Editing Cymbidium

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae}}
{{For|another use|Cymbidium (brachiopod)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name              = Boat orchids
| image             = Cymbidium iridioides-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg
| image_caption     = ''[[Cymbidium iridioides]]''
| display_parents   = 3
| taxon             = Cymbidium
| authority         = [[Olof Swartz|Swartz]]<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Cymbidium'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330383-2#synonyms |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision       = See text.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" />
| synonyms = 
* ''Arethusantha'' <small>[[Achille Eugène Finet|Finet]]</small>
* ''Cymbidiopsis'' <small>[[Harsh Jeet Chowdhery|H.J.Chowdhery]]</small>
* ''× Cyperocymbidium'' <small>[[Alex Drum Hawkes|A.D.Hawkes]]</small>
* ''Cyperorchis'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume]]Blume</small>
* ''Iridorchis'' <small>Blume nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Jensoa'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Liuguishania'' <small>[[Zhong Jian Liu|Z.J.Liu]] & [[Jin Ning Zhang|J.N.Zhang]]</small>
* ''Pachyrhizanthe'' <small>([[Schltr.]]) [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
* ''Wutongshania'' <small>Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang</small>
| type_species =''[[Cymbidium aloifolium]]''
}}

'''''Cymbidium''''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|m|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|i|ə|m}},<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> commonly known as '''boat orchids''', is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] [[flowering plant]]s in the orchid [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Orchidaceae]]. Orchids in this genus are [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]], [[Lithophyte|lithophytic]], [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] or rarely leafless [[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] usually with [[pseudobulb]]s. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are all free from and similar to each other. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] occurring in the wild from [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many [[cultivar]]s have been developed. The genome of ''Cymbidium mannii'' has been sequenced to study epiphytism and [[crassulacean acid metabolism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Weishu |last2=He |first2=Zheng-Shan |last3=Zhe |first3=Mengqing |last4=Feng |first4=Jing-Qiu |last5=Zhang |first5=Le |last6=Huang |first6=Yiwei |last7=Liu |first7=Fang |last8=Huang |first8=Jia-Lin |last9=Ya |first9=Ji-Dong |last10=Zhang |first10=Shi-Bao |last11=Yang |first11=Jun-Bo |last12=Zhu |first12=Andan |last13=Li |first13=De-Zhu |date=2023-09-11 |title=High-quality ''Cymbidium mannii'' genome and multifaceted regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism in epiphytes |journal=Plant Communications |series=Focus Issue on Plant Single-Cell Biology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=100564 |doi=10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100564 |issn=2590-3462 |pmc=10504564 |pmid=36809882|bibcode=2023PlCom...400564F }}</ref>

==Description==
Plants in the genus ''Cymbidium'' are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are [[sympodial]] [[evergreen]] herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf [[axil]]. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the [[Column (botany)|column]], or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After [[pollination]] a [[wikt:glabrous|glabrous]] [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]] containing many light coloured seeds is produced.<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|page =461}}</ref><ref name="China">{{cite web |title=''Cymbidium'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108941 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="ATRFO">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Cymbidium.htm |title=''Cymbidium'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO), [[Australian Government]] |access-date= }}</ref>
[[File:Cymbidium aloifolium (labelled).jpg|thumb|Labelled image of ''[[Cymbidium aloifolium]]'']]

==Taxonomy and naming==
The genus ''Cymbidium'' was first formally described in 1799 by [[Olof Swartz]] who published the description in ''Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis''.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/><ref name="POWO" /><ref name="Sw.">{{cite book |last1=Swartz |first1=Olof |title=Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis |date=1799 |volume=6 |location=Uppsala |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/230796#page/86/mode/1up |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> The genus name ''Cymbidium'' is means 'little boat-shape', referring to the labellum.<ref name="Sharr">{{cite book |last1=Sharr |first1=Francis Aubi |last2=George |first2=Alex |title=Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings |date=2019 |publisher=Four Gables Press |location=Kardinya, WA |isbn=9780958034180 |page=72 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

In 1848 [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] raised the genus ''Cyperorchis'' in [[Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde|Fedde's]] ''Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis'' and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in ''Cymbidium'' to the new genus.<ref name="Fedde">{{cite book |last1=Fedde |first1=Friedrich K.G. |title=Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis |volume=20 |date=1848 |pages=105–110 |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/14701/?offset=#page=113&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> In 1984 [[Christopher J. Seth|Christopher Seth]] and [[Phillip James Cribb|Phillip Cribb]] divided the genus into three subgenera ''Cyperorchis'', ''Jensoa'', and ''Cymbidium'' and each subgenus into [[Section (botany)|sections]]. In 1988, [[Dominique Dupuy|Dupuy]] and Cribb modified the sections.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139">{{cite journal | last1=Yukawa | first1=Tomohisa | last2=Miyoshi | first2=Kazumitsu | last3=Yokoyama | first3=Jun | title=Molecular Phylogeny and Character Evolution of ''Cymbidium'' (Orchidaceae) | journal=Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series B, Botany | volume=28 | issue=4 | date=2021-07-06 | issn=0385-2431 | pages=129–139 | url=https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/botany/download/28-4/BNSM_B280404.pdf | access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461">{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Guo-Qiang | last2=Chen | first2=Gui-Zhen | last3=Chen | first3=Li-Jun | last4=Zhai | first4=Jun-Wen | last5=Huang | first5=Jie | last6=Wu | first6=Xin-Yi | last7=Li | first7=Ming-He | last8=Peng | first8=Dong-Hui | last9=Rao | first9=Wen-Hui | last10=Liu | first10=Zhong-Jian | last11=Lan | first11=Si-Ren | title=Phylogenetic incongruence in ''Cymbidium'' orchids | journal=Plant Diversity | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=43 | issue=6 | year=2021 | issn=2468-2659 | doi=10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.002 | pages=452–461| pmid=35024514 | pmc=8720702 | bibcode=2021PlDiv..43..452Z }}</ref>

===Species===
The following is a list of ''Cymbidium'' species accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:<ref name="POWOlist">{{cite web |title=''Cymbidium'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?f=accepted_names&page.size=480&q=Cymbidium |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

====Subgenus Cymbidium====
Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/>

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!Section!! Image !! Name !! Distribution !! Elevation (m)
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Cymbidium''<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> 
|[[File:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium aloifolium]]'' <small>(L.) Sw.  1799</small> || Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra|| {{convert| 0 - 1500 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium atropurpureum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Rolfe 1903</small> ||Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines|| {{convert|1630 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium bicolor]]'' <small>Lindl. 1833 </small> || Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines|| {{convert| 800-1100|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium crassifolium]]'' <small>Herb. 1838</small>  || Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam|| {{convert|100 - 1600 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium finlaysonianum]]'' <small>Wall. ex Lindl. 1833</small> || Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines|| {{convert| 0 - 1200|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium puerense]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018</small>  || China (Yunnan)|| {{convert| 1000 - 2000|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium rectum]]'' <small>Ridl. 1920</small> || S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah)|| {{convert| 450 - 800|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Austrocymbidium'' {{small|Schltr. 1924}}<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139"/>
|[[File:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium canaliculatum]]'' <small>R.Br. 1810 </small> || N. & E. Australia|| {{convert| 5-900|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium chloranthum]]'' <small>Lindl. 1843</small>||Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java|| {{convert| 300 - 1500 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium madidum]]'' <small>Lindl. 1840</small>|| eastern Australia|| {{convert|0-1300|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium suave]]'' <small>R.Br. 1810</small>||E. Australia|| {{convert|0-1350|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Himantophyllum'' {{small|Schltr. 1924}}<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> 
|[[File:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium dayanum]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1869 </small>||Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan|| {{convert| 300 - 1600 |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium lii]]'' <small>M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017</small>|| Hainan China||{{convert| 800–1000|m|ft}}<ref name="HUANG LIU YANG YIN p=289">{{cite journal | last1=HUANG | first1=MINGZHONG | last2=LIU | first2=ZHILONG | last3=YANG | first3=GUANGSUI | last4=YIN | first4=JUNMEI | title=An unusual new epiphytic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidedroideae) from Hainan, China | journal=Phytotaxa | publisher=Magnolia Press | volume=314 | issue=2 | date=2017-07-25 | issn=1179-3163 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.314.2.12 | page=289}}</ref>
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium viride]]'' <small> Sanjeet Kumar 2020</small>|| Assam (Manipur)||{{convert| 616|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Floribundum'' {{small|Seth & Cribb 1984}}<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium dianlan]]'' <small>H.He 2019</small>||Yunnan||{{convert| 1200–1400|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium elongatum]]'' <small>J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988</small>||Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)|| {{convert| 1200 - 2300 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium floribundum]]'' <small>(Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980</small>||Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam || {{convert| 400 - 3300 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium hartinahianum]]'' <small>[[James Comber|J.B.Comber]] & [[Rusdy E. Nasution|Nasution]] 1978 </small>||N. Sumatra || {{convert| 1700 to 2700|m|ft}}
|-
|||''[[Cymbidium suavissimum]]'' <small>Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928 </small>||Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam || {{convert| 700 to 1100|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium viride]]'' <small>Kumar 2018</small>||Assam|| {{convert| 616-768|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Bigibbarium '' {{small|Schltr. 1924}}
|[[File:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG|120px]]||''[[Cymbidium devonianum]]'' <small>Paxton 1843 </small> ||Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam || {{convert| 1450 - 2200|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Repens '' 
|||''[[Cymbidium repens]]'' <small>Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016</small>||Hoa Binh, Vietnam || {{convert| 400–600 |m|ft}}<ref name="Averyanov Nong Nguyen Maisak 2016 pp. 319–354">{{cite journal | last1=Averyanov | first1=Leonid V. | last2=Nong | first2=Van Duy | last3=Nguyen | first3=Khang Sinh | last4=Maisak | first4=Tatiana V. | last5=Nguyen | first5=Van Canh | last6=Phan | first6=Quang Thinh | last7=Nguyen | first7=Phi Tam | last8=Nguyen | first8=Thien Tich | last9=Truong | first9=Ba Vuong | title=New Species of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Flora of Vietnam | journal=Taiwania | volume=61 | issue=4 | date=2016-12-01 | issn=0372-333X | doi=10.6165/tai.2016.61.319 | pages=319–354 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311258847 | language=zh | access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Subgenus Cyperorchis====
Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> 
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!Section!! Image !! Name !! Distribution !! Elevation (m)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Annamaea'' {{small|Hunt 1970}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
|[[File:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium erythrostylum]]'' <small>Rolfe 1905</small>|| Vietnam|| {{convert| 1500|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium wenshanense]]'' <small>Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990 </small>||Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam|| {{convert| 1000 - 1500 |m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Cyperorchis'' {{small|Hunt 1970}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium codonanthum]]'' <small>Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020</small>|| Yunnan, China|| {{convert|1600-1800|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium cochleare]]'' <small>Lindl. 1858</small>||Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar || {{convert| 300 - 1600 |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium elegans]]'' <small>Lindl. 1828 </small>||Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar. || {{convert|1500-2500 |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium sigmoideum]]'' <small>J.J.Sm. 1907</small>||Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra|| {{convert|800-1700 |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium whiteae]]'' <small>King & Pantl. 1898 </small>||India (Sikkim)|| {{convert|1500-2000|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Eburnea''{{small|(Bl.)Seth & Cribb 1984}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| || ''[[Cymbidium banaense]]'' <small>Gagnep. 1951</small> || Vietnam || {{convert|1400|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium changningense]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005</small> ||Yunnan, China || {{convert|1700|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium concinnum]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006</small><ref name="LIU 2006 p=178">{{cite journal | last=LIU | first=Zhong-Jian | title=Notes on some taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburnea | journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica | publisher=China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. | volume=44 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=0529-1526 | doi=10.1360/aps050082 | page=178| doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> ||Yunnan, China || {{convert|2300|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium daweishanense]]'' <small> G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018</small>   ||Yunnan, China || {{convert|1200–1400|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium eburneum]]'' <small>Lindl. 1847</small> || Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam|| {{convert|300-2000|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium mastersii]]'' <small>Griff. ex Lindl. 1845</small>  || Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China|| {{convert|900-2400|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium jiangchengense]]'' <small>Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019</small>  ||Yunnan, China || {{convert|1200-1400|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium maguanense]]'' <small>F.Y.Liu 1996</small> || Southeastern Yunnan, China || {{convert|1000-1800|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium parishii]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1874 </small>  ||Myanmar || {{convert|1500-1650 |m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium roseum]]'' <small>J.J.Sm. 1905</small>  ||Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra || {{convert|1450 - 2400 |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium wadae]]'' <small>T.Yukawa 2002</small>  || Thailand || 
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium weishanense]]'' <small> X.Yu & Z.J.Liu 2021</small>  || China (Yunnan)|| {{convert|800 |m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="13" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Iridorchis'' {{small|(Bl.)Hunt 1970}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
|[[File:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium erythraeum]]'' <small>Lindl. 1859 </small> ||Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam  || {{convert|1000-2800|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium gaoligongense]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003</small>   ||Yunnan, China || {{convert|1500|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium hookerianum]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small> ||Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China || {{convert|1500 - 2600|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium insigne]]'' <small>Rolfe 1904</small>  ||Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China || {{convert|1000-2600|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium iridioides]]'' <small>D. Don 1825 </small>  ||Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam || {{convert|900-2800|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium lowianum]]'' <small>(Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879 </small> || Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam || {{convert|1300-2200|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium motuoense]]'' <small>W.Q.Hu, Qinghai Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2021</small>  || China (SE Tibet) || {{convert|2760|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium sanderae]]'' <small>Sander ex Rolfe 1904 </small>  || Vietnam || {{convert|1400-1500|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium seidenfadenii]]'' <small>(P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014</small> || Thailand|| {{convert|1000-2600|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium schroederi]]'' <small>Rolfe 1905</small> ||Yunnan China, Vietnam || {{convert|1350-1700|m|ft}}
|-
| || ''[[Cymbidium sichuanicum]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006</small> ||Sichuan, China || {{convert|1200 - 1600|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cymbidium tracyanum]]'' <small>Rolfe 1890 </small> ||China, Thailand and Myanmar  || {{convert|1200-1900|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium wilsonii]]'' <small>(Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904 </small>  ||Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam || <!-- {{convert||m|ft}} -->
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Parishiella'' {{small|(Bl.)Hunt 1970}}<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> 
|[[File:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium tigrinum]]'' <small>Parish ex Hook. f. 1864</small>  ||West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India || {{convert|1000-2700|m|ft}}
|-
|}

====Subgenus Jensoa====
Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> 
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!Section!! Image !! Name !! Distribution !! Elevation (m)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Axillaria'' {{small|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium cyperifolium]]'' <small>Lindl. 1833</small> ||  Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China || {{convert| 600 - 1650|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium shidianense]]'' <small>G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019</small>|| China (Yunnan)|| {{convert| 1200 |m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Borneense'' {{small|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
|[[File:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium aliciae]]'' <small>Quisumb 1940</small> || Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) || {{convert| 300 - 2750|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium borneense]]'' <small>J.J. Wood 1983 </small> || Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)|| {{convert| 100 - 1300 |m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Geocymbidium'' {{small|Schltr. 1924}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium biflorens]]'' <small>D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020</small>  || Yunnan China|| 
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium lancifolium]]'' <small>Hook. 1823 </small> || Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea  || {{convert| 200 - 2300|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium recurvatum]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009</small>|| Yunnan China|| {{convert| 1700 |m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="17" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Jensoa'' {{small|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium acuminatum]]'' <small>M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996</small>|| New Guinea  ||{{convert|450 - 1300 |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium defoliatum]]'' <small>Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991</small>|| Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China || {{convert| 1000 - 1100  |m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium ensifolium]]'' <small> [L]Swartz 1799</small> || Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java||{{convert| 0 - 1500  |m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium formosanum]]'' <small> Hayata 1911</small>|| Taiwan || 
|-
|[[File:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium goeringii]]'' <small> [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864</small> ||India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea||{{convert|300-3000|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium haematodes]]'' <small>Lindl. 1833</small>||Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea ||{{convert|500-1900|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium induratifolium]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998</small>||Vietnam ||
|-
|[[File:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium kanran]]'' <small>Makino 1902 </small> ||Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryuku Islands, Japan; and South Korea ||{{convert|400-2500|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium longipes]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998</small>|| Vietnam ||
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium micranthum]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004</small>||Yunnan, China  ||{{convert|1500|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium munronianum]]'' <small>King & Pantl. 1895</small>||Assam India ||
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium omeiense]]'' <small> Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966</small>||Sichuan China|| 
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium qiubeiense]]''  <small> K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980</small>||Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China ||{{convert|700 - 1800|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium sinense]]'' <small>(Andrews) Willd.1805</small> ||Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam.||{{convert|0 - 2000|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium tamphianum]]'' <small>Aver. 2018</small>||Lam  Dong, Vietnam ||{{convert|1600|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium sangii]]'' <small>Aver. & V.C.Nguyen 2023</small>||Lam  Dong, Vietnam ||{{convert| 800–900|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium xichouense]]'' <small> Xin Y.Xu, C.C.Ding & S.R.Lan</small>||Yunnan China ||{{convert| 1400|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Nanula'' {{small|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
| ||''[[Cymbidium atrolabium]]'' <small>X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019</small> || Yunnan China ||{{convert|2300|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium  brevifolium]]'' <small>Z.Zhou, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020</small> || Hubei China ||{{convert|2300|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium faberi]]'' <small>Rolfe 1896</small>  || Anhui, Fujian,  Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,  Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan; ||{{convert|700-3000|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium nanulum]]'' <small>Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017</small>  || Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China ||
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium purpureisepalum]]'' <small>M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022</small> ||Yunnan China ||{{convert|1200|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium serratum]]'' <small>Schltr. 1919</small> || Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan ||{{convert|1000-3000|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium ledinhhienii]]'' <small>  Aver.,  Vuong  et  V.C. Nguyen 2024</small> ||Vietnam (Dak Lak)||{{convert|300-400|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium sungwookii]]'' <small>  Aver.,  Vuong  et  V.C. Nguyen 2024</small> ||Vietnam (Binh  Dinh)||{{convert|500-600|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium teretipetiolatum]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002</small> ||Yunnan China ||{{convert|1000|m|ft}}
|-
|[[File:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium tortisepalum]]'' <small>Fukuy. 1934</small> ||Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan||{{convert|800-2500|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Pachyrhizanthe'' {{small|Schltr. 1924}}<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/>
|[[File:Mayaran.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cymbidium macrorhizon]]'' <small>Lindl. 1833</small>|| Pakistan,  the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea  ||{{convert|700-1500|m|ft}}
|-
| ||''[[Cymbidium hengbungense]]'' <small> A.N. Rao, K. Chowlu, H.B. Sharma, K.S. Thithila & D.S. Thokchom 2016</small> ||India (Manipur) ||{{convert|1200|m|ft}}
|-
|}

===Natural Hybrids===

*''[[Cymbidium × ballianum]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × baoshanense]]'' <small>F.Y.Liu & Perner</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × dilatatiphyllum]]'' <small>J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × florinda]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × gammieanum]]'' <small>King & Pantl.</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × glebelandense]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × hillii]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex Regel</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × monanthum]]'' <small>J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × nishiuchianum]]'' <small>Makino ex J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × nomachianum]]'' <small>T.Yukawa & Nob.Tanaka</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × nujiangense]]'' <small>X.P.Zhou, S.P.Lei & Z.J.Liu</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × oblancifolium]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × purpuratum]]'' <small>L.J.Chen, Li.Q.Li & Z.J.Liu</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × rosefieldense]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Cymbidium × woodlandense]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>

==Distribution==
This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and [[Borneo]]) and Australia.<ref name=plantnet>{{cite web |title=''Cymbidium suave''|work=PlantNET - NSW Flora Online|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Cymbidium~suave|access-date= September 25, 2018}}</ref> The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.<ref name="GenusCymbidium">{{cite book |last1=Arditti |first1=Joseph |last2=Puy |first2=David J. |last3=Cribb |first3=Phillip J. |title=The Genus Cymbidium |date=1988 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London|ISBN=978-1-84246-147-1}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Use in horticulture===
''Cymbidium'' (abbreviated '''''Cym.''''' in the horticultural trade<ref>Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf</ref>) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] from about 200 BCE and by [[Confucius]]. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near {{cvt|0|C}}.<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title=Cymdidium orchids |date=13 August 2005 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/cymbidium-orchids/9426288 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="rhs">{{cite web |title=Cymbidium orchid |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=389 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="missouri">{{cite web |title=''Cymbidium'' (group) |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=264589&isprofile=0& |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.<ref name="missouri" />

===Use in cooking===
The species ''[[Cymbidium hookerianum]]'' is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".<ref name="Thapa">{{cite web |last1=Thapa |first1=Laxmi |title=Theresearch project on edible wild plants of Bhutan and their associated traditional knowledge |url=https://soar-ir.shinshu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10091/2919/1/v45_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171335/https://soar-ir.shinshu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10091/2919/1/v45_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2011 |publisher=Shinshu University, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|2=''Cymbidium''}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061416/http://www.orchidsrepbiol.de/cgi-bin/MSIO/display.pl?taxon=Cymbidium Multikey System for Identification of ''Cymbidium'' species]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075848/https://www.cymbidium.org/ Cymbidium Society of America]
* [https://www.ccansw.com.au/ Cymbidium Club of Australia]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q843914}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cymbidium| ]]
[[Category:Cymbidiinae genera]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Olof Swartz]]