Editing Fon language

{{Short description|Gbe language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Fon
| nativename       = ''fɔ̀ngbè''
| states           = [[Benin]], [[Nigeria]], [[Togo]]
| ethnicity        = [[Fon people]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|2.280400|2}} million
| date             = 2019–2021
| ref              = e26
| dia1             = Agbome
| dia2             = Arohun
| dia3             = Gun
| dia4             = Gbekon
| dia5             = Kpase
| familycolor      = Niger-Congo
| fam2             = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
| fam3             = [[Volta-Congo]]
| fam4             = [[Volta–Niger languages|Volta–Niger]]
| fam5             = [[Gbe languages|Gbe]]
| iso2             = fon
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Gbékoun script|Gbékoun]]
| iso3             = fon
| lc1              = 
| ld1              = 
| lc2              = 
| ld2              = Maxi
| lc3              = 
| ld3              = 
| lc4              = 
| ld4              = 
| lc5              = 
| ld5              = 
| lc6              = 
| ld6              = 
| glotto           = fonn1241
| glottoname       = Fon language
| glottorefname    = Fon
| notice           = IPA
| nation           = {{BEN}}
| map              = Gbe languages.png
| mapcaption       = Gbe languages. Fon is purple.
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person= Fon|people= [[Fon people|Fon-nu]]|language= fɔ̀ngbè|country= [[Dahomey]]}}

'''Fon''' ({{lang|fon|fɔ̀ngbè}}, {{IPA|ee|fɔ̃̀ɡ͡bē|pron}}<ref>Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 179</ref>) also known as '''Dahomean''' is the language of the [[Fon people]]. It belongs to the [[Gbe languages|Gbe]] group within the larger [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] family. It is primarily spoken in [[Benin Republic]], as well as in [[Nigeria]] and [[Togo]] by approximately 2.3 million speakers.<ref name=e26/> Like the other Gbe languages, Fon is an [[isolating language]] with a [[subject–verb–object|SVO]] basic word order.

== Cultural and legal status ==
In [[Benin]], [[French language|French]] is the official language, and Fon and other indigenous languages, including [[Yom language|Yom]] and [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], are classified as national languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language data for Benin |url=https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-benin/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Translators without Borders |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Dialects==
The standardized Fon language is part of the Fon cluster of languages inside the Eastern Gbe languages. [[Hounkpati B Christophe Capo]] groups [[Abomey|Agbome]], Kpase, [[Gun language|Gun]], Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) in the Fon dialect cluster, although other clusterings are suggested. Standard Fon is the primary target of [[language planning]] efforts in Benin, although separate efforts exists for [[Gun language|Gun]], [[Gen language|Gen]], and other languages of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kluge|first=Angela|date=2007|title=The Gbe Language Continuum of West Africa: A Synchronic Typological Approach to Prioritizing In-depth Sociolinguistic Research on Literature Extensibility|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/1714/kluge.pdf|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|pages=182–215|access-date=2018-07-05|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111170832/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/1714/kluge.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Phonology==
[[Image:Fon Kwabo.jpg|thumb|right|"Welcome" (Kwabɔ) in Fon at a pharmacy at [[Cotonou Airport]] in [[Cotonou]], [[Benin]]]]

=== Vowels ===
Fon has seven oral vowel [[phonemes]] and five nasal vowel phonemes.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes of Fon<ref name="Fon Grammar">{{cite book |title=A Grammar of Fongbe |pages=15–29 |author=Claire Lefebvre |author2=Anne-Marie Brousseau |isbn=3-11-017360-3 |year=2002 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[Oral vowel|Oral]]
!colspan=2|[[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|-
!<small>[[front vowel|front]]</small>
!<small>[[back vowel|back]]</small>
!<small>[[front vowel|front]]</small>
!<small>[[back vowel|back]]</small>
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}||{{IPAlink|u}}||{{IPAlink|ĩ}}||{{IPAlink|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}||{{IPAlink|o}}||colspan=2|
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}}||{{IPAlink|ɔ}}||{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}||{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]] 
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|a}}||colspan=2|{{IPAlink|ã}}
|}

=== Consonants ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+caption | Consonant phonemes of Fon<ref name="Fon Grammar"/>
!
!colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2|[[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!colspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2|[[Labial-velar consonant|Labial<br />-velar]]
|-
!"[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]"
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|m}} ~ {{IPAlink|b}}
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|n}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
![[Occlusive]]
|style=border-right:0|({{IPAlink|p}})||style=border-left:0|
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|t}}|| style="border-left:0" |{{IPAlink|d}}
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|k}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|kp}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|ɡb}}
|-
![[Fricative]]
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|f}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|v}}
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|s}}|| style="border-left:0" |{{IPAlink|z}}
|colspan=2|
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|x}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|style=border-right:0|{{IPAlink|xʷ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPAlink|ɣʷ}}
|-
![[Approximant]]
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|l}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} ~ {{IPAlink|j}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|{{IPAlink|w}}
|}
{{IPA|/p/}} occurs only in [[linguistic mimesis]] and loanwords but is often replaced by {{IPA|/f/}} in the latter, as in ''cɔ́fù'' 'shop'. Several of the voiced occlusives occur only before oral vowels, and the [[homorganic]] nasal stops occur only before nasal vowels, which indicates that {{IPA|[b] [m]}} and {{IPA|[ɖ] [n]}} are [[allophone]]s. {{IPA|[ɲ]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[j̃]}} and so Fong can be argued to have no phonemic nasal consonants, a pattern rather common in West Africa.{{efn|This is a matter of perspective; it could also be argued that {{IPA|[b]}} and {{IPA|[ɖ]}} are denasalized allophones of {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} before oral vowels.}} {{IPA|/w/}} is nasalized (to {{IPA|[ŋʷ]}}) before nasal vowels, and may assimilate to {{IPA|[ɥ]}} before {{IPA|/i/}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is sometimes also nasalized.{{what|date=December 2023}}

The only consonant clusters in Fon have {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/j/}} as the second consonant. After (post)alveolars, {{IPA|/l/}} is optionally realized as {{IPA|[ɾ]}}: ''{{lang|fon|klɔ́}}'' 'to wash', {{lang|fon|wlí}} 'to catch', {{lang|fon|jlò}} {{IPA|[d͡ʒlò] ~ [d͡ʒɾò]}} 'to want'.

=== Tone ===
Fon has two phonemic [[tone (linguistics)|tones]]: high and low. High is realized as rising (low–high) after a voiced consonant. Basic disyllabic words have all four possibilities: high–high, high–low, low–high, and low–low.

In longer [[phonological word]]s, such as verb and noun phrases, a high tone tends to persist until the final syllable, which, if it has a phonemic low tone,  becomes falling (high–low). Low tones disappear between high tones, but their effect remains as a [[downstep]]. Rising tones (low–high) simplify to high after high (without triggering downstep) and to low before high.

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang1=fon|ipa2=yes|ipa3=yes|glossing4=yes
|Hwevísatɔ́, é ko hɔ asón we.
|/xʷèví-sà-tɔ́ é kò xɔ̀ àsɔ̃́ wè/
|[xʷèvísáꜜtɔ́‖ é kó ꜜxɔ̂ àsɔ̃́ wê‖]
|fish-sell-agent s/he PERF buy crab two
|"The fishmonger, she bought two crabs."}}

In [[Ouidah]], a rising or falling tone is realized as a mid tone. For example, {{lang|fon|mǐ}} 'we, you', phonemically high-tone {{IPA|/bĩ́/}} but phonetically rising because of the voiced consonant, is generally mid-tone {{IPA|[mĩ̄]}} in Ouidah.

==Orthographies==
===Roman alphabet===
The Fon alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters [[African D|Ɖ/ɖ]], [[Latin epsilon|Ɛ/ɛ]], and [[Open O|Ɔ/ɔ]], and the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] gb, hw, kp, ny, and xw.<ref>Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 19</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Fon alphabet
|-
! Majuscule
| A || B || C || D || Ɖ || E || Ɛ || F || G || GB || H || HW || I || J || K || KP || L || M || N || NY || O || Ɔ || P || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || XW || Y || Z
|---
! Minuscule
| a || b || c || d || ɖ || e || ɛ || f || g || gb || h || hw || i || j || k || kp || l || m || n || ny || o || ɔ || p || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || xw || y || z
|---
! Sound (IPA)
|{{IPA|[[a]]}}||{{IPA|[[b]]}}||{{IPA|[[t͡ɕ]]}}||{{IPA|[[d]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɖ]]}}||{{IPA|[[e]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɛ]]}}||{{IPA|[[f]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɡ]]}}||{{IPA|[[Voiced labial–velar plosive|ɡb]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɣ]]}}||{{IPA|ɣʷ}}||{{IPA|[[i]]}}||{{IPA|[[d͡ʑ]]}}||{{IPA|[[k]]}}||{{IPA|[[Kp (digraph)|kp]]}}||{{IPA|[[l]]}}||{{IPA|[[m]]}}||{{IPA|[[n]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɲ]]}}||{{IPA|[[o]]}}||{{IPA|[[ɔ]]}}||{{IPA|[[p]]}}||{{IPA|[[r]]}}||{{IPA|[[s]]}}||{{IPA|[[t]]}}||{{IPA|[[u]]}}||{{IPA|[[v]]}}||{{IPA|[[w]]}}||{{IPA|[[x]]}}||{{IPA|[[xʷ]]}}||{{IPA|[[j]]}}||{{IPA|[[z]]}}
|}

====Tone marking====
[[Tone (linguistics)|Tones]] are marked as follows:

* [[Acute accent]] marks the rising tone: xó, dó
* [[Grave accent]] marks the falling tone: ɖò, akpàkpà
* [[Caron]] marks falling and rising tone: bǔ, bǐ
* [[Circumflex|Circumflex accent]] marks the rising and falling tone: côfù
* [[Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] marks the neutral tone: kān

Tones are fully marked in reference books, but not always marked in other writing. The tone marking is phonemic, and the actual pronunciation may be different according to the syllable's environment.<ref>Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 20</ref>

===Gbékoun script===
[[File:Gbékoun script.jpg|thumb|Table of Gbékoun script]]
{{main|Gbékoun script}}
Speakers in [[Benin]] also use a distinct script called [[Gbékoun script|Gbékoun]] that was invented by Togbédji Adigbè.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://matinlibre.com/2021/05/04/vulgarisation-de-lalphabet-gbekoun-sur-tout-le-territoire-national-bilan-de-la-premiere-phase-de-sensibilisation/|language=fr|newspaper=[[:fr:Matin libre|Matin libre]]|title=Vulgarisation de l’alphabet: ''Gbékoun sur tout le territoire national Bilan de la première phase de sensibilisation''|date=May 5, 2021|author=Teddy G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Alphabet " Gbékoun ": Un outil d’éveil de la conscience des peuples africains|language=fr|page=13|newspaper=La Nation|date=June 21, 2021}}</ref>
It has 24 consonants and 9 vowels, as it is intended to transcribe all the languages of Benin.

== Sample text ==
From the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
:{{Lang|fon|Acɛ, susu kpo sisi ɖokpo ɔ kpo wɛ gbɛtɔ bi ɖo ɖò gbɛwiwa tɔn hwenu; ye ɖo linkpɔn bɔ ayi yetɔn mɛ kpe lo bɔ ye ɖo na do alɔ yeɖee ɖi nɔvinɔvi ɖɔhun.}}
:'''Translation'''
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

== Use ==
Radio programs in Fon are broadcast on [[Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision du Bénin|ORTB]] channels.

Television programs in Fon are shown on the [[La Beninoise]] satellite TV channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.labeninoisetv.net/|title=BTV - La Béninoise TV - La Béninoise des Télés {{!}} La proximité par les langues|website=www.labeninoisetv.net|language=fr-fr|access-date=2018-07-03|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220342/http://www.labeninoisetv.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

French used to be the only language of [[education in Benin]], but in the second decade of the twenty-first century, the government is experimenting with teaching some subjects in Benin schools in the country's local languages, among them Fon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanouvelletribune.info/archives/benin/societe/12386-systeme-educatif-beninois-les-langues-nationales-seront-enseignees-a-l-ecole-a-la-rentree-prochaine|title=Système éducatif béninois : les langues nationales seront enseignées à l'école à la rentrée prochaine|last=Akpo|first=Georges|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|access-date=2018-07-03|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2019-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621111054/https://lanouvelletribune.info/archives/benin/societe/12386-systeme-educatif-beninois-les-langues-nationales-seront-enseignees-a-l-ecole-a-la-rentree-prochaine|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20131226-benin-apprentissage-ecole-langue-maternelle|title=Reportage Afrique - Bénin : l'apprentissage à l'école dans la langue maternelle|date=2013-12-26|work=RFI|access-date=2018-07-03|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://matinlibre.com/index.php/societe/item/10477-langues-nationales-dans-le-systeme-scolaire-la-phase-experimentale-continue-une-initiative-a-ameliorer|title=Langues nationales dans le système scolaire : La phase expérimentale continue, une initiative à améliorer - Matin Libre|access-date=2018-07-03|language=fr-fr|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220301/https://matinlibre.com/index.php/societe/item/10477-langues-nationales-dans-le-systeme-scolaire-la-phase-experimentale-continue-une-initiative-a-ameliorer|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Machine translation efforts ==
There is an effort to create a machine translator for Fon (to and from French), by Bonaventure Dossou (from Benin) and Chris Emezue (from Nigeria).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-29 |title=AI in Africa: Teaching a bot to read my mum's texts |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52411797 |access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref> Their project is called FFR.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ffrtranslate.com/|title=Project website|access-date=2022-10-12 |website=ffrtranslate.com}}</ref> It uses phrases from [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] sermons as well as other biblical phrases as the research corpus to train a [[Natural language processing|Natural Language Processing]] (NLP) neural net model.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Emezue |first1=Chris Chinenye |last2=Dossou |first2=Femi Pancrace Bonaventure |date=2020 |title=FFR v1.1: Fon-French Neural Machine Translation |url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.winlp-1.21 |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth Widening Natural Language Processing Workshop |language=en |location=Seattle, USA |publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics |pages=83–87 |doi=10.18653/v1/2020.winlp-1.21|doi-access=free |arxiv=2003.12111 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairefonf00hftm|title=Dictionnaire fon-français : avec une esquisse grammaticale|last2=Ahohounkpanzon|first2=Michel|last1=Höftmann|first1=Hildegard|date=2003|publisher=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag|isbn=3896454633|location=Köln|oclc=53005906}}

==External links==
{{Interwiki|code=fon}}
{{Portal|Africa|Languages}}
* [http://apps.facebook.com/fon-gbe/ A Facebook application to use and learn the Fon language, developed by Jolome.com]
* [http://fongbe.blogspot.com The first blog totally in Fongbe. An access to a Fongbe forum is given]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014719/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Fon.aspx Journal of West African Languages: Articles on Fon]
* [https://archive.org/details/manueldahomengr00delagoog ''Manuel dahoméen : grammaire, chrestomathie, dictionnaire français-dahoméen et dahoméen-français'', 1894] by [[Maurice Delafosse]] at the [[Internet Archive]] (in French)

{{Volta-Niger languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gbe languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Benin]]
[[Category:Fon people]]