Common moorhen
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The common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), also known as the waterhen, is a bird species in the rail family (Rallidae). It is distributed across many parts of the Old World, across Africa, Europe, and Asia.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> It lives around well-vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> The species is not found in the polar regions or many tropical rainforests; generally it is one of the commonest Old World rail species, together with the Eurasian coot in some regions.
TaxonomyEdit
The common moorhen was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it in the genus Fulica and coined the binomial name Fulica chloropus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The common moorhen is now one of five extant species placed in the genus Gallinula that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The genus name is from Latin gallinula meaning "little hen" or "little chicken". The specific epithet chloropus combines the Ancient Greek khlōros χλωρός meaning "green" and pous (πούς) meaning "foot".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The closely related common gallinule G. galeata of the New World, and the tristan moorhen G. nesiotis and gough moorhen G. comeri of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, formerly often regarded as conspecific, are now treated as a separate species by all the ornithological authorities,<ref name="Hoyo">Template:Cite book</ref> following the discovery of significant genetic differences in addition to differences in the structure of the red bill shield and vocal differences.<ref name="Groenenberg">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Constantine">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Chesser /> The final species in the genus, the dusky moorhen G. tenebrosa of Australasia, has also been considered conspecific by some authors in the past.<ref name="hbw"/>
The name mor-hen has been recorded in English since the 13th century.<ref name=PDBBN/> The word moor here is in its old sense meaning marsh;<ref name=PDBBN/> the species is not usually found in what is now called moorland. Another old name, waterhen, is more descriptive of the bird's habitat.<ref name=PDBBN/> A "watercock" is not a male "waterhen" but the rail species Gallicrex cinerea, not closely related to the common moorhen. "Water rail" usually refers to Rallus aquaticus, again not closely related.
Five subspecies are currently accepted:<ref name=ioc/>
- G. c. chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe and north Africa to Japan and southeast Asia
- G. c. meridionalis (Brehm, CL, 1831) – Africa south of the Sahara and Saint Helena (tropical southeast Atlantic Ocean)
- G. c. pyrrhorrhoa Newton, A, 1861 – Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius (west, central Mascarene Islands)
- G. c. orientalis Horsfield, 1821 – Inner Islands (northeast Seychelles), Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi region and Philippines
- G. c. guami Hartert, EJO, 1917 – north Mariana Islands and Guam (west Micronesia)
DescriptionEdit
The moorhen is a distinctive species, with predominantly black and brown plumage, with the exception of a white under-tail, white streaks on the flanks, yellow legs and a red frontal shield. The bill is red with a yellow tip. The young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. The subspecies G. c. meridionalis is smaller than the nominate, has slaty blue-grey upperwing coverts and lacks the olive wash. Subspecies G. c. orientalis is similar to G. c. meridionalis but has a larger shield. Subspecies G. c. pyrrhorrhoa is darker than the nominate; subspecies G. c. pyrrhorrhoa has buff Template:Birdgloss.<ref name="hbw">Template:Cite book</ref> In the related common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back margin of the red area.
The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened.<ref name=Snow/> A midsized to large rail, it can range from Template:Convert in length and span Template:Convert across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from Template:Convert.<ref name=arkive/><ref name=AAB/>
Distribution and habitatEdit
This is a common breeding and resident bird in marsh environments, rivers, well-vegetated lakes and even in city parks. Populations in areas where the waters freeze, such as eastern Europe, migrate to more temperate climates. In China, common moorhen populations are largely resident south of the Yangtze River, whilst northern populations migrate in the winter; these populations show high genetic diversity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
BehaviourEdit
Food and feedingEdit
This species will consume a wide variety of vegetable material and small aquatic creatures. They forage beside or in the water, sometimes walking on lilypads or upending in the water to feed. They are often secretive, but can become tame in some areas. Despite loss of habitat in parts of its range, the common moorhen remains plentiful and widespread.
BreedingEdit
The birds are territorial during breeding season, and will fight with other members of their species, as well as other water birds such as ducks, to drive them out of their territory. The nest is a basket built on the ground in dense vegetation. Laying starts in spring, between mid-March and mid-May in Northern hemisphere temperate regions. About 8 eggs are usually laid per female early in the season; a brood later in the year usually has only 5–8 or fewer eggs. Nests may be re-used by different females. Incubation lasts about three weeks. Both parents incubate and feed the young. These fledge after 40–50 days, become independent usually a few weeks thereafter, and may raise their first brood the next spring. When threatened, the young may cling to the parents' body, after which the adult birds fly away to safety, carrying their offspring with them.<ref name=Snow/><ref name=Mann/>
Nest parasitismEdit
Common moorhens are known to partake in both intraspecific and interspecific parasitism, meaning they will lay their eggs in the nests of other moorhens as well as other species. The frequency of the former increases when there are an insufficient number of nesting sites, while the causes for the latter are relatively unknown. There is no one specific species that is the target of their interspecific paratisism, as moorhen eggs have been discovered in the nests of common coots, grey partridges, mallards, and several other species. <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Status and populationEdit
On a global scale (all subspecies taken together) the common moorhen is as abundant, as its vernacular name implies. It is therefore considered a species of Least Concern by the IUCN.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> However, small populations may be prone to extinction. The population of Palau, belonging to the widespread subspecies G. c. orientalis and locally known as debar (a generic term also used for ducks and meaning roughly "waterfowl"), is very rare, and apparently the birds are hunted by locals. Most of the population on the archipelago occurs on Angaur and Peleliu, while the species is probably already gone from Koror. In the Lake Ngardok wetlands of Babeldaob, a few dozen still occur, but the total number of common moorhens on Palau is about in the same region as the Guam population: fewer than 100 adult birds (usually fewer than 50) have been encountered in any survey.<ref name=vanderwerfetal2006/>
Other localised groups of common moorhen are starting to come under threat. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the United Kingdom has the common moorhen classified as one of its 103 species whose conservation status is of moderate concern<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> due to its recent population decine. The number of breeding pairs has fallen to its lowest level in the UK since 1966<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981).
The common moorhen is one of the birds (the other is the Eurasian coot, Fulica atra) from which the cyclocoelid flatworm parasite Cyclocoelum mutabile was first described.<ref name=Dronen/> The bird is also parasitised by the moorhen flea Dasypsyllus gallinulae.<ref name=Rothschild/>
SubspeciesEdit
Five subspecies are today considered valid; several more have been described that are now considered junior synonyms. Most are not very readily identifiable, as differences are subtle and often clinal. Usually, the location of a sighting is the most reliable indication as to subspecies identification, but the migratory tendencies of the species make identifications based on location not completely reliable. In addition to the extant subspecies listed below, an undescribed form from the Early Pleistocene is recorded from Dursunlu in Turkey.<ref name=McCoy/><ref name=Olson/><ref name=Louchart/>
| List of subspecies by date of description | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Common and trinomial names |
Description | Range | |
| Eurasian common moorhen G. c. chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Includes G. c. correiana and G. c. indica. |
Wings and back blackish-olive | Ranges from Northwest Europe to North Africa and eastwards to Central Siberia and from the humid regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia eastwards to Japan; also found the Canary, Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde islands. | |
| Indo-Pacific common moorhen G. c. orientalis (Horsfield, 1821) |
Small, with slate grey upperwing coverts and large frontal shield. | Found in the Seychelles, Andaman Islands, and South Malaysia through Indonesia; also found in the Philippines and Palau. The breeding population existing on Yap in Micronesia since the 1980s is probably of this subspecies, but might be of the rare G. c. guami.<ref name=wiles2000/><ref name=wiles2004/> Population size: Perhaps a few 100s on Palau as of the early 2000s,<ref name=vanderwerfetal2006 /> less than 100 on Yap as of the early 2000s.<ref name=wiles2000/><ref name=wiles2004/> | |
| African common moorhen G. c. meridionalis (C. L. Brehm, 1831) |
Similar to G. c. orientalis, but the frontal shield is smaller. | Found in Sub-Saharan Africa and Saint Helena. | |
| Madagascan common moorhen G. c. pyrrhorrhoa (A. Newton, 1861) |
Similar to G. c. meridionalis, but the undertail coverts are buff. | Found on the islands of Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, and the Comoros. | |
| Mariana common moorhen G. c. guami (Hartert, 1917) Called pulattat in Chamorro. |
Body plumage very dark. | Endemic to the Northern Mariana Islands, but see also G. c. orientalis above. Population size: About 300 as of 2001.<ref name=Takano/> | |
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Relationship with humansEdit
Moorhens are very tolerant of, and even thrive in human-altered habitats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In historyEdit
Abdul hamid II, the then-Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, was known to have a special interest in the moorhen, which was found in almost all bodies of freshwater in the land which now constitutes Turkey. So much so that over fifty moorhens were recorded to have been kept and raised in the Yildiz Palace.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Life cycleEdit
- Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) collecting for nest.jpg
Collecting for nest, Wolvercote, Oxfordshire
- Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) on nest.jpg
On nest, Wolvercote, Oxfordshire
- Moorhen feeding chick.jpg
Moorhen feeding a recently-hatched chick some food
- Teichralle Jungvogel.JPG
Chick, 1–2 weeks old
- Gallinula chloropus young.jpg
Immature G. c. chloropus, 3–4 months old, in Parc de Bercy, Paris (France)
- Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) juvenile.jpg
Juvenile, Strumpshaw Fen, Norfolk
- Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) young adult.jpg
Young adult, London