Editing Nuosu language

{{Short description|Prestige language of China's Yi people}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nuosu
| altname          = Northern Yi, Liangshan Yi, Sichuan Yi
| nativename       = {{lang|ii-Yiii|ꆈꌠꉙ}} {{transliteration|ii|''Nuosuhxop''}}
| image            = 
| imagecaption     = 
| states           = [[China]]
| region           = Southern [[Sichuan]], northern [[Yunnan]]
| ethnicity        = [[Yi people|Yi]]
| speakers         = 2 million
| date             = 2000 census
| ref              = e18
| refname          = Nuosu
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2             = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3             = [[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
| fam4             = [[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
| fam5             = [[Nisoish languages|Nisoish]]
| fam6             = [[Northern Loloish languages|Nisoid]]
| script           = [[Yi syllabary]], formerly [[Yi logograms]]
| stand1           = Liangshan (Cool Mountain) dialect
| iso1             = ii
| iso1comment      = Sichuan Yi, Nuosu
| iso2             = iii
| iso2comment      = Sichuan Yi, Nuosu
| iso3             = iii
| iso3comment      = Nuosu, Sichuan Yi
| glotto           = sich1238
| glottoname       = Sichuan Yi
| notice           = IPA
| minority         = {{flag|China}} (Yunnan province)
| map              = Nuosu Language.jpg
}}

'''Nuosu''' or '''Nosu''' ({{script|Yiii|ꆈꌠꉙ}}, transcribed as {{transliteration|ii|Nuo su hxop}}), also known as '''Northern Yi''', '''Liangshan Yi''', and '''Sichuan Yi''', is the [[prestige language]] of the [[Yi people]]; it has been chosen by the Chinese government as the standard [[Yi language]] ({{zh|s=彝语}}) and as such is the only one taught in schools in both oral and written forms. It was spoken by two million people and was increasing (as of PRC census); 60% were monolingual (1994 estimate). 
Nuosu is the native Nuosu name for their own language and is not used in [[Mandarin Chinese]], though it may sometimes be translated as ''Nuòsūyǔ'' ({{zh|s=诺苏语 |t=諾蘇語}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zhu |first1=Wenxu 朱文旭 |title=Yíyǔ jīchǔ jiàochéng |last2=Munai |first2=Reha 木乃热哈 |last3=Chen |first3=Guoguang 陈国光 |date=2006 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |edition=4th |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:彝语基础教程}}</ref>

The occasional terms "Black Yi" ({{zh|labels=no|c=黑彝 |p=hēi Yí}}) and 'White Yi' ({{zh|labels=no|c=白彝 |p=bái Yí}}) are [[caste]]s of the Nuosu people, not dialects.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Nuosu is one of several often [[mutually unintelligible]] varieties known as Yi, Lolo, Moso, or Noso. The six Yi languages recognized by the Chinese government have only 25% to 50% of their vocabulary in common. They share a common [[Yi script|traditional writing system]], but that is used for [[shamanism]], rather than daily accounting.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}

According to the ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'', it is one of the eight [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] with over 1,000,000 speakers (others being [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Bai language|Bai]], [[Karen language|Karen]], [[Hani language|Hani]], [[Jingpo language|Jingpo]]).<ref>{{Cite encyclopaedia |last=Matisoff |first=James A.|date=November 2008 |orig-date=First published online 1998|title=Tibeto-Burman languages |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tibeto-Burman-languages |access-date=2024-10-03 |encyclopaedia= Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en |quote=There are 8 Tibeto-Burman languages with over 1,000,000 speakers (Burmese, Tibetan, Bai, Yi [Lolo], Karen, Meitei, Hani, Jingpo){{nbsp}}...|others=Revised 2008, by Elizabeth Prine Pauls}}
* Note: ''Encyclopedia Brittanica'' defines modern Tibetan as having "four dialect groups: Central, Southern, Northern (in northern Tibet), and Western (in western Tibet)". {{Cite encyclopaedia |title=Tibetan language |date=1998 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tibetan-language |encyclopaedia= Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en }}</ref>

==Distribution==
Nuosu is mainly spoken in the [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Sichuan]].

There are other parts of Sichuan where Yi is spoken, including [[Panzhihua]] and [[Leshan]].

In [[Yunnan]], Northern Yi (Nuosu) is spoken in the north.

==Dialects==
===Lama (2012)===
Lama (2012) gives the following classification for Nuosu dialects.
*Nuosu
**''Qumusu (Tianba)''
**Nuosu proper
***Nuosu
****''Muhisu''
****Nuosu (''{{IPA|nɔ³³su³³}}'')
*****''Yinuo''
*****''Shengzha''
***Niesu (''{{IPA|nie³³su³³}}'')
****''Suondi''
****''Adu''

The Qumusu (曲木苏, Tianba 田坝) dialect is the most divergent one. The other dialects group as Niesu (聂苏, {{Not a typo|Suondi}} and Adu) and as Nuosu proper (Muhisu 米西苏, Yinuo 义诺, and Shengzha 圣乍). Niesu has both lost voiceless nasals and developed diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Lama |first=Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan |title=Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation |date=2012 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Texas at Arlington |language=en |hdl=10106/11161 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Adu (阿都话), characterized by its [[labial–velar consonant]]s, is spoken in the [[Butuo County|Butuo]] and [[Ningnan County|Ningnan]] counties of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Sichuan]] province, and also in parts of [[Puge County|Puge]], [[Zhaojue County|Zhaojue]], [[Dechang County|Dechang]], and [[Jinyang County|Jinyang]] counties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Zhengyun 潘正云 |date=2001 |title=Yíyǔ Ādōuhuà chúnruǎn'è fùfǔyīn shēngmǔ bǐjiào yánjiū |script-title=zh:彝语阿都话唇软腭复辅音声母比较研究 |trans-title=A Comparative Study of Labiovelar Cluster Initials in the Adu Patois of the Yi Language |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |volume=2001 |issue=2 |pages=17–22 |script-journal=zh:民族语文}}</ref>

[[Nyisu language|Nyisu]] or Yellow Yi (黄彝) of [[Fumin County]], Yunnan may either be a Soundi Yi (Nuosu) dialect or [[Nisu language|Nisu]] dialect.

Zhu and Zhang (2005)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Wenxu 朱文旭 |last2=Zhang |date=2005 |title=Yíyǔ Shuǐtiánhuà gàikuàng |script-title=zh:彝语水田话概况 |trans-title=A Brief Introduction of Shuitian Speech Yi Language |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |volume=2005 |issue=4 |pages=67–80 |script-journal=zh:民族语文}}</ref> reports that the Shuitian people ({{lang|zh|水田人}}) reside mostly in the lowlands of the Anning River [[drainage basin]], in Xichang, Xide, and Mianning counties of [[Liangshan Prefecture]] in [[Sichuan]]. They are called Muhisu (''mu33 hi44 su33'') by the neighboring Yi highland people. Shuitian is spoken in the following locations. Shuitian belongs to the Shengzha dialect ({{lang|zh|圣乍次土语}}) of Northern Yi.

*[[Mianning County]]: Jionglong 迥龙, Lugu 泸沽, Hebian 河边; Manshuiwan 漫水湾<ref name="datapoint">Main datapoint used in Zhu & Zhang (2005)</ref>
*[[Xichang]]: Lizhou 礼州, Yuehua 月华
*[[Xide County]]: Mianshan 冕山镇 (including Shitoushan Village 石头山村<ref name="datapoint" />), Lake 拉克

===Bradley (1997)===
According to Bradley (1997),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Papers in South East Asian Linguistics No. 14: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |date=1997 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |editor-last=Bradley |editor-first=D. |location=Canberra |pages=1–72 |language=en |chapter=Tibeto-Burman Languages and Classification |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142941/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> there are three main dialects of Nosu, of which the Southeastern one (Sondi) is most divergent.
*Northern
**Tianba 田坝 {{a.k.a.}} Northwestern
**Yinuo 义诺 a.k.a. Northeastern
*Central (Shengzha 圣乍)
*Southeastern (Sondi)
**Sondi
**Adur

===Chen (2010)===
Chen (2010) lists the following dialects of Nosu. Also listed are the counties where each respective dialect is spoken.{{r|chen 2010}}

*Nosu 诺苏方言
**Senza, Shèngzhà 圣乍次方言
***Senza, Shèngzhà 圣乍 (''{{IPA|no̠33 su33}}''): 1,200,000 speakers primarily in [[Xide County|Xide]], [[Yuexi County, Sichuan|Yuexi]], [[Ganluo County|Ganluo]], [[Jinyang County|Jinyang]], [[Puge County|Puge]], [[Leibo County|Leibo]], [[Xichang]], [[Dechang County|Dechang]], [[Mianning County|Mianning]], [[Yanyuan County|Yanyuan]], [[Yanbian County|Yanbian]], [[Muli Tibetan Autonomous County|Muli]], [[Shimian County|Shimian]], [[Jiulong County|Jiulong]], and [[Luding County|Luding]]; also in [[Huaping County|Huaping]], [[Yongsheng County|Yongsheng]], [[Ninglang Yi Autonomous County|Ninglang]], [[Lijiang]], [[Jianchuan County|Jianchuan]], [[Yongshan County|Yongshan]], and [[Qiaojia County|Qiaojia]]
***Yino, Yìnuò 义诺 (''{{IPA|no̠22 su22}}''): 600,000 speakers primarily in [[Meigu County|Meigu]], [[Mabian Yi Autonomous County|Mabian]], [[Leibo County|Leibo]], and [[Ebian Yi Autonomous County|Ebian]], [[Ganluo County|Ganluo]]; also in [[Yuexi County, Sichuan|Yuexi]], [[Zhaojue County|Zhaojue]], and [[Jinyang County|Jinyang]]
***Lidim, Tiánbà 田坝 (''{{IPA|no̠33 su33}}''): 100,000 speakers primarily in [[Ganluo County|Ganluo]], [[Yuexi County, Sichuan|Yuexi]], and [[Ebian Yi Autonomous County|Ebian]]; also in [[Hanyuan County|Hanyuan]]
**Sodi, Suǒdì 所地次方言 (''{{IPA|no̠33 su33}}''): 600,000 speakers primarily in Tuoxian, [[Huili City|Huili]], [[Huidong County, Sichuan|Huidong]], [[Ningnan County|Ningnan]], [[Miyi County|Miyi]], [[Dechang County|Dechang]], and [[Puge County|Puge]]

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants in Nuosu
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)]]<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|[[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|{{IPA link|m̥}} {{angbr|hm}}
|{{IPA link|n̥}} {{angbr|hn}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
|{{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{angbr|zh}}
|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{angbr|j}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|p}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|c}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{angbr|q}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|bb}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|dd}}
|{{IPA link|dz}} {{angbr|zz}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʐ}} {{angbr|rr}}
|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{angbr|jj}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|gg}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>prenasalized</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{angbr|nb}}
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|{{IPA link|ⁿdz}} {{angbr|nz}}
|{{IPA link|ᶯɖʐ}} {{angbr|nr}}
|{{IPA link|ᶮdʑ}} {{angbr|nj}}
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} {{angbr|mg}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Continuant]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|f}}
| {{IPA link|l̥}} {{angbr|hl}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|sh}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{angbr|x}}
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|h}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|hx}}
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|v}} {{angbr|v}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|{{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|ss}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}} {{angbr|r}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Vowels in Nuosu
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|Non-front]]
|-
! scope="col" | <small>[[Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]</small>
! scope="col" | <small>[[Rounded vowel|rounded]]</small>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | [[Fricative vowel|Syllabic<br />consonant]]
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
|
| {{IPA link|z̩}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|v̩ʷ}} {{angbr|u}}
|-
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
|
| {{IPA link|z̠̩}} {{angbr|yr}}
| {{IPA link|v̠̩ʷ}} {{angbr|ur}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
| {{IPA link|e̝}} {{angbr|i}} 
| {{IPA link|ɤ̝}} {{angbr|e}}
| {{IPA link|o̝}} {{angbr|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
| <u>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</u> {{angbr|{{not a typo|ie}}}} 
|
| <u>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</u> {{angbr|uo}}  
|-
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| <u>{{IPA link|a}}</u> {{angbr|a}}  
|
|}

Nuosu has five pairs of phonemic vowels, contrasting in a feature Andy Eatough calls ''loose throat'' vs. ''tight throat''.  Underlining is used as an ad-hoc symbol for tight throat; phonetically, these vowels are [[laryngealized]] and/or show a [[retracted tongue root]].  Loose vs. tight throat is the only distinction in the two pairs of [[syllabic consonant]]s, but in the [[vocoid]]s it is reinforced by a [[vowel height|height]] difference.{{r|eatough}}

The syllabic consonants {{transliteration|ii|y(r) u(r)}} are essentially the usual Sinological vowels {{IPA|ɿ ʮ}}, so {{angbr|y}} can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin {{lang|cmn|四}} {{transliteration|cmn|sì}} "four", but they have diverse realizations.  {{transliteration|ii|Y(r)}} completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. {{IPA|/ɕz̩˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ɕʑ̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꑮ}} {{transliteration|ii|xyp}} "to marry", and is {{IPA|[m͡l̩]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂪꌦ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmy sy}} "cloth".  {{transliteration|ii|U(r)}} assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. {{IPA|/l̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[l̥l̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꆭ}} {{transliteration|ii|hlu}} "to stir-fry", and is {{IPA|[m̩ʷ]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂥ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmu}} "mushroom"; moreover it induces a [[bilabial trill|labially trilled]] release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. {{IPA|/ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ⁿd<sup>ʙ</sup>β̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꅥ}} {{transliteration|ii|ndup}} "to hit".

The tight-throat phone {{IPA|[<u>ɤ̝</u>]}} occurs as the realization of {{IPA|/ɤ̝/}} in the high tone.  That it is phonemically loose-throat is shown by its behaviour in tightness harmony in compound words.

Nuosu syllable structure is (C)V.

=== Tones ===
* high {{IPA|[˥]}} / {{IPA|[V̋]}} – written {{angbr|-t}}
* high-mid {{IPA|[˦]}} / {{IPA|[V́]}} or mid falling {{IPA|[˧˨]}} / {{IPA|[V᷆]}} – written {{angbr|-x}} (written with diacritic ̑ over symbol in the syllabary)
* mid {{IPA|[˧]}} / {{IPA|[V̄]}} – unmarked
* low falling {{IPA|[˨˩]}} / {{IPA|[V̂]}} – written {{angbr|-p}}

The high-mid tone is only marginally contrastive.  Its two main sources are from [[tone sandhi]] rules, as the outcome of a mid tone before another mid tone, and the outcome of a low-falling tone after a mid tone.  However, these changes do not occur in all compounds where they might: for instance {{lang|ii|ꊈ}} {{transliteration|ii|wo}} "bear" + {{lang|ii|ꃀ}} {{transliteration|ii|mop}} "mother" regularly forms {{lang|ii|ꊈꂾ}} {{transliteration|ii|wo mox}} "female bear", but {{lang|ii|ꃤ}} {{transliteration|ii|vi}} "jackal" + {{lang|ii|ꃀ}} {{transliteration|ii|mop}} "mother" forms {{lang|ii|ꃤꃀ}} {{transliteration|ii|vi mop}} "female jackal" without sandhi.  The syntax creates other contrasts: tone sandhi applies across the boundary between object and verb, so is present in [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] clauses like {{lang|ii|ꃅꏸꇐꄜꎷ}} {{transliteration|ii|mu jy lu ti shex}} "Mujy looks for Luti", but is absent in [[Object–subject–verb|OSV]] clauses like {{lang|ii|ꃅꏸꇐꄜꎹ}} {{transliteration|ii|mu jy lu ti shep}} "Luti looks for Mujy".  A few words, like {{lang|ii|ꑞ}} {{transliteration|ii|xix}} "what?", have underlying high-mid tone.

== Writing system ==
{{main|Yi script}}

Classic Yi is a syllabic [[logogram|logographic]] system of 8,000–10,000 glyphs. Although similar to [[Chinese characters]] in function, the glyphs are independent in form, with little to suggest a direct relation.

In 1958 the Chinese government had introduced a Roman-based alphabet based on the romanized script of [[Gladstone Porteous]] of Sayingpan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yi |url=http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/Yi.htm |access-date=2021-11-05 |website=WorldLanguage.com}}</ref> This was later replaced by the Modern Yi script.

The Modern Yi script ({{lang|ii|ꆈꌠꁱꂷ}} {{transliteration|ii|''nuosu bburma''}} {{IPA|[nɔ̄sū bʙ̝̄mā]}} 'Nosu script') is a standardized [[syllabary]] derived from the classic script in 1974. It was made the official script of the Yi languages in 1980. There are 756 basic glyphs based on the Liangshan dialect, plus 63 for syllables only found in Chinese borrowings. The government requires the use of the script for signs in some designated public places.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walters |first=Susan Gary |year=2022 |title=Nuosu script in the linguistic landscape of Xichang, China: a sociocultural subtext |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=44 |issue=10 |pages=928–951 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2022.2094388}}</ref>

[[Image:Yi words sign.jpg|right|thumb|220px|A signpost in a public park in [[Xichang]], [[Sichuan]], China, showing Modern Yi, Chinese and English text.]]

==Vocabulary and grammar==
Nuosu is an [[analytic language]]. The basic word order is [[Subject–object–verb]]. Vocabularies of Nuosu can be divided into [[content words]] and [[function words]]. Among content words, nouns in Nuosu do not perform inflections for grammatical gender, number, and cases, [[Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]] are required when the noun is being counted; verbs do not perform conjugations for its persons and tenses; adjectives are usually placed after the word being fixed with a structural particle and do not perform inflections for comparison. Function words, especially [[grammatical particles]], have a significant role in terms of sentence constructions in Nuosu. Nuosu does not have article words, but conjunctions and [[postposition]] words are used.<ref name="nsgra">{{Cite journal |last1=Xiang |first1=Xiaohong 向晓红 |last2=Cao |first2=Younan 曹幼南 |date=2006 |title=Yīngyǔ hé Yíyǔ de yǔfǎ bǐjiào yánjiū |script-title=zh:英语和彝语的语法比较研究 |journal=Xīnán mínzú dàxué xuébào (Rénwén shè kē bǎn) |language=zh |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=62–65 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-3926.2006.08.014 |script-journal=zh:西南民族大学学报 (人文社科版)}}</ref>

===Numbers===
Classifiers are required when numbers are used for fixing nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! ''Number''
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Yi script
| || {{Script|Yiii|ꋍ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꑍ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꌕ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꇖ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꉬ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꃘ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꏃ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꉆ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꈬ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꊰ}}  || {{Script|Yiii|ꊰꋍ}} || {{Script|Yiii|ꊰꑋ}}
|-
|IPA
|
|{{IPA|t͡sʰẑ̩}}
|{{IPA|ɲê̝}}
|{{IPA|sɔ̠̄}}
|{{IPA|lz̩̄}}
|{{IPA|ŋɤ̝̄}}
|{{IPA|fv̩̋ʷ}}
|{{IPA|ʂʐ̩̄}}
|{{IPA|he̝̋}}
|{{IPA|ɡv̩̄ʷ}}
|{{IPA|t͡sʰz̩̄}}
|{{IPA|t͡sʰẑ̩ t͡sʰz̩̄}}
|{{IPA|t͡sʰē̝ ɲê̝}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Yi Pinyin
| || cyp || nyip || suo || ly || nge || fut || shyp || hxit || ggu || cy || cyp cy || ci nyip
|}

== See also ==
*[[wikt:Appendix:Yi (Mihei) word list|Appendix:Yi (Mihei) word list]] on Wiktionary (Mihei is a Nuosu dialect)

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="eatough">Eatough, Andy (1997). [https://arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/work-papers/_files/docs/1997-eatough.pdf ''Proceeding from Syllable Inventory to Phonemic Inventory in the Analysis of Liangshan Yi''].  Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota session, vol. 41.</ref>

<ref name="chen 2010">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Kang 陈康 |title=Yíyǔ fāngyán yánjiū |date=2010 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:彝语方言研究 |trans-title=A Study of Yi Dialects}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Edmondson |first1=Jerold A. |last2=Esling |first2=John H. |last3=Lama 拉玛兹偓 |first3=Ziwo |date=2017 |title=Nuosu Yi |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=87–97 |doi=10.1017/S0025100315000444|s2cid=232345858 |doi-access=free }}
* Collective book, ''Ritual for Expelling Ghosts, A religious Classic of the Yi nationality in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan''. The Taipei Ricci Institute (November 1998) {{ISBN|957-9185-60-3}}.
* Ma Linying, Dennis Elton Walters, Susan Gary Walters (editors). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140918052528/http://www.yihanyingcihui.net/ Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]''. Nationalities Publishing House (2008). {{ISBN|978-7-105-09050-1}}/H.638.
* {{Cite book |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvnBQAAQBAJ |title=A Grammar of Nuosu |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-030867-9 |series=Mouton Grammar Library 64 |location=Berlin |language=en}}
* Review of [https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005491 Bilingual education and minority language maintenance in China: The role of schools in saving the Yi language], by Lubei Zhang and Linda Tsung. ''Journal of  Linguistics''  56: 450—454 (2020).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Incubator|code=ii}}

* [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=SILYi_home Yi font by SIL]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m43KpZ_90d4 Pronunciation of  Yi Consonant and Vowel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNl9qK3trDQ Learn Yi Vocabulary]
* [http://yi.people.com.cn/ Yi language edition of the People's Daily]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124065825/http://kdd.cc/fl/ime/yi/ Yi keyboard input]
* [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html 600 Phrases in the Liangshan Yi Dialect]
* [http://bbs.yizuren.com/forumdisplay.php?fid=8 Large Chinese forum dedicated to speaking and studying Yi language]
* [https://www.zwordy.com/yi_script_table All Yi characters with audio at Zwordy.com]


{{Languages of China}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}

[[Category:Loloish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Yi people]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 15th century]]
[[Category:Languages of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Nosuland, Sichuan]]