Editing Sac spider

{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
| image = Clubiona trivialis2.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = ''[[Clubiona trivialis]]''
| taxon = Clubionidae
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1878
| range_map = Distribution.clubionidae.1.png
| diversity = [[#Genera|18 genera]], [[List of Clubionidae species|665 species]]
}}

The '''sac spiders''' of the family '''Clubionidae'''{{efn|the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders&mdash;such as yellow sac spiders ([[Cheiracanthiidae]]) or corinnid sac spiders ([[Corinnidae]])&mdash;many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae}} are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.<ref name="serket">{{cite journal |last1=Das Sarkar |first1=Irina |last2=Quasin |first2=Shazia |last3=Siliwal |first3=Manju |title=Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae)  from the Indian Western Himalayas |journal=Serket |date=April 2023 |volume=19 |page=126 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370156209_Two_new_species_of_sac_spiders_Araneae_Clubionidae_from_the_Indian_Western_Himalayas |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which ''[[Clubiona]]'' is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species {{as of|lc=y|2024|11}}.<ref name="NMBE-clubiona">{{cite web |title=Clubiona Species list |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/specieslist/502 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> 

==Taxonomy==
The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a [[wastebin taxon|large catch-all taxon]] for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.{{cn|date=November 2024}} 

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.<ref name="NMBE">{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/family/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024 |year=2024}}</ref> The [[Zoropsidae]], to which genera ''Anachemmis'', ''Lauricius'' and ''Liocranoides'' were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family [[Oxyopidae]] than to the remaining Clubionidae.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Siddharth |last2=Wood |first2=Hannah M. |last3=Hormiga |first3=Gustavo |title=Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies |journal=Cladistics |date=December 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=479–532 |doi=10.1111/cla.12557 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free |pmid=37787157 }}</ref> 

According to 2023 [[cladistic]] research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain [[polyphyletic]] as a result of the current placement of genus ''[[Elaver]]''.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023"/>

== Genera ==
{{Main|List of Clubionidae species}}
{{As of|2024|11}}, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide,<ref name="NMBE-family-detail">{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/familydetail/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> with by far the majority of species in genus ''Clubiona''. The following genera are accepted by the [[World Spider Catalog]]:<ref name="NMBE-genus-list">{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genlist/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024 |year=2024}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
*''[[Arabellata]]'' <small>Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010</small> — New Guinea
*''[[Bucliona]]'' <small>Benoit, 1977</small> — St. Helena, Kenya, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
*''[[Clubiona]]'' <small>Latreille, 1804</small> — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama
*''[[Clubionina]]'' <small>Berland, 1947</small> — St. Paul Is.
*''[[Elaver]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898</small> — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines
*''[[Femorbiona]]'' <small>Yu & Li, 2021</small> — China, Vietnam
*''[[Invexillata]]'' <small>Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010</small> — New Guinea
*''[[Malamatidia]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</small> — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
*''[[Matidia (spider)|Matidia]]'' <small>Thorell, 1878</small> — Asia, Papua New Guinea
*''[[Nusatidia]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</small> — Asia
*''[[Porrhoclubiona]]'' <small>Lohmander, 1944</small> — Asia, Africa, Europe
*''[[Pristidia]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</small> — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia
*''[[Pteroneta]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</small> — Asia, Australia
*''[[Ramosatidia]]'' <small>Yu & Li, 2021</small> — China
*''[[Scopalio]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</small> — Indonesia
*''[[Simalio]]'' <small>Simon, 1897</small> — Asia, Trinidad
*''[[Sinostidia]]'' <small>Yu & Li, 2021</small> — China
*''[[Tixcocoba]]'' <small>Gertsch, 1977</small> — Mexico
{{div col end}}

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers ''[[Carteroniella]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small> to be a ''[[nomen dubium]]''.<ref name="NMBE-Carteroniella">{{cite web |title=Carteroniella Strand 1907 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/500?type=nd |website=World Spider Catalog version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Clubionidae species]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Clubionidae}}
{{Commons|Clubionidae}}
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Anyphaenidae/anyphaenidae.htm Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/sacspiders/sacspiders.html Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305003004/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2060A.html]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812185526/http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/Docs/insects/SacSpider.pdf]

{{Araneae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q8634}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sac Spider}}
[[Category:Clubionidae|*]]<!-- Family -->