-May in Northern hemisphere temperate regions. About 8 eggs are usually laid per female early in the season; a brood later in the year usually has only 5–8 or fewer eggs. Nests may be re-used by different females. Incubation lasts about three weeks. Both parents [[incubate (bird)|incubate]] and feed the young. These fledge after 40–50 days, become independent usually a few weeks thereafter, and may raise their first brood the next spring. When threatened, the young may cling to the parents' body, after which the adult birds fly away to safety, carrying their offspring with them.<ref name=Snow/><ref name=Mann/>

=== Nest parasitism ===
Common moorhens are known to partake in both intraspecific and interspecific parasitism, meaning they will lay their eggs in the nests of other moorhens as well as other species. The frequency of the former increases when there are an insufficient number of nesting sites, while the causes for the latter are relatively unknown. There is no one specific species that is the target of their interspecific paratisism, as moorhen eggs have been discovered in the nests of [[Eurasian coot|common coots]], [[Grey partridge|grey partridges]], mallards, and several other species. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haraszthy |first=László |date=2018 |title=Intra- and interspecific nest parasitism of Common Moorhen (review of cases and new data) |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=130958248&site=eds-live |journal=Ornis Hungarica |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |doi=10.1515/orhu-2018-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Status and population==
[[File:Gallinula chloropus Fangu, Corse (France) Video.webm|thumb|Moorhen sighted in Fangu, Corsica (France)]]
On a global scale (all subspecies taken together) the common moorhen is as abundant, as its vernacular name implies. It is therefore considered a species of [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> However, small populations may be prone to [[extinct]]ion. The population of [[Palau]], belonging to the widespread subspecies ''G. c. orientalis'' and locally known as ''debar'' (a generic term also used for [[ducks]] and meaning roughly "waterfowl"), is very rare, and apparently the birds are hunted by locals. Most of the population on the [[archipelago]] occurs on [[Angaur]] and [[Peleliu]], while the species is probably already gone from [[Koror]]. In the [[Lake Ngardok]] wetlands of [[Babeldaob]], a few dozen still occur, but the total number of common moorhens on Palau is about in the same region as the Guam population: fewer than 100 adult birds (usually fewer than 50) have been encountered in any survey.<ref name=vanderwerfetal2006/>

Other localised groups of common moorhen are starting to come under threat. The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] in the [[United Kingdom]] has the common moorhen classified as one of its 103 species whose conservation status is of moderate concern<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moorhen Bird Facts {{!}} Gallinula Chloropus |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/moorhen/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The RSPB |language=en-GB}}</ref> due to its recent population decine. The number of breeding pairs has fallen to its lowest level in the UK since 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species {{!}} BTO - British Trust for Ornithology |url=https://app.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?year=2019&s=moorh |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=app.bto.org| date=16 July 2010 }}</ref> and has been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981).

The common moorhen is one of the birds (the other is the [[Eurasian coot]], ''Fulica atra'') from which the [[cyclocoelidae|cyclocoelid]] [[flatworm]] parasite ''Cyclocoelum mutabile'' was first described.<ref name=Dronen/> The bird is also parasitised by the [[moorhen flea]] ''Dasypsyllus gallinulae''.<ref name=Rothschild/>

==Subspecies==
Five [[subspecies]] are today considered valid; several more have been described that are now considered [[junior synonym]]s. Most are not very readily identifiable, as differences are subtle and often [[cline (biology)|clinal]]. Usually, the location of a sighting is the most reliable indication as to subspecies identification, but the migratory tendencies of the species make identifications based on location not completely reliable. In addition to the extant subspecies listed below, an undescribed form from the [[Early Pleistocene]] is recorded from Dursunlu in [[Turkey]].<ref name=McCoy/><ref name=Olson/><ref name=Louchart/>

{| style="width:98%;" class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3a4;" colspan="4"|'''List of subspecies by date of description'''
|-
! style="width:23%; text-align:center;"|Common and<br />trinomial names
!
! style="width:25%; text-align:center;"|Description
! style="width:25%; text-align:center;"|Range<!-- <br />(population if known) [enable when there is population data] -->
|-
|'''Eurasian common moorhen'''<br />''G. c. chloropus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small><br/>Includes ''G. c. correiana'' and ''G. c. indica''.
|[[File:Moorhen 1c (5370646255).jpg|300px|center]]
|Wings and back blackish-olive
|Ranges from Northwest Europe to North [[Africa]] and eastwards to Central [[Siberia]] and from the humid regions of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] eastwards to [[Japan]]; also found the [[Canary Islands|Canary]], [[Azores]], [[Madeira]], and [[Cape Verde Islands|Cape Verde]] islands.
|-
|'''Indo-Pacific common moorhen'''<br />''G. c. orientalis'' <small>([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821)</small>
|[[File:Gallinula chloropus orientalis, Waduk Rawapening, Semarang, Java, Indonesia 1.jpg|300px|center]]
|Small, with slate grey upperwing coverts and large frontal shield.
|Found in the [[Seychelles]], [[Andaman Islands]], and South Malaysia through [[Indonesia]]; also found in the [[Philippines]] and [[Palau]]. The breeding population existing on [[Yap]] in [[Micronesia]] since the 1980s is probably of this subspecies, but might be of the rare ''G. c. guami''.<ref name=wiles2000/><ref name=wiles2004/><br/>Population size: Perhaps a few 100s on Palau as of the early 2000s,<ref name=vanderwerfetal2006 /> less than 100 on Yap as of the early 2000s.<ref name=wiles2000/><ref name=wiles2004/>
|-
|'''African common moorhen'''<br />''G. c. meridionalis'' <small>([[Christian Ludwig Brehm|C. L. Brehm]], 1831)</small>
|[[File:Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary-032.jpg|300px|center]]
|Similar to ''G. c. orientalis'', but the frontal shield is smaller.
|Found in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Saint Helena]].
|-
|'''Madagascan common moorhen'''<br />''G. c. pyrrhorrhoa'' <small>([[Alfred Newton|A. Newton]], 1861)</small>
|[[File:Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus pyrrhorrhoa), Mauritius.jpg|300px|center]]
|Similar to ''G. c. meridionalis'', but the undertail coverts are buff.
|Found on the islands of [[Madagascar]], [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], and the [[Comoros]].
|-
|'''Mariana common moorhen'''<br />''G. c. guami'' <small>([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1917)</small><br/>Called '''''pulattat''''' in [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]].
|
|Body plumage very dark.
|Endemic to the Northern [[Mariana Islands]], but see also ''G. c. orientalis'' above.<br/>Population size: About 300 as of 2001.<ref name=Takano/>
|}

== Relationship with humans ==
Moorhens are very tolerant of, and even thrive in [[Anthropization|human-altered]] habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talbi |first=Awatif |last2=Samraoui |first2=Farrah |last3=Samraoui |first3=Boudjéma |last4=Zullo |first4=Francesco |last5=Battisti |first5=Corrado |date=2020 |title=Habitat selection of Coot (Fulica atra) and Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) in a remnant Mediterranean wetland (Italy): Implications for conservation |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=147889969&site=eds-live |journal=Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=413–418 |doi=10.1111/lre.12347|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== In history ===
[[Abdul Hamid II|Abdul hamid II]], the then-Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]], was known to have a special interest in the moorhen, which was found in almost all bodies of freshwater in the land which now constitutes Turkey. So much so that over fifty moorhens were recorded to have been kept and raised in the [[Yıldız Palace|Yildiz Palace]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Çakılcı |first=Diren |date=2018 |title=SULTAN II. ABDÜLHAMİD’İN HAYVAN MERAKI: YILDIZ SARAYI’NDA KUŞLUK-I HÜMÂYÛN TEŞKİLATI |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/634457 |journal=Tarih Dergisi |issue=68 |pages=57-100}}</ref>

== Life cycle ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) collecting for nest.jpg|Collecting for nest, [[Wolvercote]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) on nest.jpg|On nest, [[Wolvercote]], [[Oxfordshire]]
File:Waterhoennest.JPG|''G. c. chloropus'' nest with small clutch of eggs at Wilgenhoek, [[Deerlijk]] ([[Belgium]])
File:Moorhen feeding chick.jpg|Moorhen feeding a recently-hatched chick some food
File:Teichralle Jungvogel.JPG|Chick, 1–2 weeks old
File:Gallinula chloropus young.jpg|Immature ''G. c. chloropus'', 3–4 months old, in [[Parc de Bercy]], [[Paris]] ([[France]])
File:Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) juvenile.jpg|Juvenile, [[Strumpshaw Fen]], [[Norfolk]]
File:Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) young adult.jpg|Young adult, [[London]]
</gallery>

==References==
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<ref name=arkive>{{ARKive|common-moorhen|gallinula-chloropus}} Retrieved 25 February 2013.</ref>

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<ref name=Dronen>{{cite journal |last1=Dronen |first1=Norman O. |last2=Gardner |first2=Scott L. |last3=Jiménez |first3=F. Agustín |year=2006 |title=''Selfcoelum limnodromi'' n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae: Cyclocoelinae) from the long-billed dowitcher, ''Limnodromus scolopaceus'' (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Oklahoma, U.S.A |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1131 |pages=49–58 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/z01131p058f.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1131.1.3 }}</ref>

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<ref name=Rothschild>{{cite book |last1=Rothschild |first1=Miriam |author-link1=Miriam Rothschild |last2=Clay |first2=Theresa |title=Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites |year=1953 |publisher=Collins |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/fleasflukescucko00roth/page/113 113] |url=https://archive.org/details/fleasflukescucko00roth }}</ref>

<ref name=Snow>{{cite book |last1=Snow |first1=David W. |last2=Perrins |first2=Christopher M. |last3=Doherty |first3=Paul |last4=Cramp |first4=Stanley |year=1998 |title=The Complete Birds of the Western Palaearctic on CD-ROM |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-268579-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Takano>{{cite journal |last1=Takano |first1=Leilani L. |last2=Haig |first2=Susan M. |year=2004 |title=Distribution and Abundance of the Mariana Subspecies of the Common Moorhen |journal=Waterbirds |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=245–250 |doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0245:DAAOTM]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85833785 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1702&context=usgsstaffpub |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=vanderwerfetal2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242079259}}</ref>

<ref name=wiles2000>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Worthington |first2=David J. |last3=Beck |first3=Robert E. Jr. |last4=Pratt |first4=H. Douglas |last5=Aguon |first5=Celestino F. |last6=Pyle |first6=Robert L. |year=2000 |title=Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, with a Summary of Raptor Sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999 |journal=Micronesica |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253845265}}</ref>

<ref name=wiles2004>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Nathan C. |last3=de Cruz |first3=Justine B. |last4=Dutson |first4=Guy |last5=Camacho |first5=Vicente A. |last6=Kepler |first6=Angela Kay |last7=Vice |first7=Daniel S. |last8=Garrett |first8=Kimball L. |last9=Kessler |first9=Curt C. |last10=Pratt |first10=H. Douglas |year=2004 |title=New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003 |journal=Micronesica |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=69–96 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228788814}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gallinula chloropus}}
{{Wikispecies|Gallinula chloropus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150718121430/http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/226.pdf (Common) Moorhen species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* {{EBirdSpecies|commoo3|Eurasian Moorhen}}
* [http://www.madeirabirds.com/moorhen Madeira Birds – Moorhen breeding in Madeira Island]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060419/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/152_MoorhenGchloropus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{BirdLife|62120190|Gallinula chloropus}}
* {{VIREO|Common+moorhen}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Gallinula|chloropus|Common moorhen}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q18847}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gallinula|common moorhen]]
[[Category:Rails|common moorhen]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of the Canary Islands]]
[[Category:Birds of the Gulf of Guinea]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|Common moorhen]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Common moorhen]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]