Editing Near-open front unrounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨æ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=æ
|ipa number=325
|decimal=230
|x-sampa=<nowiki>{</nowiki>
|kirshenbaum=&
|braille=sh
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00E6.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

[[File:IPA æ Sagittal Section.svg|thumb|[[Sagittal plane|Sagittal section]] of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound {{angbr IPA|æ}}. Note that a wavy [[glottis]] in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]

The '''near-open front unrounded vowel''', or '''near-low front unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|æ}}, a lowercase of the {{angbr|[[Æ]]}} [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

The rounded counterpart of {{IPA|[æ]}}, the '''near-open front rounded vowel''' (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in [[Danish language|Danish]];<ref name="gr100">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=46}}</ref> see [[open front rounded vowel]] for more information.

In practice, {{angbr IPA|æ}} is sometimes used to represent the [[open front unrounded vowel]]; see the introduction to that page for more information.

In IPA transcriptions of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Valencian language|Valencian]], this vowel is typically written with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}.

==Features==
{{near-open vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}</ref> || 'p'''e'''rd' || {{IPA|[pæːrt]}} || 'horse'|| Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, in some dialects, before {{IPA|/k χ l r/}}. See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]
|''ikuw'''ä'''''
|[ikuwæ]
|'I go'
|Distinguished from both [a] and [ɑ~ɒ].
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Holes|2004|p=60}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|كتاب]]|rtl=yes}} / 'kit'''ā'''b' ||{{IPA|[kiˈtæːb]}} || 'book' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as {{IPA|/j/}} (depending on the speaker's accent). See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| {{lang|az-Latn|'Az'''ə'''rbaycan'}} || {{IPA|[ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn]}}
| 'Azerbaijan'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bambam language|Bambam]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Campbell|1991|p=5}}</ref> || 'b'''ä'''t'''ä'''' || {{IPA|[ˈbætæ]}} || 'stem' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Berta|1998|p=183}}</ref>
| ''{{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:йәй|й'''ә'''й]] / y'''ä'''y }}''
| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-йәй.ogg|[jæj]}}
| 'summer'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali romanization table |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/bengali_loc.pdf |website=Bahai Studies |publisher=Bahai Studies |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> ||{{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''এ'''ক]]}}/ek || {{IPA|[æk]}} || 'one' || See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|[[Moesian dialects]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|мл'''е'''чен]]}}/mlečen
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[mlæt͡ʃɛn]}}
| rowspan="2" |'made from milk'
|Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in places where Standard Bulgarian would have /{{IPAlink|ɛ}}/. See [[Yat]].
|-
| [[Rup dialects]] || Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See [[Yat]].
|-
| [[Teteven dialect]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|м'''ъ'''ж]]}}/măž || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[mæʃ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'man' || rowspan="2" | In place of Standard Bulgarian [{{IPAlink|ɤ̞}}] (written as ъ).
|-
| [[Erkech dialect]] 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Balearic dialect|Majorcan]]<ref name="rafel14">{{Harvcoltxt|Rafel|1999|p=14}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|t'''e'''si]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛ̞zi]}} || rowspan="2" | 'thesis' || rowspan="2" | Main realization of {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. More open and centralized before liquids and in monosyllabics. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[Valencian language|Valencian]]<ref name="rafel14"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''аь'''рзу]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''ä'''rzu}} || {{IPA|[ærzu]}} || 'eagle' || 
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="gr100"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|d'''a'''nsk]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtænˀsk]}} || 'Danish' || Most often transcribed in IPA with {{IPAalink|a}} – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=32}}</ref> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=92, 129}}</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|p'''e'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[pæn]}} || 'pen' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/n/}} and coda {{IPA|/l/}}. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where {{IPAblink|ɛ}} is used in Standard Dutch.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=92, 128–129, 131}}</ref> See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || Cultivated [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | ''[[English orthography|c'''a'''t]]'' || rowspan="3" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-cat.ogg|[kʰæt]}} || rowspan="3" | 'cat' || Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[General American]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=486}}</ref> || See [[English phonology]]
|-
| Conservative [[Received Pronunciation]]<ref name="gimson">{{Harvcoltxt|Cruttenden|2014|pp=119–120}}</ref> || Fully open {{IPAblink|a}} in contemporary RP.<ref name="gimson"/> See [[English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]<ref name="asuteras">{{Harvcoltxt|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}</ref> || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|v'''ä'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ]}} || 'agile' || Near-front.<ref name="asuteras"/> See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}</ref> || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|m'''ä'''ki]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈmæki]}} || 'hill' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || Parisian<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2013|p=226}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|b'''ain''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bæ̃]}} || 'bath' || Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ̃}}. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[Quebec French|Quebec]]<ref name="wal75">{{Harvcoltxt|Walker|1984|p=75}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|v'''e'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[væːʁ]}} || 'worm' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/ʁ/}} or in open syllables, and of {{IPA|/a/}} in closed syllables.<ref name="wal75"/> See [[Quebec French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[German language|German]] || Standard Austrian<ref name="moos">{{Harvcoltxt|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|p=342}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''er'''lauben]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[æˈlɑɔ̯bn̩]}}|| 'allow' || Variant of pretonic {{IPAblink|ɛɐ̯}}.<ref name="moos"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| West Central German accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with West Central German accents--><ref name="dud40">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|od'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈoːdæ]}} || 'or' || Used instead of {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<ref name="dud40"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Northern accents<ref name="dud64">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''a'''lles]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈa̝ləs]}} || 'everything' || Lower and often also more back in other accents.<ref name="dud64"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Western Swiss accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Western Swiss accents--><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|sp'''ä'''t]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʃpæːt]}} || 'late' || Open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛː}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|eː}} in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAslink|ɛː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 64–65}}</ref> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]<ref name="Newton">{{Harvcoltxt|Newton|1972|p=11}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|γ'''ά'''τ'''α''']]}}/[[Romanization of Greek|''g'''á'''t'''a''''']] || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈɣætæ]}} || rowspan="3" | 'cat' || rowspan="4" | See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Thessaly]]<ref name="Newton"/>
|-
| [[Thrace]]<ref name="Newton"/>
|-
| [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Revithiadou|Spyropoulos|2009|p=41}}</ref> || {{lang|pnt|καλάθ'''ια'''}}/{{lang|pnt-Latn|kaláth'''ia'''}} || {{IPA|[kaˈlaθæ]}} || 'baskets'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Szende|1994|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|n'''e'''m]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[næm]}} || 'no' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kanoê language|Kanoê]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bacelar|2004|p=60}}</ref>
|colspan="2" align="center"|{{IPA|[æː]}}
|'tobacco'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|әйел]]}}/'''''ä'''iel''
|{{IPA|[æ̝ˈje̘l̪ʲ]}}
|'woman'
|Varies between near-open and open-mid.
|-
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|گاڵته]]}}/ ''galt'''e'''''
|{{IPA|[gäːɫtʲæ]}}
|'joke'
|Equal to [[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]] front {{IPAblink|a}}. See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lakon language|Lakon]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=466}}</ref>|| {{lang|lkn|r'''ä'''vr'''ä'''v|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ræβræβ]}} || 'evening'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]<ref name="ga159">{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}</ref><ref name="pet119">{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}</ref><ref name="ver221">{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}}</ref> || {{lang|li|tw'''e'''lf|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf]}} || 'twelve' || Front<ref name="pet119"/><ref name="ver221"/> or near-front,<ref name="ga159"/> depending on the dialect. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]], in which the vowel is near-front.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|LT|j'''a'''chtą|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjæːxt̪aː]}} || 'yacht' (accusative) || See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| [[Low German|Low Saxon]] || Including [[Sallaans dialect|Sallandic]] || {{lang|nds|gl'''ä'''zen|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɫæːzn̩]}} || 'glasses' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}</ref> || {{lang|lb|K'''ä'''pp|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kʰæpʰ]}} || 'heads' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Popperwell|2010|pp=16, 21–22}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''æ'''r]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[læːɾ]}} || 'leather' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ipa_handbook">[[#Farsi|Majidi & Ternes (1991)]]</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Campbell|1995|}}</ref>|| {{lang|fa|هشت}}/hašt || [hæʃt]||'eight'|| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Some dialects<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186 Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''e'''dra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpædɾɐ]}} || 'stone' || Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer {{IPAslink|ɛ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Some European speakers<ref>[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|tamb'''ém''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tɐˈmæ̃]}} || 'also' || Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel {{IPA|/ẽ̞/}}.
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Bukovinian dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|p'''ie'''le]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpæle]}} || 'skin' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[je]}} in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|pp=224–225}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''я'''ть]]}} / ''p'''ja'''tʹ''|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-пять.ogg|[pʲætʲ]}} || 'five' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} between [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] || [[Zeta-Raška dialect]]{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}} || {{lang|sh|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''а'''н]]}}/{{lang|sh|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''a'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪æn̪]}} || 'day' || Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.{{sfn|Okuka|2008|p=171}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Perera|Jones|1919|p=5}}</ref> || ඇය/æya ||{{IPA|[æjə]}} || 'she' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|mäso
|[mæso]
|'meat, flesh'
|In conversation sometimes pronounced as [e] or [a]. See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard<ref name="Eliasson273">{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|p=273}}</ref><ref name="thoren15">{{Harvcoltxt|Thorén|Petterson|1992|p=15}}</ref><ref name="Riad38">{{Harvcoltxt|Riad|2014|p=38}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''ä'''ra]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-ära.ogg|[²æːɾä]}} || 'hono(u)r' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛː, ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| Stockholm<ref name="Riad38"/> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|l'''ä'''sa]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[²læːsä]}} || 'to read' || Realization of {{IPA|/ɛː, ɛ/}} for younger speakers. Higher {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛː}}, {{IPAplink|ɛ̝}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɛ}}]}} for other speakers
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="gk10">{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}</ref> || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|s'''e'''n]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[s̪æn̪]}} || 'you' || Allophone of {{IPA|/e/}} before syllable-final {{IPA|/m, n, l, r/}}. In a limited number of words (but not before {{IPA|/r/}}), it is in free variation with {{IPAblink|e̞}}.<ref name="gk10"/> See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|æ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Near-open vowels]]
[[Category:Front vowels]]
[[Category:Unrounded vowels]]