Editing Dietary Reference Intake

{{Short description|US system of nutrition recommendations}}
{{for|the nutritional requirements system used in the European Union and the United Kingdom|Dietary Reference Values}}
The '''Dietary Reference Intake''' ('''DRI''') is a system of [[nutrition]] recommendations from the [[National Academy of Medicine]] (NAM){{efn|formerly the Institute of Medicine (IoM)}} of the [[National Academies (United States)]].<ref name="HealthCanada">{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/consumer-guide-dris-dietary-reference-intakes.html |title=A Consumer's Guide to the DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) |publisher=Health Canada |date=2010-11-29 |access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as '''Recommended Dietary Allowances''' ('''RDAs''', see below). The DRI values differ from those used in [[nutrition labeling]] on food and [[dietary supplement]] products in the U.S. and Canada, which uses [[Reference Daily Intake]]s (RDIs) and [[Daily Value]]s (%DV) which were based on outdated RDAs from 1968 but were updated as of 2016.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

==Parameters==
[[File:Dietary Reference Intakes.svg|thumb|Dietary Reference Intakes]]
DRI provides several different types of reference values:<ref name="HealthCanada"/><!-- EAR, AI, AMDR etc redirect here, so they should appear early and bolded to avoid confusing readers following links to those terms. -->
* '''Estimated Average Requirements''' ('''EAR'''), are expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.
* '''Recommended Dietary Allowances''' ('''RDA'''), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the [[Reference Daily Intake#History|Food and Nutrition Board]] of the Institute of Medicine to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient deficiency in just 2.5%. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See [[#Calculating the RDA|Calculating the RDA]]).
* '''Adequate Intake''' ('''AI'''), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.
* '''Tolerable upper intake levels''' ('''UL'''), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like [[vitamin A]] and [[selenium]]) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of {{em|sustained}} daily nutrient consumption that is considered to be safe for, and cause no side effects in, 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient excess in just 2.5%. The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) has also established ULs which do not always agree with U.S. ULs. For example, adult zinc UL is 40&nbsp;mg in the U.S. and 25&nbsp;mg in EFSA.<ref name=EFSA>{{citation| title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>
* '''Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges''' ('''AMDR'''), are a range of intake specified as a percentage of total energy intake.  Used for sources of energy, such as fats and carbohydrates.

DRIs are used by both the United States and Canada, and are intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:
* Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes
* Industries developing new foods and dietary supplements
* Healthcare policy makers and public health officials
==Other countries==
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as [[Dietary Reference Values]], with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL define the same as in the United States, although numerical values may differ.<ref>{{cite web | title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref><ref name=EFSA />

Australia and New Zealand refer to the collective set of information as Nutrient Reference Values, with Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) instead of RDA, but EAR, AI and UL defined the same as in the United States and Canada, although numerical values may differ.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/images/nutrient-refererence-dietary-intakes.pdf |title=Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes |date = September 2017|website=Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing}}</ref>

==History==
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by [[Lydia J. Roberts]], [[Hazel Stiebeling]], and [[Helen S. Mitchell]], all part of a committee established by the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harper AE |title=Contributions of women scientists in the U.S. to the development of Recommended Dietary Allowances |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=3698–702 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14608098 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3698 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.3698|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35).

The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety". Because of food [[rationing]] during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing system of RDAs.  DRIs were published over the period 1998 to 2001. In 2011, revised DRIs were published for calcium and vitamin D.<ref name="vitD-Calcium2">{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington DC |year=2011 |doi=10.17226/13050 |pmid=21796828 |isbn=978-0-309-16394-1 |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13050 |quote=..., The IOM finds that the evidence supports a role for vitamin D and calcium in bone health but not in other health conditions. Further, emerging evidence indicates that too much of these nutrients may be harmful, challenging the concept that "more is better". |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium |last2=Ross |first2=A. C. |last3=Taylor |first3=C. L. |last4=Yaktine |first4=A. L. |last5=Del Valle |first5=H. B. |s2cid=58721779 }}</ref> Additionally, revised DRIs were published for potassium and sodium in 2019. <ref name="sodium-potassium-update">{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington DC |year=2019 |doi=10.17226/25353 |pmid=30844154 |isbn= 978-0-309-48834-1 |s2cid=104464967 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium. |editor-last1=Stallings |editor-last2=Harrison |editor-last3=Oria |editor-first1=Virginia A. |editor-first2=Meghan |editor-first3=Maria }}</ref> The DRI for energy was updated in 2023. <ref name="energy-update">{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington DC |year=2023 |doi=10.17226/26818 |pmid=36693139 |isbn= 978-0-309-69723-1 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy.}}</ref> None of the other DRIs have been revised since first published 1998 to 2001.

==Current recommendations for United States and Canada==

Highest EARs and RDA/AIs and lowest ULs for people ages nine years and older, except pregnant or lactating women. ULs for younger children may be lower than RDA/AIs for older people. Females need more iron than males and generally need more nutrients when pregnant or lactating.<ref name="Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes">{{cite web |title=Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx |website=National Institutes of Health |publisher=HHS |access-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf |website=usda.gov |access-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526055316/https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Vitamins and choline===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nutrient
! rowspan="2" |Highest {{abbr|EAR|Estimated Average Requirements}}
! colspan="2" |Highest {{abbr|RDA|Recommended Dietary Allowances}}/{{abbr|AI|Adequate Intake}}
! rowspan="2" |Lowest {{abbr|UL|Tolerable upper intake levels}}
! rowspan="2" |Unit
! rowspan="2" |Top common sources, 100 grams, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?component=0|title=Search ordered by selected nutrient per 100 gram amounts: sort by nutrient among all foods, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, SR28|date=2016|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><!-- Please do not randomly add foods to the table list for different nutrients. Use the USDA list ordered by selected nutrients per 100 g amounts. Better omit fortified products! -->
|-
!Males
!Females
|-
| [[Vitamin A]] || 630 || 900 || 700{{efn|1300 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 1700{{efn|600 for children aged 8 years and younger}} || μg || [[cod liver oil]], [[liver (food)|liver]], [[dehydration|dehydrated]] red [[sweet pepper]]s, [[veal]], dehydrated [[carrot]]s
|-
| [[Thiamin]] (B<sub>1</sub>) || 1.0 || 1.2 || 1.1{{efn|1.4 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || mg || [[food fortification|fortified]] [[breakfast cereal]]s, [[energy bar]]s, and [[baby food]] products
|-
| [[Riboflavin]] (B<sub>2</sub>) || 1.1 || 1.3 || 1.1{{efn|1.6 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || mg || fortified food products, lamb liver, [[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|spirulina]]
|-
| [[Niacin (substance)|Niacin]] (B<sub>3</sub>) || 12 || 16 || 14{{efn|18 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 20{{efn|10 for children aged 8 years and younger}} || mg || fortified food products, [[baker's yeast]], [[bran|rice bran]], [[instant coffee]], fortified beverages
|-
| [[Pantothenic acid]] (B<sub>5</sub>) || NE || 5 || 5{{efn|7 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || mg || fortified food and beverage products, dried [[shiitake]] mushrooms, beef liver, rice bran
|-
| [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]] || 1.4 || 1.7 || 1.5{{efn|2.0 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 60 || mg || fortified food and beverage products, rice bran, fortified [[margarine]]s, ground [[Salvia officinalis|sage]]
|-
| [[Biotin]] (B<sub>7</sub>) || NE || 30 || 30{{efn|35 for lactating women}} || ND || μg || [[organ meat]]s, eggs, fish, meat, seeds, nuts<ref>{{cite web|title=Biotin, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals |publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/#h3|date=3 October 2017|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Folate]] (B<sub>9</sub>) || 330 || 400 || 400{{efn|600 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 600{{efn|300 for children aged 8 years and younger}} || μg || baker's yeast, fortified food and beverage products, [[poultry]] liver
|-
| [[Vitamin B12|Cobalamin]] (B<sub>12</sub>) || 2.0 || 2.4 || 2.4{{efn|2.8 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || μg || [[shellfish]], beef, animal liver, fortified food and beverage products
|-
| [[Vitamin C]] || 75 || 90 || 75{{efn|120 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 1200 || mg || fortified beverages, dried [[sweet pepper]]s, raw [[acerola]], dried [[chives]] and [[coriander]], [[rose hip]]s, fortified food products
|-
| [[Vitamin D]] || 10 || 20 || 20 || 100 || μg || [[cod liver oil]], [[edible mushroom|mushroom]]s (if exposed to [[ultraviolet]] light), [[halibut]], [[mackerel as food|mackerel]], [[canning|canned]] [[sockeye salmon]]
|-
| [[Tocopherol|α-tocopherol]] (Vitamin E) || 12 || 15 || 15{{efn|19 for lactating women}} || 600 || mg || [[wheat germ]] oil, fortified food and beverage products, [[hazelnut]] oil, fortified [[peanut butter]], [[chili powder]]
|-
| [[Vitamin K]] || NE || 120 || 90 || ND || μg || dried [[spice]]s, fresh [[parsley]], cooked and raw [[kale]], [[chard]], other [[leaf vegetables]]
|-
| [[Choline]] || NE || 550 || 425{{efn|550 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 2000 || mg || egg yolk, organ meats from beef and [[pork]], [[soybean]] oil, fish [[roe]]
|}

===Minerals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nutrient
! rowspan="2" |Highest {{abbr|EAR|Estimated Average Requirements}}
! colspan="2" |Highest {{abbr|RDA|Recommended Dietary Allowances}}/{{abbr|AI|Adequate Intake}}
! rowspan="2" |Lowest {{abbr|UL|Tolerable upper intake levels}}
! rowspan="2" |Unit
! rowspan="2" |Top common sources, 100 grams, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)<ref name=USDA/><!-- Please do not randomly add foods to the table list for different nutrients. Use the USDA list ordered by selected nutrients per 100 g amounts. Better omit fortified products! -->
|-
!Males
!Females
|-
| [[Calcium in biology|Calcium]] || 1100 || 1300 || 1300 || 2000 || mg || fortified cereals, beverages, [[tofu]], [[energy bar]]s, and baby foods, dried [[basil]] and other [[spice]]s, dried [[whey]], [[cheese]], [[milk powder]]
|-
| [[Chloride]] || NE || 2300 || 2300 || 3400 || mg || [[edible salt|table salt]]
|-
| [[Chromium]] || NE || 35 || 25{{efn|45 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || μg || [[broccoli]], [[turkey ham]], dried [[apricot]]s, [[tuna as food|tuna]], [[pineapple]], [[grape juice]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chromium |date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/chromium/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Copper in biology|Copper]] || 700 || 900 || 900{{efn|1300 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 5000 || μg || animal liver, [[edible seaweed|seaweed products]], dried [[shiitake mushroom]]s, [[oyster]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, [[cocoa powder]], [[cashew]]s, [[sunflower seed]]s
|-
| [[Fluoride]] || NE || 4 || 3 || 10{{efn|0.7 for children aged 3 years and younger, 2.2 for children aged 4-8 years}} || mg || public drinking water, where [[Water fluoridation|fluoridation]] is performed or natural fluorides are present, tea, [[raisin]]s
|-
| [[Iodine in biology|Iodine]] || 95 || 150 || 150{{efn|290 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 600 || μg || [[iodized salt]], kelp, cod
|-
| [[Iron in biology|Iron]] || 8.1 || 11 || 18{{efn|27 for pregnant women}} || 40 || mg || dried [[thyme]] and other spices, fortified foods, including baby foods, animal organ meats
|-
| [[Magnesium in biology|Magnesium]] || 350 ||  420 || 360{{efn|400 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 350{{efn|Specific to consuming more than this amount all at once, in the form of a dietary supplement, as this may cause diarrhea. Magnesium-rich foods do not cause this problem. 65 for children aged 3 and younger, 110 for children aged 4-8 years.}} || mg || crude rice bran, [[cottonseed]] flour, [[hemp seed]]s, dried spices, cocoa powder, fortified beverages
|-
| [[Manganese]] || NE || 2.3 || 1.8{{efn|2.6 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 6{{efn|2 for children aged 8 years and younger}} || mg || fortified beverages and [[infant formula]]s, ground [[clove]]s and other dried spices, [[chickpea]]s, fortified breakfast cereals
|-
| [[Molybdenum]] || 34 || 45 || 45{{efn|50 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 1100 || μg || [[legume]]s, grain products, [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and [[seed]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=Molybdenum |date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phosphorus]] || 1055 || 1250 || 1250 || 3000 || mg || [[baking powder]], [[instant pudding]], [[cottonseed meal]], hemp seeds, fortified beverages, dried whey
|-
| [[Potassium in biology|Potassium]] || NE || 3400 || 2600{{efn|2900 for pregnant or lactating women}} || ND || mg || [[Potato]]es, [[banana]]s, [[kiwifruit]], [[prune]]s, [[raisins]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[watermelon]], [[avocado]], [[spinach]], baking powder, dried [[parsley]] and other spices, [[cocoa solids]], [[instant tea]] and instant coffee, dried tomatoes, dried sweet peppers, [[soy sauce]]
|-
| [[Selenium in biology|Selenium]] || 45 || 55 || 55{{efn|70 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 280{{efn|45 for children aged 8 years and younger}} || μg || [[Brazil nuts]] and [[mixed nuts]], animal [[kidney (food)|kidney]]s, dried eggs, [[oyster]]s, dried [[cod as food|cod]]
|-
| [[Sodium in biology|Sodium]] || NE || 1500 || 1500 || 1800{{efn|The UL for sodium toxicity is not established; however, the lowest Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium is 1800 mg for people ages 9 and up. 1200 for children aged 8 years and younger.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. |chapter=Summary |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545430/ |website=NCBI |date=5 March 2019 |publisher=NIH |access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref>}} || mg || [[table salt]], [[baking soda]], soup [[bouillon cube]], [[seasoning]] mixes, [[onion soup]] mix, [[fish sauce]]
|-
| [[Zinc]] || 9.4 || 11 || 9{{efn|13 for pregnant or lactating women}} || 40{{efn|4 for children aged 3 years and younger}} || mg || oysters, fortified breakfast cereals, baby foods, beverages, peanut butter, and energy bars, [[wheat germ]]
|}

<small>
'''NE''': EARs have not yet been established or not yet evaluated; '''ND''': ULs could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects.
</small>
{{notelist-lr}}

It is also recommended that the following substances '''not''' be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance !! Lowest UL !! units per day
|-
| [[Arsenic]] || ND || —
|-
| [[Boron]] || 11 || mg
|-
| [[Nickel]] || 0.6 || mg
|-
| [[Silicon]] || ND || —
|-
| [[Vanadium]] || 1.8 || mg
|}

===Macronutrients===
RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 19–50 years.<ref name="Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes"/><ref name=IOM>{{citation| title = Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals| publisher = Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies| year = 2004| url = https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-tables-and-application-reports| access-date = 2009-06-09| archive-date = 2017-10-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003507/https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-tables-and-application-reports| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition.|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.|date=December 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance
! Amount (males)
! Amount (females)
! Top Sources in Common Measures<ref name=USDA/>
|-
|[[Drinking water|Water]]{{efn-lr|equal to median intakes and includes water from solid food}}
|3.7 L/day
|2.7 L/day
| water, [[watermelon]], [[iceberg lettuce]], fruits and vegetables
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Carbohydrates]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|45–65% of calories{{efn-lr|name=AMDRref|Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).}}
| rowspan="2" |milk, grains, fruits, vegetables
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|130 g/day{{efn-lr|based on the average minimum glucose used by the brain, which is similar to the amount that has a maximum [[protein sparing]] effect and to the amount derived from [[nitrogen balance]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids |date=2005 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-309-08525-0 |pages=265–290 |doi=10.17226/10490 |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/8 |access-date=June 9, 2021}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Protein]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|10–35% of calories{{efn-lr|name=AMDRref}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nut (fruit)|Nuts]], [[seeds]] [[legumes]] (pulses: [[bean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[lentils]]). Animal sources: Meats, fish, milk, cheeses, eggs
|-
|56 g/day{{efn-lr|name=RDAprot|Based on 0.8 g/kg of body weight (RDA).}}
|46 g/day{{efn-lr|name=RDAprot}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Dietary fiber|Fiber]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|14 g/(1000 kcal)
| rowspan="2" |barley, bulgur, rolled oats, legumes, [[psyllium]], nuts, beans, apples
|-
|38 g/day{{efn-lr|using a median intake of 2,718 kcal for men 19 to 30 years of age}}
|25 g/day{{efn-lr|using a median intake of 1,757 kcal for women 19 to 30 years of age}}
|-
|[[Fat]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|20–35% of calories{{efn-lr|name=AMDRref}}
| [[Vegetable oils]], butter, lard, nuts, seeds, fatty meat cuts, egg yolk, cheeses
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]], an [[omega-6 fatty acid]] ([[polyunsaturated]])  (A type of fat)
|17 g/day
|12 g/day
| [[Vegetable oils]] ([[Hemp oil]] ([[hemp seed|seed]]), [[sunflower oil]] ([[sunflower seed|seed]]), [[corn oil]] ([[maize]]), [[canola oil]])
|-
|[[alpha-Linolenic acid]], an [[omega-3 fatty acid]] ([[polyunsaturated]]) (A type of fat)
|1.6 g/day
|1.1 g/day
| [[Vegetable oils]]: ([[Linseed oil]] ([[flax seed]]), [[hemp oil]] ([[hemp seed|seed]]), [[canola oil]]), [[chia seed]], [[Hemp#Nutrition|hemp seed]], [[walnut]], [[soybean]]s
|-
|[[Trans fatty acids]]  (A type of fat)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|As low as possible<ref>As of 2018 partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), a specific source of TFAs, although the major one, are no longer Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).</ref>
| [[Partially hydrogenated fat]], [[margarine]]
|-
|[[Saturated fatty acids]]  (A type of fat)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
| [[Animal fat]] ([[dairy]] products), [[fully hydrogenated fat]], [[coconut oil]] ([[coconut|meat]]), [[cocoa butter]], [[palm oil]]
|-
|[[Added sugar]]  (A type of carbohydrate)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Less than 10% of calories<ref>{{cite web |title=Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf |website=usda.gov |publisher=USDA |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526055316/https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| non-natural sweet foods: [[Candy]], [[sweetened beverage]]s, cookies, cakes, jams, [[syrup]], many processed foods
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

==Calculating the RDA==

The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:

"If the [[standard deviation]] (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is [[normal distribution|symmetrically distributed]], the RDA is set of two SDs above the EAR:

<math>RDA = EAR + 2SD(EAR)</math>

If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a [[coefficient of variation]] (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then

<math>RDA = 1.2EAR</math>

This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."<ref>{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc |year=2001 |publisher=National Academy Press |doi=10.17226/10026 |pmid=25057538|isbn=978-0-309-07279-3 |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients |s2cid=44243659}}</ref>

==Standard of evidence==
In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled "The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/12086/chapter/1|title=Read "The Development of DRIs 1994-2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges: Workshop Summary" at NAP.edu|year=2008|doi=10.17226/12086|isbn=978-0-309-11562-9|via=www.nap.edu}}</ref>  At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI's) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the [[Levels of evidence|quality of evidence pyramid]], that is, opinion, rather than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials.  Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations. The only DRIs to have been revised since that meeting until 2011 are vitamin D and calcium.<ref name="vitD-Calcium2"/>

==Adherence==
Percent of U.S. population ages 2+ meeting EAR or USDA healthy eating patterns in 2004<ref>{{cite web|title=California|at="All U.S." column|website=Community Nutrition Mapping Project|publisher=USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]]|access-date=6 Nov 2014|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=15672}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Nutrient !! Adherence
|-
| Protein || 88.9%
|-
| Vitamin A || 46.0%
|-
| [[Vitamin C]] || 51.0%
|-
| [[Vitamin E]] || 13.6%
|-
| Thiamin || 81.6%
|-
| Riboflavin || 89.1%
|-
| Niacin || 87.2%
|-
| Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> || 73.9%
|-
| Folate || 59.6%
|-
| Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> || 79.7%
|-
| Phosphorus || 87.2%
|-
| Magnesium || 43.0%
|-
| Iron || 89.5%
|-
| Selenium || 91.5%
|-
| Zinc || 70.8%
|-
| Copper || 84.2%
|-
| Calcium || 30.9%
|-
| Fiber || 8.0%
|-
| Potassium || 7.6%
|-
| % calories from total fat ≤ 35% || 59.4%
|-
| % calories from saturated fat < 10% || 55.8%
|-
| Cholesterol intake < 300&nbsp;mg || 10.4%
|-
| Sodium intake ≤ 2,300&nbsp;mg || 29.8%
|}

==See also==
* [[Acceptable daily intake]] – upper limit on intake (United Kingdom)
* [[Canada's Food Guide]]
* {{Annotated link|Dietary Reference Values}}
* [[Mineral (nutrient)]]
* [[Essential amino acid]]
* [[Essential fatty acid]]
* [[Essential nutrient]]
* [[Food composition]]
* [[Food pyramid (nutrition)]]
* [[Healthy diet]]
* [[Protein quality]]
* {{Annotated link|Reference Daily Intake}}
* {{Annotated link|Reference Intake}}
* [[Therapeutic food#Composition]]
* [[Hypervitaminosis]] – vitamin toxicity

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dietary-reference-intakes Dietary Reference Intakes] at [[United States National Agricultural Library]]
* [https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf Current USA dietary guidelines 2020–2025]

[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Vitamins]]