Editing Minyanka language

{{Short description|Senufo language spoken in Mali}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Minyaka
|nativename={{lang|myk|Mamara}}
|states=[[Mali]]
|speakers={{sigfig|738,000|2}}
|date=2000
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Senufo languages|Senufo]]
|fam4=[[Suppire–Mamara languages|Suppire–Mamara]]
|iso3=myk
|glotto=mama1271
|glottorefname=Mamara Senoufo
|map=Mamara language.png
|mapcaption=Map showing where Mamara is spoken.
}}

'''Minyanka''' (also known as '''Mamara''', '''Miniyanka''', '''Minya''', '''Mianka''', '''Minianka''', or '''Tupiire''') is a northern [[Senufo languages|Senufo]] language spoken by about 750,000 people in southeastern [[Mali]]. It is closely related to [[Supyire language|Supyire]]. Minyanka is one of the [[national language]]s of Mali.<!--, along with [[Maasina Fulfulde language|Maasina Fulfulde]] and [[Western Maninka language|Western Maninka]].-->

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Labialized velar consonant|Labio-<br>velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br>geal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Labialization|lab.]]</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|mʷ}}
| {{IPA link|mʲ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ͡m}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|pʷ}}
| {{IPA link|pʲ}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʲ}}
| {{IPA link|k͡p}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|bʷ}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ͡b}}
|
|
|-
!<small>prenasal</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}}
| {{IPA link|ᶮɟ}}
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|fʷ}}
| {{IPA link|fʲ}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
| ({{IPA link|h}})
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|
| ({{IPA link|ʕ}})
| ({{IPA link|ɦ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|wʲ}}
|
|
|
|}

* A pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] is also typically heard when in between vowels, or as an allophone of /ɡ/ when in intervocalic position.
* Glottal sounds [h, ɦ] are only heard in the Bla dialect, instead of labio-velar sounds /k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m/.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coulibaly |first=Sékou |title=Le minyanka parlé dans le cercle de Bla: une description phonologique et morphosyntaxique |publisher=Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III |year=2020}}</ref>
* Sounds /k, ɡ/ can also be heard as fricatives [x, ɣ] when in intervocalic positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prost |first=André |title=Le Mambar |publisher=Dakar: Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Université de Dakar |year=1964 |location=In Prost, André (ed.), Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaïques |pages=123–183}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}
|
|}

* /u/ can also be heard as [y] when in the position of /j/.
* /o/ can also be heard as [œ] when before a glottal /ʔ/.

==See also==
*[[Senufo language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dombrowsky-Hahn, Klaudia (ed. by Miehe, Gudrun; Reineke, Brigitte; Roncador, Manfred von) (1999) ''Phénomènes de contact entre les langues Minyanka et Bambara (Sud du Mali)''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
* Prost, André (1964) ''Contributrion à l'étude des langues Voltaiques''. Dakar: Institut Francophone de l'Afrique Noire.

==External links==
* [http://www.malien.net/mamara Minyanka-French-Bambara-English Dictionary] to view online or download, from the Association for the Promotion of the Mamara language, Koutiala, Mali.
* [http://sil-mali.org/en/language/myk Resources in Mamara] from [http://sil-mali.org/en SIL Mali]
* [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/SuppireMinianka PanAfrican L10n page on Suppire/Minianka]

{{Languages of Mali}}
{{Gur languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Suppire–Mamara languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Mali]]


{{senufo-lang-stub}}