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Cuneiform bones
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{{Short description|Three bones in the human foot}} {{Distinguish|text=the [[cuneiform cartilages]]}} {{Infobox bone | Name = Cuneiform bones; Cuneiform | Latin = os cuneiformis<br>pl. ossa cuneiformia | Image = Cuneiform bone animation01.gif | Caption = Red=medial; yellow=intermediate; green=lateral | Image2 = Left Cuneiform bone animation01.gif | Caption2 = Cuneiform bones of the left foot | Articulations = }} There are three '''cuneiform''' ("wedge-shaped") [[bone]]s in the [[human]] [[foot]]: * the first or medial cuneiform * the second or intermediate cuneiform, also known as the middle cuneiform * the third or lateral cuneiform They are located between the [[navicular bone]] and the [[First metatarsal bone|first]], [[Second metatarsal bone|second]] and [[Third metatarsal bone|third]] [[metatarsal bones]] and are medial to the [[cuboid bone]].<ref name=Bojsen245>{{cite book |last1=Bojsen-Møller |first1=Finn |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik B. |last3=Tranum-Jensen |first3=Jørgen| year=2001 |title=Bevægeapparatets anatomi |edition=12th |language=da |trans-title=Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus | isbn =978-87-628-0307-7|page=245 }}<!--|access-date=February 28, 2013--></ref> ==Structure== There are three cuneiform bones: # The '''medial cuneiform''' (also known as '''first cuneiform''') is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the [[navicular bone]] and posterior to the base of the [[first metatarsal]]. Lateral to it is the [[intermediate cuneiform]]. It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and [[First metatarsal bone|first]] and [[Second metatarsal bone|second]] [[metatarsal]]s. The [[tibialis anterior muscle|tibialis anterior]] and [[fibularis longus muscle]] inserts at the medial cuneiform bone.<ref name=Bojsen364-367/> # The '''intermediate cuneiform''' ('''second cuneiform''' or '''middle cuneiform''') is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. The intermediate cuneiform is situated between the other two cuneiform bones (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the [[navicular]] posteriorly, the [[second metatarsal]] anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. # The '''lateral cuneiform''' (also known as '''third cuneiform''' or '''external cuneiform''') intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the [[tarsal bones]], between the intermediate cuneiform medially, the [[Cuboid bone|cuboid]] laterally, the [[navicular]] posteriorly and the [[Third metatarsal bone|third]] [[metatarsal]] in front. The [[Tibialis posterior muscle|tibialis posterior]] inserts at the lateral cuneiform, while the [[Flexor hallucis brevis muscle|flexor hallucis brevis]] originates from it.<ref name=Bojsen364-367>{{cite book |last1=Bojsen-Møller |first1=Finn |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik B. |last3=Tranum-Jensen |first3=Jørgen| year=2001 |title=Bevægeapparatets anatomi |edition=12th |language=da |trans-title=Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus | isbn =978-87-628-0307-7|pages=364–367 }}<!--|access-date=February 28, 2013--></ref> {{Further|Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament}} ===Muscle attachments=== {| class="sortable wikitable" | '''Muscle''' || '''Direction''' || '''Attachment'''<ref name=Bojsen364-367/> |- | [[Tibialis anterior muscle|Tibialis anterior]] || Insertion || [[Medial cuneiform]] |- | [[Fibularis longus muscle|Fibularis longus]] || Insertion || [[Medial cuneiform]] |- | [[Tibialis posterior muscle|Tibialis posterior]] || Insertion || [[Medial cuneiform]] |- | [[Flexor hallucis brevis muscle|Flexor hallucis brevis]] || Origin || [[Lateral cuneiform]] |- |} ==Injuries== *[[Lisfranc fracture]] – in which one or all of the [[metatarsal]]s are displaced from the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]]<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc%27s+fracture TheFreeDictionary > Lisfranc's fracture] Citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009</ref> *Cuneiform fracture - Due to the ligamentous support of the midfoot, isolated cuneiform fractures are rare <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mabry LM, Patti TN, Ross MD, Bleakley CM, Gisselman AS|title=Isolated Medial Cuneiform Fractures: A Systematic Search and Qualitative Analysis of Case Studies |journal=J Am Podiatr Med Assoc |volume=111|issue=4 |pages=1–9 |date=July 2021 |pmid=34478529 |doi= 10.7547/20-047|s2cid=225705519 |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1f56b6ed-360c-4cda-b74e-0f8ec590c890 }}</ref> ==Additional images== <gallery> Gray268.png|Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface. Image:Gray269.png|Bones of the right foot. Plantar Surface. Image:Gray290.png|Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect. Image:Gray291.png|Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect. Image:Gray360.png|Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities. Image:Ospied-en.svg|Bones of foot File:Slide29DEN.JPG|Cuneiform. Superior view. File:Slide31DEN.JPG|Cuneiform. Superior view. </gallery> ==Other animals== {{expand section|date=April 2015}} ==See also== {{Anatomy-terms}} * [[Cuneiform]], for writing by pressing a ''wedge-shaped'' reed into wet clay. ==References== {{Commons category|Cuneiform bones}} {{Reflist}} {{Bones of lower extremity}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuneiform (Anatomy)}} [[Category:Bones of the foot]] [[Category:Tarsal bones]]
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