Editing Oʼodham language

{{Short description|Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico and US}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Oʼodham
| nativename       = {{lang|ood|ʼOʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ, ʼOʼodham ñiʼokĭ, Oʼodham ñiok}}
| states           = [[United States]], [[Mexico]]
| region           = Primarily south-central [[Arizona]] and northern [[Sonora]]
| ethnicity        = [[Tohono Oʼodham people|Tohono Oʼodham]], [[Pima people|Akimel Oʼodham]], [[Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham]]
| speakers         = 15,000
| date             = 2007
| ref              = e18
| speakers2        = 180 [[monolingual]]s (1990 census);<br />1,240 (Mexico, 2020 census)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hablantes de lengua indígena |url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/lindigena.aspx |website=Cuéntame |publisher=[[INEGI]] |access-date=13 July 2021 |language=es |trans-title=Speakers of Indigenous Languages}}</ref>
| nation           = One of the national languages of Mexico<ref>{{cite act |type=Ley General |date=13 March 2003 |legislature=Congreso de la Unión |title=[[Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas]] |trans-title=General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights |url=http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Federal/html/wo108985.html |language=es}}</ref>
| agency           = [[Secretariat of Public Education (Mexico)|Secretariat of Public Education]] in Mexico; various tribal agencies in the United States
| familycolor      = Uto-Aztecan
| fam1             = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
| fam2             = [[Southern Uto-Aztecan languages|Southern Uto-Aztecan]]
| fam3             = [[Tepiman languages|Tepiman]]
| iso3             = ood
| glotto           = toho1245
| glottorefname    = Tohono Oʼodham
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Oʼodham is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger|last1=Moseley|first1=Christopher|last2=Nicolas|first2=Alexandre|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>}}}}
| notice           = IPA
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|ood|ˈʔɔʔɔðam|}}
}}

'''Oʼodham''' ({{IPA|ood|ˈʔɔʔɔðam|pron}}, {{small|English approximation:}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|.|ɒ|ð|ə|m|,_|-|d|ə|m}} {{respell|OH|od(h)|əm}}) or '''Papago-Pima''' is a [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] language of southern [[Arizona]] and northern [[Sonora]], Mexico,  where the [[Tohono Oʼodham people|Tohono Oʼodham]] (formerly called the Papago) and [[Pima people|Akimel Oʼodham]] (traditionally called Pima) reside.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Estrada Fernández |first1=Zarina |last2=Oseguera Montiel |first2=Andrés |title=La documentación de la tradición oral entre los pima: el diablo pelea con la luna |journal=Indiana |date=2015 |volume=32 |pages=125–152 |doi=10.18441/ind.v32i0.125-152 |trans-title=Pima's oral tradition record: the devil fights the moon |publisher=[[Ibero-American Institute]] |location=Berlin |language=es |issn=2365-2225 |doi-access=free |quote=El pima bajo es una lengua yutoazteca (yutonahua) de la rama tepimana. Otras tres lenguas de esta rama son el tepehuano del norte, el tepehuano del sur o sureste y el antiguo pápago, actualmente denominado ''o’otam'' en Sonora y ''tohono o’odham'' y ''akimel o’odham'' (pima) en Arizona.|quote-page=126}}</ref> In 2000 there were estimated to be approximately 9,750 speakers in the United States and Mexico combined, although there may be more due to underreporting.

It is the 10th most-spoken indigenous language in the United States, and the 3rd most-spoken [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous language]] in Arizona (after [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]] and [[Navajo language|Navajo]]). It is the third-most spoken language in [[Pinal County, Arizona]], and the fourth-most spoken language in [[Pima County, Arizona]].

Approximately 8% of Oʼodham speakers in the US speak English "not well" or "not at all", according to results of the 2000 Census. Approximately 13% of Oʼodham speakers in the US were between the ages of 5 and 17, and among the younger Oʼodham speakers, approximately 4% were reported as speaking English "not well" or "not at all".

Native names for the language, depending on the dialect and orthography, include {{lang|ood|Oʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ}}, {{lang|ood|Oʼottham ha-neoki}}, and {{lang|ood|Oʼodham ñiok}}.

==Dialects==
The Oʼodham language has a number of dialects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |last2=Saxton |first2=Lucille |last3=Enos |first3=Susie |title=Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary |date=1983 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, AZ |isbn=9780816519422}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
* '''Oʼodham'''
** Tohono Oʼodham
*** Cukuḍ Kuk
*** Gigimai
*** Huhuʼula (Huhuwoṣ)
*** Totoguanh
** Akimel Oʼodham
*** Eastern Gila
*** Kohadk
*** Salt River
*** Western Gila
** Hia C-ed Oʼodham
*** ?
{{tree list/end}}

Due to the paucity of data on the linguistic varieties of the [[Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham]], this section currently focuses on the Tohono Oʼodham and Akimel Oʼodham dialects only.

The greatest [[Lexical (semiotics)|lexical]] and [[grammatical]] dialectal differences are between the Tohono Oʼodham (or Papago) and the Akimel Oʼodham (or Pima) dialect groupings. Some examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tohono Oʼodham
! Akimel Oʼodham
! English
|-
| {{lang|ood|ʼaʼad}}
| {{lang|ood|hotṣ}}
| to send
|-
| {{lang|ood|nhenhida}}
| {{lang|ood|tamiam}}
| to wait for
|-
| {{lang|ood|s-hewhogĭ}}
| {{lang|ood|s-heubagĭ}}
| to be cool
|-
| {{lang|ood|sisiṣ}}
| {{lang|ood|hoʼiumi}} ''(but {{lang|ood|si꞉ṣpakuḍ}}, stapler)''
| to fasten
|-
| {{lang|ood|pi꞉ haʼicug}}
| {{lang|ood|pi ʼac}}
| to be absent
|-
| {{lang|ood|wia}}
| {{lang|ood|ʼoʼoid}}
| hunt ''tr.''
|}

There are other major dialectal differences between northern and southern dialects, for example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Early Oʼodham
! Southern
! Northern
! English
|-
| *''ʼa꞉phi꞉m''
| {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉ham}}
| {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉pim}}
| you (plural)
|-
| *''cu꞉khug''
| {{lang|ood|cu꞉hug}}
| {{lang|ood|cu꞉kug}}
| flesh
|-
| *''ʼe꞉kheg''
| {{lang|ood|ʼe꞉heg}}
| {{lang|ood|ʼe꞉keg}}
| to be shaded
|-
| *''ʼu꞉pham''
| {{lang|ood|ʼu꞉hum}}
| {{lang|ood|ʼu꞉pam}}
| (go) back
|}

The Cukuḍ Kuk dialect has null in certain positions where other Tohono Oʼodham dialects have a bilabial:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Other TO dialects
! Chukuḍ Kuk
! English
|-
| {{lang|ood|jiwia, jiwa}}
| {{lang|ood|jiia}}
| to arrive
|-
| {{lang|ood|ʼuʼuwhig}}
| {{lang|ood|ʼuʼuhig}}
| bird
|-
| {{lang|ood|wabṣ}}
| {{lang|ood|haṣ}}
| only
|-
| {{lang|ood|wabṣaba, ṣaba}}
| {{lang|ood|haṣaba}}
| but
|}

==Morphology==
Oʼodham is an [[agglutinative]] language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several [[morpheme]]s strung together.

==Phonology==
{{hatnote|For clarity, the terms '''Tohono Oʼodham''' and '''Papago''' refer to the same language; likewise for '''Akimel Oʼodham''' and '''Pima'''.}}

Oʼodham phonology has a typical Uto-Aztecan inventory distinguishing 19 consonants and 5 vowels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |title=Papago Phonemes |journal=[[International Journal of American Linguistics]] |date=January 1963 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1086/464708 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |issn=1545-7001 |jstor=1264104|s2cid=224808393 }}</ref>

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|g}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative]]
|
|[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
|{{IPAlink|ʂ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|𝼈}}
|
|
|
|}

The retroflex consonants are [[apical consonant|apical]] [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]].

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPAlink|i|i iː}} || {{IPAlink|ɨ|ɨ ɨː}} || {{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| || {{IPAlink|ə}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ|ɔ ɔː}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPAlink|a|a aː}}||
|}

Most vowels distinguish two degrees of length: long and short, and some vowels also show [[extra-short]] duration (voicelessness).

* {{lang|ood|ṣe꞉l}} {{IPA|/ʂɨːɭ/}} "[[Seri people|Seri]]"
* {{lang|ood|ṣel}} {{IPA|/ʂɨɭ/}} "permission"
* {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉pi}} {{IPA|/ʔaːpi/}} "you"
* {{lang|ood|da꞉pĭ}} {{IPA|/daːpɪ̥/}} "I don't know", "who knows?"

Papago {{IPA|/ɨ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʌ]}} in Pima.

Additionally, in common with many northern Uto-Aztecan languages, vowels and nasals at end of words are [[devoiced]]. Also, a short [[schwa]] sound, either voiced or unvoiced depending on position, is often interpolated between consonants and at the ends of words.

===Allophony and distribution===

* Extra short {{angle bracket|ĭ}} is realized as voiceless {{IPA|[i̥]}} and devoices preceding obstruents: {{lang|ood|cuwĭ}} {{IPA|/tʃʊwi̥/}} → {{IPA|[tʃʊʍi̥]~[tʃʊʍʲ]}} "jackrabbit".
* {{IPA|/w/}} is a fricative {{IPA|[β]}} before unrounded vowels: {{lang|ood|wisilo}} {{IPA|[βisiɭɔ]}}.
* {{IPA|[ŋ]}} appears before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in Spanish loanwords, but native words do not have nasal assimilation: {{lang|ood|to꞉nk}} {{IPA|[toːnk]}} "hill", {{lang|ood|namk}} {{IPA|[namk]}} "meet", {{lang|ood|ca꞉ŋgo}} {{IPA|[tʃaːŋɡo]}} "monkey". {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/ɭ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɖ/}} rarely occur initially in native words, and {{IPA|/ɖ/}} does not occur before {{IPA|/i/}}.
* {{IPA|[ɲ]}} and {{IPA|[n]}} are largely in complementary distribution, {{IPA|[ɲ]}} appearing before high vowels {{IPA|/i/ /ɨ/ /ʊ/}}, {{IPA|[n]}} appearing before low vowels {{IPA|/a/ /ɔ/}}: {{lang|ood|ñeʼe}} "sing". They contrast finally ({{lang|ood|ʼañ}} (1st imperfective auxiliary) vs. {{lang|ood|an}} "next to speaker"), though Saxton analyzes these as {{IPA|/ani/}} and {{IPA|/an/}}, respectively, and final {{IPA|[ɲi]}} as in {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉ñi}} as {{IPA|/niː/}}. However, there are several Spanish loanwords where {{IPA|[nu]}} occurs: {{lang|ood|nu꞉milo}} "number". Similarly, for the most part {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[d]}} appear before low vowels while {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}} before high vowels, but there are exceptions to both, often in Spanish loanwords: {{lang|ood|tiki꞉la ("tequila")}} "wine", TO weco / AO veco ("[de]bajo") "under".

==Orthography==

There are two orthographies commonly used for the Oʼodham language: Alvarez–Hale and Saxton. The Alvarez–Hale orthography is officially used by the [[Tohono Oʼodham Nation]] and the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community, and is used in this article, but the Saxton orthography is also common and is official in the Gila River Indian Community. It is relatively easy to convert between the two, the differences between them being largely no more than different graphemes for the same phoneme, but there are distinctions made by Alvarez–Hale not made by Saxton.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Phoneme || Alvarez–Hale || Saxton || Meaning
|-
| {{IPA|/a/}} || '''a''' ''ʼaʼal'' || '''a''' {{lang|ood|a'al}} || baby
|-
| {{IPA|/b/}} || '''b''' {{lang|ood|ban}} || '''b''' {{lang|ood|ban}} || coyote
|-
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || '''c''' {{lang|ood|cehia}} || '''ch''' {{lang|ood|chehia}} || girl
|-
| {{IPA|/ð/}} || '''d''' {{lang|ood|daak}} || '''th''' {{lang|ood|thahk}} || nose
|-
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}} || '''ḍ''' {{lang|ood|meḍ}} || '''d''' {{lang|ood|med}} || run
|-
| {{IPA|/d/}} || '''ḏ''' {{lang|ood|juḏum}} || '''d''' {{lang|ood|judum}} || bear
|-
| TO {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, AO {{IPA|/ʌ/}} || '''e''' {{lang|ood|ʼeʼeb}} || '''e''' {{lang|ood|e'eb}} || stop crying
|-
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || '''g''' {{lang|ood|gogs}} || '''g''' {{lang|ood|gogs}} || dog
|-
| {{IPA|/h/}} || '''h''' {{lang|ood|haʼicu}} || '''h''' {{lang|ood|ha'ichu}} || something
|-
| TO {{IPA|/i/}}, AO {{IPA|/ɨ/}} || '''i''' {{lang|ood|ʼiibhai}} || '''i''' {{lang|ood|ihbhai}} || prickly pear cactus
|-
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || '''j''' {{lang|ood|juukĭ}} || '''j''' {{lang|ood|juhki}} || rain
|-
| {{IPA|/k/}} || '''k''' {{lang|ood|keek}} || '''k''' {{lang|ood|kehk}} || stand
|-
| {{IPA|/ɭ/}} || '''l''' {{lang|ood|luulsi}} || '''l''' {{lang|ood|luhlsi}} || candy
|-
| {{IPA|/m/}} || '''m''' {{lang|ood|muunh}} || '''m''' {{lang|ood|muhni}} || bean(s)
|-
| {{IPA|/n/}} || '''n''' {{lang|ood|naak}} || '''n''' {{lang|ood|nahk}} || ear
|-
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || '''nh''' {{lang|ood|nheʼe}}, {{lang|ood|mu꞉nh}} || '''n''', '''ni''' {{lang|ood|ne'e}}, {{lang|ood|muhni}} || sing, bean(s)
|-
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || '''ng''' {{lang|ood|anghil}}, {{lang|ood|wa꞉nggo}} || '''ng''', '''n''' {{lang|ood|anghil}}, {{lang|ood|wahngo}} || angel, bank
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || '''o''' {{lang|ood|ʼoʼohan}} || '''o''' {{lang|ood|oʼohan}} || write
|-
| {{IPA|/p/}} || '''p''' {{lang|ood|pi}} || '''p''' {{lang|ood|pi}} || not
|-
| {{IPA|/s/}} || '''s''' {{lang|ood|sitol}} || '''s''' {{lang|ood|sitol}} || syrup
|-
| {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || '''ṣ''' {{lang|ood|ṣoiga}} || '''sh''' {{lang|ood|shoiga}} || pet
|-
| {{IPA|/t/}} || '''t''' {{lang|ood|toobĭ}} || '''t''' {{lang|ood|tohbi}} || cottontail ''(Sylvilagus audubonii)''
|-
| {{IPA|/u/}} || '''u''' {{lang|ood|ʼuus}} || '''u''' {{lang|ood|uhs}} || tree, wood
|-
| {{IPA|/v/}} || '''v''' {{lang|ood|vainom}} || '''v''' {{lang|ood|vainom}} || knife
|-
| {{IPA|/w/}} || '''w''' {{lang|ood|wuai}} || '''w''' {{lang|ood|wuai}} || male deer
|-
| {{IPA|/j/}} || '''y''' {{lang|ood|payaso}} || '''y''' {{lang|ood|pa-yaso}} || clown
|-
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || '''ʼ''' {{lang|ood|ʼaʼan}} || '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>''' {{lang|ood|a'an}} || feather
|-
| {{IPA|/ː/}} || '''doubled vowel''' {{lang|ood|juukĭ}} (see [[colon (letter)]]) || '''h''' {{lang|ood|juhki}} || rain
|}

The Saxton orthography does not mark word-initial {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or extra-short vowels. Final {{angle bracket|i}} generally corresponds to Hale–Alvarez {{angle bracket|ĭ}} and final {{angle bracket|ih}} to Hale–Alvarez {{angle bracket|i}}:

* Hale–Alvarez {{lang|ood|toobĭ}} vs. Saxton {{lang|ood|tohbi}} {{IPA|/toːbĭ/}} "cottontail rabbit"
* Hale–Alvarez {{lang|ood|ʼaapi}} vs. Saxton {{lang|ood|ahpih}} {{IPA|/ʔaːpi/}} "I"

===Disputed spellings===

There is some disagreement among speakers as to whether the spelling of words should be only phonetic or whether etymological principles should be considered as well.

For instance, {{lang|ood|'''oam'''ajda}} vs. {{lang|ood|'''wua'''majda}} ("frybread"; the spellings {{lang|ood|oamacda}} and {{lang|ood|wuamacda}} are also seen) derives from {{lang|ood|oam}} (a warm color roughly equivalent to yellow or brown). Some believe it should be spelled phonetically as {{lang|ood|wuamajda}}, reflecting the fact that it begins with {{IPA|/ʊa/}}, while others think its spelling should reflect the fact that it is derived from {{lang|ood|oam}} ({{lang|ood|oam}} is itself a form of {{lang|ood|s-oam}}, so while it could be spelled {{lang|ood|wuam}}, it is not since it is just a different declension of the same word).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Grammar==

===Syntax===

Oʼodham has relatively free word order within clauses; for example, all of the following sentences mean "the boy brands the pig":<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zepeda |first1=Ofelia |author-link=Ofelia Zepeda |title=A Tohono O'odham Grammar |date=2016 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, AZ |isbn=9780816507924}}</ref>

* {{lang|ood|ceoj ʼo g ko꞉jĭ ceposid}}
* {{lang|ood|ko꞉jĭ ʼo g ceoj ceposid}}
* {{lang|ood|ceoj ʼo ceposid g ko꞉jĭ}}
* {{lang|ood|ko꞉jĭ ʼo ceposid g ceoj}}
* {{lang|ood|ceposid ʼo g ceoj g ko꞉jĭ}}
* {{lang|ood|ceposid ʼo g ko꞉jĭ g ceoj}}

In principle, these could also mean "the pig brands the boy", but such an interpretation would require an unusual context.

Despite the general freedom of sentence word order, Oʼodham is fairly strictly [[V2 word order|verb-second]] in its placement of the auxiliary verb (in the above sentences, it is {{lang|ood|ʼo}}):

* {{lang|ood|cipkan '''ʼañ'''}} "I am working"
* but {{lang|ood|pi '''ʼañ''' cipkan}} "I am not working", not **''pi cipkan ʼañ''

===Verbs===
Verbs are inflected for [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] (imperfective {{lang|ood|cipkan}}, perfective {{lang|ood|cipk}}), [[Grammatical tense|tense]] (future imperfective {{lang|ood|cipkanad}}), and [[Grammatical number|number]] (plural {{lang|ood|cicpkan}}). Number agreement displays [[Ergative–absolutive language|absolutive]] behavior: verbs agree with the number of the subject in intransitive sentences, but with that of the object in transitive sentences:

* {{lang|ood|ceoj ʼo cipkan}} "the boy is working"
* {{lang|ood|cecoj ʼo cicpkan}} "the boys are working"
* {{lang|ood|ceoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid}} "the boy is branding the pig"
* {{lang|ood|cecoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid}} "the boys are branding the pig"
* {{lang|ood|ceoj ʼo g kokji ha-cecposid}} "the boy is branding the pigs"

The main verb agrees with the object for person ({{lang|ood|ha-}} in the above example), but the auxiliary agrees with the subject: {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉ñi ʼañ g kokji ha-cecposid}} "I am branding the pigs".

===Nouns===
Three numbers are distinguished in nouns: singular, plural, and distributive, though not all nouns have distinct forms for each. Most distinct plurals are formed by reduplication and often vowel loss plus other occasional morphophonemic changes, and distributives are formed from these by gemination of the reduplicated consonant:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Callahan |first1=Rick |title=A comprehensive introduction to grammar in linguistics |date=2016 |publisher=University Publications |isbn=978-1-283-49963-7 }}</ref>

* {{lang|ood|gogs}} "dog", {{lang|ood|gogogs}} "dogs", {{lang|ood|goggogs}} "dogs (all over)"
* {{lang|ood|ma꞉gina}} "car", {{lang|ood|mamgina}} "cars", {{lang|ood|mammagina}} "cars (all over)"
* {{lang|ood|mi꞉stol}} "cat", {{lang|ood|mimstol}} "cats"

===Adjectives===
Oʼodham adjectives can act both attributively modifying nouns and predicatively as verbs, with no change in form.

* {{lang|ood|ʼi꞉da ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼo s-he꞉pid}} "This water is cold"
* {{lang|ood|ʼs-he꞉pid ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼañ hohoʼid}} "I like cold water"

==Sample text==
The following is an excerpt from Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program: {{lang|ood|Taḏai}} ("Roadrunner").<ref>Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program. ''Taḏai''. Salt River, AZ: Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program</ref> It exemplifies the Salt River dialect.

:{{lang|ood|Na꞉nse ʼe꞉da, mo꞉ hek jeweḍ ʼu꞉d si we꞉coc, ma꞉ṣ hek Taḏai siskeg ʼu꞉d ʼuʼuhig. Hek ʼaʼanac c wopo꞉c si wo skegac c ʼep si cecwac. Kuṣ ʼam hebai hai ki g ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼoʼoidam k ʼam ʼupam da꞉da k ʼam ce꞉ ma꞉ṣ he꞉kai cu hek ha na꞉da. ʼI꞉dam ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼeh he꞉mapa k ʼam aʼaga ma꞉ṣ has ma꞉sma vo bei hek na꞉da ʼab ʼamjeḍ hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Ṣa biʼi ʼa ma꞉ṣ mo ka꞉ke hek Taḏai ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉tk ʼamo ta꞉i hek na꞉da ha we꞉hejeḍ ʼi꞉dam ʼOʼodham. Taḏai ṣa꞉ ma so꞉hi ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉ḍk ʼamo ta꞉i g na꞉da hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Tho ṣud me꞉tkam, ʼam "si ʼi nai꞉ṣ hek wo꞉gk" k gau mel ma꞉ṣ ʼam ki g Tatañki Jioṣ.}}

In Saxton orthography:

:{{lang|ood|Nahnse ehtha, moh hek jeved uhth sih vehchoch, mahsh hek Tadai siskeg uhth uʼuhig. Hek aʼanach ch vopohch sih vo skegach ch ep sih chechvach. Kush am hebai hai kih g Oʼottham sham oʼoitham k am upam thahtha k am cheh mahsh hehkai chu hek ha nahtha. Ihtham Oʼothham sham eh hehmapa k am aʼaga mahsh has mahsma vo bei hek nahtha ab amjeth hek Tatanigi Jiosh. Sha biʼih a mahsh mo kahke hek Tadai mahsh mo mehtk amo tahʼih hek nahtha ha vehhejed ihtham Oʼottham. Tadai shah ma sohhih mahsh mo mehdk amo tahʼih g nahtha hek Tatanigi Jiosh. Tho shuth mehtkam, am "sih ih naihsh hek vohgk" k gau mel mahsh am kih g Tatanigi Jiosh.}}


The following is a song from O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida (O'odham Legends and Lore) by Susanne Ignacio Enos, and Dean and Lucille Saxton.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ignacio Enos |first1=Susanne |last2=Saxton |first2=Dean |last3=Saxton |first3=Lucille |year=1969 |title=O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida |trans-title=O'odham Legends and Lore |page=236 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/70969}}</ref> It exemplifies the "Storyteller dialect". 

In Saxton orthography:

:{{lang|ood|Ali s-kohmangi chemamangi wiapo'oge'eli, hemu aichu mahch k e ahnga. Wahsh ng uwi chechenga ch mu'ikko ia melopa, oi wa pi e nako. Wahshana memenada ch gahghai chum a neinahim.}}

English:

:{{lang|en|Little gray horned toad youth, he just now learned something and is telling about himself. Over there he visits a girl repeatedly. And comes many times, yet he can't make it. Over there he keeps running, trying to look across at her.}}

==See also==

{{wiktionary category|category=O'odham language}}
* [[Tohono Oʼodham]]
* [[Pima Bajo language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Incubator|code= ood}}
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Uto-Aztecan_languages Oʼodham Swadesh vocabulary list] (Wiktionary)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040411114204/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Papago-english/ Papago – English Dictionary]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004250/https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~mathiotm/text.html |date=11 October 2022 |title=The 'O'odham Texts}} - Includes stories with phonetic transcription, audio, and translation created by linguist [[Madeleine Mathiot]] with Jose Pancho and others.
*[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/04/67/100467102868469620681332441170203032624/ood_LegendsLore.pdf O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida] - O'odham legends with side-by-side English translations by Susanne Ignacio Enos and Dean and Lucille Saxton.

  
{{Uto-Aztecan languages}}
{{Languages of Arizona}}
{{Languages of Mexico}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pimic, Oʼodham, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Piman languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Arizona]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest]]
[[Category:Tohono O'odham culture]]
[[Category:Verb-second languages]]