Editing Linguolabial consonant

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Linguolabial
| ipa symbol   = ◌̼
}}

'''Linguolabials''' or '''apicolabials'''<ref>The term ''apicolabial'' is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical.</ref> are [[consonant]]s [[place of articulation|articulated]] by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to [[retroflex consonant|subapical palatal]] places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in [[Vanuatu]], in the Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]] in Guinea-Bissau, in [[Umotína language|Umotína]] (a recently extinct [[Bororoan languages|Bororoan language]] of [[Brazil]]), and as [[Paralanguage|paralinguistic]] sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in [[disordered speech]], and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the [[extensions to the IPA]].

Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] by adding the "seagull"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=521}} diacritic, {{unichar|033C|COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, to the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]], or with the [[apical consonant|apical]] diacritic, {{unichar|033A|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, on the corresponding [[bilabial consonant]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |edition=2nd |title=[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]] |year=1996 |page=256 |isbn=9780226685366}} They note that the apical diacritic was added to the IPA after the linguolabial diacritic, and would have made the latter unnecessary. An example of such usage in an IPA publication is in A. Haudricourt (1968) de lɑ̃ːg melanezjɛn a tɔ̃ ɑ̃ nuvɛl kaledɔni. ''Le Maître Phonétique'', vol. 46 (83), no. 129.</ref>
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== Description ==
[[Image:Linguolabial stop.png|thumb|[[Sagittal section]] of linguolabial stop]]
Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of [[manners of articulation]] including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal).{{sfnp|Everett|1982}}{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|p=350}} Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|pp=364-367}}

==List of consonants==
{|class=wikitable
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | IPA<br /><small>(two transcriptions)</small>
! rowspan="2" | Description
! colspan="4" | Example
|-
! <small>Language</small>
! <small>Orthography</small>
! <small>IPA</small>
! <small>Meaning</small>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|n̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|m̺}}</big></big>
| [[linguolabial nasal]]
| [[Araki language|Araki]]
| {{lang|akr|'''m̈'''ana}}
| {{IPA|[n̼ana]}}
| "laugh"<ref>{{cite book |last=François|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)|year=2002|title=Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu|publisher=Australian National University|series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=522 |location=Canberra|isbn=0-85883-493-6 |url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#02 |ref=grammar |pages=15, 270}}</ref><ref>[[Alexandre François (linguist)|A. François]], ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/m%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94m%CC%88ana entry ''m̈ana'']</ref><ref>Audio link: [https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0002296#S75 excerpt from a text in Araki language] (sentence s75), showcasing the form {{lang|akr|m̈ana}} (source: [[Pangloss Collection|Pangloss]] archive).</ref>
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|t̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|p̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiceless linguolabial plosive]]
| [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]]
|{{lang|tgp|'''p̈'''e'''p̈'''e}}
| {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}}
| "butterfly"<ref name="LM199619">{{harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=19}}</ref>
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|d̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|b̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial plosive]]
| Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]]
|
| {{IPA|[nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}
| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|<sup>n̼</sup>d̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|<sup>m̺</sup>b̺}}</big></big>
| [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [[voiced linguolabial plosive]]
| [[Vao language|Vao]]
|
| {{IPA|[na<sup>n̼</sup>d̼ak]}}
| "bow"<ref name="LM199619" />
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|θ̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|ɸ̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiceless linguolabial fricative]]
| [[Big Nambas language|Big Nambas]]
|
|  {{IPA|[ˈinɛθ̼]}}
|  "he is asthmatic"
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|ð̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|β̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial fricative]]
| [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]]
|{{lang|tgp|'''v̈'''atu}}
|  {{IPA|[ð̼atu]}}
|  "stone"<ref name="LM199619" />
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|ɾ̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|ⱱ̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial flap]]
| Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]]
|
| {{IPA|[nɔ̀ɾ̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}
| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|l̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[linguolabial lateral approximant]]
| (common in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɬ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[voiceless linguolabial lateral fricative]]
| (in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɮ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[voiced linguolabial lateral fricative]]
| (in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɺ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[linguolabial lateral flap]] (uses lower lip)
| [[Piraha language|Piraha]] (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼])
| {{lang|myp|too'''g'''ixi}}
| {{IPA|[tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì]}}
| "hoe"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Daniel Leonard |title=Phonetic rarities in Pirahã |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1982 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300002498 |jstor=44526660 |s2cid=143928460 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/44526660 |access-date=27 September 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|r̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ʙ̺}}</big></big>
| [[linguolabial trill]]<br />(uses lower lip)
| [[Coatlán Zapotec language|Coatlán Zapotec]]
| (paralinguistic)
| {{IPA|r̼ʔ}}
| used as [[mimesis]] for a child's flatulence.<ref name=Azcona>{{cite web |first=Rosemary |last=Beam de Azcona |title=Sound Symbolism |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |access-date=2008-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-23 }}</ref> <small>(similar to ''[[blowing a raspberry]]'', but involving only upper lip)</small>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ǀ̼}}</big></big> ''or'' <big><big>{{IPA|ʇ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ʘ̺}}</big></big>
| linguolabial click release (multiple consonants)
| [[Coatlán Zapotec language|Coatlán Zapotec]]
| (paralinguistic)
| {{IPA|kǀ̼}}
| used as mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water<ref name=Azcona/>
|}

==Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts==
In Vanuatu, some of the [[Santo–Malekula languages]] have shifted historically from bilabial to [[alveolar consonant]]s via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages. 

While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]], [[Araki language|Araki]], [[Nese language|Nese]]), the sound shift went further in languages such as [[Tolomako language|Tolomako]], which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > ''p̈''  {{IPA|[t̼]}} > ''t'' [t]; *m > ''m̈'' {{IPA|[n̼]}} > ''n'' [n]. Thus, [[Proto-Oceanic language|POc]] *bebe {{gloss|butterfly}} > {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}} (spelled {{lang|tgp|p̈ep̈e}} in Tangoa or in Araki<ref>A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/p%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94p%CC%88ep%CC%88e entry ''p̈ep̈e'']</ref>) later became {{IPA|[tete]}} in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama {{gloss|father}} > {{IPA|[tan̼a]}} (cf. Tangoa {{lang|tgp|tam̈a}}, Araki {{lang|akr|ram̈a}}<ref>A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/r%CC%84.htm#%E2%93%94r%CC%84am%CC%88a~ entry ''r̄am̈a'']</ref>) > Tolomako {{IPA|[tana]}}.

==See also==
* [[Place of articulation]]
* [[List of phonetics topics]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{SOWL}}
* {{cite book|last=Maddieson|first=Ian|year=1988|chapter=Linguo-labials|title=VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Part Two|place=Auckland|publisher=Linguistic Society of New Zealand|pages=349–375|editor1-last=Harlow|editor1-first=Ray|editor2-last=Hooper|editor2-first=Robin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Kenneth|last2=Reiman|first2=D. William|last3=Sabio|first3=Fernando|last4=da Silva|first4=Filipe Alberto|year=2009|title=The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko|journal=Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society|number=1|volume=45|pages=519–530|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cls/pcls/2009/00000045/00000001/art00036}}

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[[Category:Place of articulation]]
[[Category:Linguolabial consonants]]