Editing T–V distinction

{{short description|Formality distinction feature of some languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Original research|date=February 2019}}

The '''T–V distinction''' is the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or familiarity. Its name comes from the [[Latin]] [[pronoun]]s ''[[wiktionary:tu#Latin|tu]]'' and ''[[wiktionary:vos#Latin|vos]]''. The distinction takes a number of forms and indicates varying levels of politeness, [[social distance|familiarity]], courtesy, age or even insult toward the addressee. The field that studies and describes this phenomenon is [[sociolinguistics]].

Many languages lack this type of distinction, instead relying on other morphological or discourse features to convey formality. [[English language|English]] historically contained the distinction, using the pronouns ''[[thou]]'' and ''you'', but the familiar ''thou'' largely disappeared from the era of [[Early Modern English]] onward, [[Thou#Persistence of second-person singular|with the exception of a few dialects]]. Additionally, British commoners historically spoke to nobility and royalty using the third person rather than the second person, a practice that has fallen out of favour. English speakers today often employ [[semantic]] analogues to convey the mentioned attitudes towards the addressee, such as whether to address someone by [[given name]] or [[surname]] or whether to use ''[[sir]]'' or ''[[madam]]''. Under a broader classification, ''T'' and ''V'' forms are examples of [[honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]].

The T–V distinction is expressed in a variety of forms; two particularly common means are:
* addressing a single individual using the second-person plural forms in the language, instead of the singular (e.g. in French);
* addressing individuals with another pronoun with its own verb conjugations (e.g. in Spanish).

{{TOC limit|4}}

== Origin and development ==
The terms ''T'' and ''V'', based on the [[Latin]] pronouns {{lang|la|tu}} and {{lang|la|vos}}, were first used in a paper by the social psychologist [[Roger Brown (psychologist)|Roger Brown]] and the Shakespearean scholar [[Roger Brown (psychologist)#Personal life|Albert Gilman]].<ref>''The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity'' published in T.A Seboek (ed) (1960). Republished in Giglioli (1972). The page numbers cited below are from Giglioli.</ref> This was a historical and contemporary survey of the uses of pronouns of address, seen as [[semantic]] markers of social relationships between individuals. The study considered mainly French, Italian, Spanish and German. The paper was highly influential<ref>Giglioli p. 217</ref> and, with few exceptions, the terms ''T'' and ''V'' have been used in subsequent studies.

The status of the single second-person pronoun ''you'' in English is controversial among linguistic scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Formentelli |first1=Maicol |last2=Hajek |first2=John |title=Address Practices in Academic Interactions in a Pluricentric Language: Australian English, American English, and British English. |journal=Pragmatics |date=2016 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=631–652 |doi=10.1075/prag.26.4.05for |hdl=11343/129713 |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/prag.26.4.05for/fulltext/prag.26.4.05for.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125221132/https://benjamins.com/catalog/prag.26.4.05for/fulltext/prag.26.4.05for.pdf }}</ref>  For some, the English ''you'' keeps everybody at a distance, although not to the same extent as V pronouns in other languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wierzbicka |first1=Anna |title=Cross-cultural pragmatics. The semantics of human interaction (2nd ed.) |date=2003 |publisher=Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter}}</ref> For others, ''you'' is a default neutral pronoun that fulfils the functions of both T and V without being
the equivalent of either,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clyne |first1=Michael |title=Address in intercultural communication across languages. |journal=Intercultural Pragmatics |date=2009 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=395–409}}</ref> so an N-V-T framework is needed, where N indicates neutrality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Manuela |editor-last= Bouissac |editor-first= Paul |title=The Social Dynamics of Pronominal Systems |publisher=John Benjamins |date=2019 |pages=17–34 |chapter=Chapter 1: N-V-T, a framework for the analysis of social dynamics in address pronouns |isbn=978-90-272-0316-8}}</ref>

== History and usage in language ==
{{see also|T–V distinction in the world's languages}}
{{globalise section|date=November 2021}}
In classical Latin, {{lang|la|tu}} was originally the singular, and {{lang|la|vos}} the plural, with no distinction for honorific or familiar. According to Brown and Gilman, the [[Roman emperor]]s began to be addressed as ''vos'' in the 4th century AD. They mention the possibility that this was because there were two emperors at that time ([[Eastern Empire|in Constantinople]] and [[Western Empire|in Rome]]), but also mention that "plurality is a very old and ubiquitous metaphor for power." This usage was extended to other powerful figures, such as [[Pope Gregory I]] (590–604). However, Brown and Gilman note that it was only between the 12th and 14th centuries that the norms for the use of T- and V-forms crystallized. Less commonly, the use of the plural may be extended to other [[grammatical person]]s, such as the "[[royal we|royal ''we'']]" (majestic plural) in English.

Brown and Gilman argued that the choice of form is governed by either relationships of "power" or "solidarity", depending on the culture of the speakers, showing that "power" had been the dominant predictor of form in Europe until the 20th century. Thus, it was quite normal for a powerful person to use a ''T''-form but expect a ''V''-form in return. However, in the 20th century the dynamic shifted in favour of solidarity, so that people would use ''T''-forms with those they knew, and ''V''-forms in service encounters, with reciprocal usage being the norm in both cases.

=== Early history: the power semantic ===
In the [[Early Middle Ages]] (the 5th century to the 10th century), the pronoun {{lang|la|vos}} was used to address the most exalted figures, emperors and popes, who would use the pronoun {{lang|la|tu}} to address a subject. This use was progressively extended to other states and societies, and down the social hierarchy as a mark of respect to individuals of higher rank, religious authority, greater wealth, or seniority within a family. The development was slow and erratic, but a consistent pattern of use is estimated to have been reached in different European societies by the period 1100 to 1500. Use of ''V'' spread to upper-class individuals of equal rank, but not to lower class individuals.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 254–255</ref> This may be represented in Brown and Gilman's notation:
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"| Unequal power
!colspan="2"| Equal power
|-
| Emperor          || Father           || High-class friend || Low-class friend
|-
| T↓{{spaces|2}}↑V || T↓{{spaces|2}}↑V || ↓↑V               || T↓↑
|-
| Subject          || Son              || High-class friend || Low-class friend
|}

=== Modification: the solidarity semantic ===
Speakers developed greater flexibility of pronoun use by redefining relationships between individuals. Instead of defining the father–son relationship as one of power, it could be seen as a shared family relationship. Brown and Gilman term this the semantics of solidarity. Thus a speaker might have a choice of pronoun, depending on how they perceived the relationship with the person addressed. Thus a speaker with superior power might choose ''V'' to express fellow feeling with a subordinate. For example, a restaurant customer might use ''V'' to their favourite waiter. Similarly, a subordinate with a friendly relationship of long standing might use ''T''. For example, a child might use ''T'' to express affection for their parent.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 257–258</ref>

This may be represented as:
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="3"| Superior has choice
! colspan="2" | Subordinate has choice
|-
| Customer          || Officer           || Employer          || Parent            || Elder sibling
|-
| T↓V{{spaces|2}}↑V || T↓V{{spaces|2}}↑V || T↓V{{spaces|2}}↑V || T↓{{spaces|2}}T↑V || T↓{{spaces|2}}T↑V
|-
| Waiter            || Soldier           || Employee          || Child             || Younger sibling
|}
These choices were available not only to reflect permanent relationships, but to express momentary changes of attitude. This allowed playwrights such as [[Jean Racine|Racine]], [[Molière]], [[Ben Jonson]], [[Christopher Marlowe]] and [[William Shakespeare]] to express a character's inner changes of mood through outward changes of pronoun.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 278–280</ref><ref>Crystal, David & Ben (2002) pp. 450–451. Reproduced at David Crystal's [http://www.shakespeareswords.com/thou-and-you Explore Shakespeare's Works] site</ref>

For centuries, it was the more powerful individual who chose to address a subordinate either with ''T'' or with ''V'', or to allow the subordinate to choose. For this reason, the pronouns were traditionally defined as the "pronoun of either condescension or intimacy" (''T'') and "the pronoun of reverence or formality" (''V''). Brown and Gilman argue that modern usage no longer supports these definitions.<ref>Brown & Gilman p. 258</ref>

=== Modern history ===
Developments from the 19th century have seen the solidarity semantic applied more consistently. It has become less acceptable for a more powerful individual to exercise the choice of pronoun. Officers in most armies are not permitted to address a soldier as ''T''. Most European parents cannot oblige their children to use ''V''. The relationships illustrated above have changed in the direction of the following norms:<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 269–261</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="3"| Superior choice removed
! colspan="2" | Subordinate choice removed
|-
| Customer || Officer || Employer || Parent || Elder sibling
|-
| ↑↓V      || ↑↓V     || ↑↓V      || T↑↓    || T↑↓
|-
| Waiter   || Soldier || Employee || Child || Younger sibling
|}
The tendency to promote the solidarity semantic may lead to the abolition of any choice of address pronoun. During the [[French Revolution]], attempts were made to abolish ''V''. In 17th century England, the [[Society of Friends]] obliged its members to use only ''T'' to everyone, and some continue to use ''T'' (''thee'') to one another.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 266–268</ref> In most Modern English dialects, the use of ''T'' is archaic and no longer exists outside of poetry or dialect.

=== Changes in progress ===
It was reported in 2012 that use of the [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|vous}} and the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|usted}} are in decline in [[social media]].<ref name="bbcnewsmag lawn 2012">{{cite news |last=Lawn |first=Rebecca |title=Tu and Twitter: Is it the end for 'vous' in French? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19499771 |access-date=7 September 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 September 2012 }}</ref> An explanation offered was that such online communications favour the philosophy of [[social equality]], regardless of usual formal distinctions. Similar tendencies were observed in [[German language|German]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Estonian language|Estonian]].<ref name="bbcnewsmag lawn 2012"/><ref>Põhjala, Priit (12 April 2013). ''[http://epl.delfi.ee/news/arvamus/priit-pohjala-kas-teietada-voi-sinatada?id=65959496 Kas teietada või sinatada?]'', ''[[Eesti Päevaleht]]''.</ref>

=== History of use in individual languages ===
{{main|T–V distinction in the world's languages}}

==== English ====
The [[Old English]] and [[Early Middle English#Early Middle English|Early Middle English]] [[grammatical person|second person]] pronouns {{lang|enm|thou}} and {{lang|enm|ye}} (with variants) were used for singular and plural reference respectively with no ''T–V'' distinction. The earliest entry in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' for ''ye'' as a ''V'' pronoun in place of the singular ''thou'' exists in a [[Middle English]] text of 1225 composed in 1200.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/231466#eid13732377 |title=ye, ''pron.'' and ''n.'' |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=10 November 2018 |url-access=subscription |quote=''a''1225 (▸c1200) ''Vices & Virtues'' (1888) 31 (''MED''): {{lang|enm|Hwo is þat us muȝen sceawin ða gode ðe '''ȝe''' us behoteð?}}}}</ref> The usage may have started among the [[Norman French]] nobility in imitation of [[Old French]]. It made noticeable advances during the second half of the 13th century. During the 16th century, the distinction between the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] form ''ye'' and the [[Object (grammar)|object]] form ''you'' was largely lost, leaving ''you'' as the usual ''V'' pronoun (and plural pronoun). After 1600, the use of ''ye'' in standard English outside of regional dialects was confined to literary and religious contexts or as a consciously archaic usage.<ref>"Interlude 12 : Choosing ''thou'' or ''you''" David Crystal (2004) pp. 307–310</ref>

[[David Crystal]] summarises [[Early Modern English]] usage thus:

''V'' would normally be used
* by people of lower social status to those above them
* by the upper classes when talking to each other, even if they were closely related
* as a sign of a change (contrasting with ''thou'') in the emotional temperature of an interaction

''T'' would normally be used
* by people of higher social status to those below them
* by the lower classes when talking to each other
* in addressing God or Jesus
* in talking to ghosts, witches, and other supernatural beings
* in an imaginary address to someone who was absent
* as a sign of a change (contrasting with ''you'') in the emotional temperature of an interaction<ref>Crystal (2004) p. 308</ref>

The ''T–V'' distinction was still well preserved when Shakespeare began writing at the end of the 16th century. However, other playwrights of the time made less use of ''T–V'' contrasts than Shakespeare. The infrequent use of ''T'' in popular writing earlier in the century such as the [[Paston Letters]] suggest that the distinction was already disappearing from gentle speech. In the first half of the 17th century, ''thou'' disappeared from [[Standard English]], although the ''T–V'' distinction was preserved in many regional dialects. When the [[Quakers]] began using ''thou'' again in the middle of the century, many people were still aware of the old ''T–V'' distinction and responded with derision and physical violence.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In the 19th century, one aspect of the ''T–V'' distinction was restored to some English dialects in the form of a pronoun that expressed friendly solidarity, written as ''[[y'all]]''. Unlike earlier ''thou'', it was used primarily for plural address, and in some dialects for singular address as well.<ref name="Schneider">{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Edgar W. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqUBUgW_Ax8C&pg=PA284 |chapter=The English dialect heritage of the southern United States |title=Legacies of Colonial English |editor-first=Raymond |editor-last=Hickey |year=2005 |page=284|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44238-1 }}</ref> The pronoun was first observed in the southern states of the US, although its precise origin is obscure. The pronoun spread rapidly throughout the southern states, and (to a lesser extent) other regions of the US and beyond. This pronoun is not universally accepted, and may be regarded as either nonstandard or a regionalism.<ref>"Interlude 17, Tracking a change: the case of ''y'all''" Crystal (2004) pp. 449–452</ref>

''Yous(e)'' (pron. {{IPAc-en|j|uː|z|}}, {{IPAc-en|j|ə|z|}}) as a plural is found mainly in [[English language in Northern England|(Northern) England]], [[Scottish English|Scotland]], parts of [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]], [[Australian English|Australia]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[South African English|South Africa]], northern [[Nova Scotia]] and parts of [[Ontario]] in Canada and parts of the northeastern United States (especially areas where there was historically Irish or Italian immigration), including in [[Boston]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New York City|New York]], and scattered throughout working class communities in the American [[Rust Belt]].

==== French ====
In [[Old French]] texts, the pronouns {{lang|fr|tu}} and {{lang|fr|vous}} are often used interchangeably to address an individual, sometimes in the same sentence. However, some emerging pattern of use has been detected by recent scholars.<ref>Summarised in Fagyal et al. (2006) pp. 267–268</ref> Between characters equal in age or rank, {{lang|fr|vous}} was more common than {{lang|fr|tu}} as a singular address. However, {{lang|fr|tu}} was sometimes used to put a young man in his place, or to express temporary anger. There may also have been variation between Parisian use and that of other regions.

In the [[Middle French]] period, a relatively stable ''T–V'' distinction emerged. ''Vous'' was the ''V'' form used by upper-class speakers to address one another, while {{lang|fr|tu}} was the ''T'' form used among lower class speakers. Upper-class speakers could choose to use either ''T'' or ''V'' when addressing an inferior. Inferiors would normally use ''V'' to a superior. However, there was much variation; in 1596, [[Étienne Pasquier]] observed in his comprehensive survey {{lang|fr|Recherches de la France|italic=yes}} that the French sometimes used {{lang|fr|vous}} to inferiors as well as to superiors "{{lang|fr|selon la facilité de nos naturels}}" ("according to our natural tendencies"). In poetry, {{lang|fr|tu}} was often used to address kings or to speak to God.<ref>Fagyal et al. p. 268</ref>

==== German ====
In [[German language|German]], ''Du'' is only used as an informal pronoun. It is only addressed to persons that one knows well, like family members and friends. It is also most commonly used among peers as a sign of equality, especially among young people. In formal situations with strangers and acquaintances, ''Sie'' is used instead. "Ihr" was also used in formal situations; this was once the abundant usage, but it has completely fallen out of use. In the plural form, "ihr" is used as the "T" pronoun and "Sie" is used as the "V" pronoun; "Ihr" and "Sie" are capitalized when they are used as the "V" pronoun.

==== Scandinavian languages ====
{{further|Du-reformen}}
A ''T–V'' distinction was once widespread in the [[North Germanic languages]] but its use began rapidly declining in the second half of the 20th century,<ref name="icelandic">{{cite news|date=1999-10-29|title=Þéranir á meðal vor|publisher=[[Morgunblaðið]]|language=is|url=https://timarit.is/page/1949629#page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Bandle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&pg=PA1631|title=The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages|author2=Kurt Braunmüller|author3=Lennart Elmevik|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2002|isbn=978-3-11-017149-5|pages=1631–}}</ref> coinciding with the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s youth rebellion]].<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" /> The ''V'' variant has in practice completely disappeared from regular speech in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] spoken in Sweden{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}, Norwegian and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]].<ref name="icelandic" /> In [[Faroese language|Faroese]] and [[Finland Swedish]], however, it is still occasionally used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/a/7-1343312|title=Niandet är artigt eller nedlåtande – olika servicesvenska i Sverige och Finland|date=2018-11-08|access-date=2024-09-30}}</ref>

The use of the ''V'' variant in [[Danish language|Danish]] has declined dramatically, but as of 2023 not completely disappeared.<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" /> In Danish the ''T'' variant is "du" and the ''V'' variant is a capitalized "De".<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" />

Swedish both had a ''V''-variant of "you" and an even more formal manner of addressing people, which was to address them in the [[Third person (grammar)|third person]] ("Could I ask Mr. Johnson to...").<ref name="icelandic" />

==== Hindi-Urdu ====
[[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]) have three levels of formality distinction. The pronoun तू تو (tū) is the informal (intimate) pronoun, तुम تم (tum) is the familiar pronoun and आप آپ (āp) is the formal pronoun. Tū is only used in certain contexts in Urdu, as in normal conversation, the use of tū is considered very rude. The pronoun तू تو (tū) is grammatically singular while the pronouns तुम تم (tum) and आप آپ (āp) are grammatically plural. However, the plural pronouns are more commonly used as singular pronouns and to explicitly mark the plurality, words such as लोग لوگ (log) [people], सब سب (sab) [all], दोनों دونوں (donõ) [both], तीनों تینوں (tīnõ) [all three] etc. are added after the plural pronouns.<ref>First-Year Hindi Course (Part one), H.H. Van Olphen (page 30-32)

https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/46086/First_Year_Hindi_Course-Part_1.pdf?sequence=2</ref>

In the [[Western Hindi]] dialects, a fourth level of formality (semi-formal), which is intermediate between आप آپ (āp) and तुम تم (tum), is created when the pronoun आप آپ (āp) is used with the conjugations of तुम تم (tum). However, this form is strictly dialectal and is not used in standard versions of Urdu and Hindi.

=== Use of names ===
The boundaries between formal and informal language differ from language to language, as well as within social groups of the speakers of a given language. In some circumstances, it is not unusual to call other people by first name and the respectful form, or last name and familiar form. For example, German teachers used to use the former construct with upper-secondary students, while Italian teachers typically use the latter (switching to a full V-form with university students). This can lead to constructions denoting an intermediate level of formality in T–V-distinct languages that sound awkward to English-speakers. In Italian, {{lang|it|(Signor) Vincenzo Rossi}} can be addressed with the {{lang|it|tu}} (familiar) form or the {{lang|it|Lei}} (formal) one, but complete addresses range from {{lang|it|Tu, Vincenzo}} (peer to peer or family) and {{lang|it|Tu, Rossi}} (teacher to high-school student, as stated above) to {{lang|it|Lei, signor Vincenzo}} (live-in servant to master or master's son) and {{lang|it|Lei, Rossi}} (senior staff member to junior) and {{lang|it|Lei, signor Rossi}} (among peers and to seniors).{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

== Usage in language ==
{{main|T–V distinction in the world's languages}}

=== Singular, plural and other ways of distinction ===
In many languages, the respectful singular pronoun derives from a plural form. Some Romance languages have familiar forms derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] singular {{lang|la|'''t'''u}} and respectful forms derived from Latin plural {{lang|la|'''v'''os}}, sometimes via a circuitous route. Sometimes, a singular V-form derives from a third-person pronoun; in [[German language|German]] and some [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] languages, it is the third-person plural. Some languages have separate ''T'' and ''V'' forms for both singular and plural, others have the same form and others have a ''T–V'' distinction only in the singular.

Different languages distinguish pronoun uses in different ways. Even within languages, there are differences between groups (older people and people of higher status tending both to use and to expect more respectful language) and between various aspects of one language. For example, in Dutch, the ''V'' form {{lang|nl|u}} is slowly falling into disuse in the plural and so one could sometimes address a group as ''T'' form {{lang|nl|jullie}}, which clearly expresses the plural when one would address each member individually as {{lang|nl|u}}, which has the disadvantage of being ambiguous. In Latin American Spanish, the opposite change has occurred—having lost the ''T'' form {{lang|nl|vosotros}}, Latin Americans address all groups as {{lang|nl|ustedes}}, even if the group is composed of friends whom they would call {{lang|nl|tú}} or {{lang|nl|[[voseo|vos]]}} (both ''T'' forms).{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} In Standard Peninsular Spanish, however, {{lang|nl|vosotros}} (literally "you others") is still regularly used in informal conversation. In some cases, the ''V''-form is likely to be capitalized when it is written.

==== Nominative case ====
The following is a table of the [[nominative case]] of the singular and plural second person in many languages, including their respectful variants (if any):

{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header sort-under"
|-
!Language
!second-person singular familiar
!second-person [[grammatical number|singular]] respectful
!second-person plural familiar
!second-person [[plural]] respectful
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| {{wikt-lang|af|jy}}<br />{{wikt-lang|af|jou}}
| {{wikt-lang|af|u}}<ref name="heygod">As with many instances in English, the pronoun is capitalized when talking to God, as in prayer.</ref>
| {{wikt-lang|af|julle}}
| {{wikt-lang|af|u}}<ref name="heygod"/>
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
| {{wikt-lang|sq|ti}}
| {{wikt-lang|sq|ju}}
| {{wikt-lang|sq|ju}}
| {{wikt-lang|sq|ju}}
|-
| [[Amharic]]
| {{wikt-lang|am|አንተ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|antä}}, ''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|am|አንቺ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|anči}}, ''f'')
| {{wikt-lang|am|እስዎ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|ɨsswo}})<br />or{{why|date=August 2013}}<br />{{wikt-lang|am|እርስዎ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|ɨrswo}})
| {{wikt-lang|am|እናንተ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|ɨnnantä}})
| {{wikt-lang|am|እስዎ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|ɨsswo}})<br />or{{why|date=August 2013}}<br />{{wikt-lang|am|እርስዎ}} ({{lang|am-Latn|ɨrswo}})
|-
| [[Arabic]]<br />(Standard)
| {{wikt-lang|ar|أنتَ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔanta}}, ''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|ar|أنتِ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔanti}}, ''f'')
| {{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُم}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantum}}, ''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُنَّ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantunna}}, ''f'')<ref>These singular respectful variants are rarely used in Modern Standard Arabic except by some speakers</ref>
|  {{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُم}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantum}}, ''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُنَّ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantunna}}, ''f'')
|  {{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُم}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantum}}, ''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|ar|أَنْتُنَّ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|ʔantunna}}, ''f'')
|-
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]
| {{wikt-lang|an|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|an|vusté}}<br />{{wikt-lang|an|vos}} ([[Ansó]] dialect)
| {{wikt-lang|an|vusatros}}<br />{{wikt-lang|an|vusaltros}} (regional)<br />{{wikt-lang|an|vusotros}} (regional)
| {{wikt-lang|an|vustés}}<br />{{wikt-lang|an|vos}} (Ansó dialect)
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
| {{wikt-lang|hy|դու}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|du}}, east)<br />{{wikt-lang|hy|դուն}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|tun}}, west)
| {{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|duk}}, east)<br />{{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|tuk}}, west)
| {{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|duk}}, east)<br />{{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|tuk}}, west)
| {{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|duk}}, east)<br />{{wikt-lang|hy|դուք}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|tuk}}, west)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| {{wikt-lang|as|তই}} ({{lang|as-Latn|toi}}; informal)<br />{{wikt-lang|as|তুমি}} ({{lang|as-Latn|tumi}}; familiar)
| {{wikt-lang|as|আপুনি}} ({{lang|as-Latn|apuni}})
| {{wikt-lang|as|তহঁত}} ({{lang|as-Latn|tohõt}}; informal)<br />{{wikt-lang|as|তোমালোক}} ({{lang|as-Latn|tümalük}}; familiar)
| {{wikt-lang|as|আপোনালোক}} ({{lang|as-Latn|apünalük}})
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani (Azeri)]]
| {{wikt-lang|az|sən}}
| {{wikt-lang|az|siz}}
| {{wikt-lang|az|siz}}
| {{wikt-lang|az|siz}}<br />{{wikt-lang|az|sizlər}}<ref>Technically a "double plural", sometimes employed for a small group of people.</ref>
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]]
| {{wikt-lang|eu|hi}} (intimate)<br />{{wikt-lang|eu|zu}} (standard)
| {{wikt-lang|eu|zu}} (standard)<br />{{wikt-lang|eu|berori}} (very respectful)
| {{wikt-lang|eu|zuek}}
| {{wikt-lang|eu|zuek}}
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| {{wikt-lang|be|ты}} ({{lang|be-Latn|ty}})
| {{wikt-lang|be|Bы}} ({{lang|be-Latn|Vy}})
| {{wikt-lang|be|вы}} ({{lang|be-Latn|vy}})
| {{wikt-lang|be|вы}} ({{lang|be-Latn|vy}})
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{wikt-lang|bn|তুই}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|tui}}; very informal)<br />{{wikt-lang|bn|তুমি}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|tumi}})
| {{wikt-lang|bn|আপনি}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|apni}})
| {{wikt-lang|bn|তোরা}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|tora}}; very informal)<br />{{wikt-lang|bn|তোমরা}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|tomra}})
| {{wikt-lang|bn|আপনারা}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|apnara}})
|-
| [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
| {{wikt-lang|brx|नों}} ({{lang|brx-Latn|nwng}})
| {{wikt-lang|brx|नोंथां}} ({{lang|rkt-Latn|nwngtang}})
| {{wikt-lang|brx|नोंसोर}} ({{lang|rkt-Latn|nwngswr}})
| {{wikt-lang|brx|नोंथांसोर}} ({{lang|rkt-Latn|nwngtangswr}})
|-
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]]
| {{wikt-lang|br|te}}
| {{wikt-lang|br|c'hwi}}
| {{wikt-lang|br|c'hwi}}
| {{wikt-lang|br|c'hwi}}
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| {{wikt-lang|bg|ти}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|ti}})
| {{wikt-lang|bg|Вие}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Vie}})
| {{wikt-lang|bg|вие}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|vie}})
| {{wikt-lang|bg|вие}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|vie}})
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| {{wikt-lang|ca|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|ca|vostè}} (formal) <br /> {{wikt-lang|ca|vós}} (respectful)
| {{wikt-lang|ca|vosaltres}}
| {{wikt-lang|ca|vostès}} (formal) <br /> {{wikt-lang|ca|vosaltres}}
|-
| [[Mandarin Chinese]] (Modern)
| {{wikt-lang|zh|你}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|nǐ}})
| {{wikt-lang|zh|您}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|nín}})<ref>Only commonly employed in northern dialects like [[Pekingese dialect|Pekingese]], which is from {{wikt-lang|zh-Hans|你们}} {{lang|cmn-Latn|nǐmen}}. Wang Li states that {{wikt-lang|zh|您}} is derived from the fusion of the syllables of {{wikt-lang|zh-Hans|你们}}, making its origin analogous to v- pronouns in several European language families in being derived from the second person plural. In support of this hypothesis, the expression {{wikt-lang|zh|您们}} for the formal second person plural is traditionally regarded as wrong, and remains rare in Mainland China (although it is more commonly used in [[Taiwan]]).</ref>
| <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>&nbsp;{{wikt-lang|zh-Hans|你们}} {{lang|cmn-Latn|nǐmen}}<br /><small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>&nbsp;{{wikt-lang|zh-Hant|你們}}
| various<ref>Including {{wikt-lang|zh|大家}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|dàjiā}}) and {{wikt-lang|zh|各位}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|gèwèi}}). In the past {{wikt-lang|zh|您们}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|nínmen}}) was considered incorrect, but is now used more frequently, especially in Taiwan.</ref>
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| {{wikt-lang|cs|ty}}
| {{wikt-lang|cs|Vy}}
| {{wikt-lang|cs|vy}}
| {{wikt-lang|cs|vy}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| {{wikt-lang|da|du}}
| {{wikt-lang|da|De}} ([[#Danish|increasingly uncommon]], very rarely used)
| {{wikt-lang|da|I}}
| {{wikt-lang|da|De}} (increasingly uncommon)
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| {{wikt-lang|nl|jij}} <br />{{wikt-lang|nl|je}}
| {{wikt-lang|nl|u}}
| {{wikt-lang|nl|jullie}}<ref>From obsolete {{lang|nl|jelui}} = {{wikt-lang|nl|jij}} + {{wikt-lang|nl|lui}} = "you people"</ref>
| {{wikt-lang|nl|u}}
|-
| [[Early Modern English]]
| {{wikt-lang|en|thou}} (''[[nominative case|nom]]'')<br />{{wikt-lang|en|thee}} (''[[accusative case|obj]]'')
| {{wikt-lang|en|ye}}<ref name="yeyou">As grammatical case largely disappeared during the transition from [[Late Middle English]] to [[Early Modern English]], ''ye'' was often replaced with ''you'' from the 15th century on.</ref> (''nom'')<br />{{wikt-lang|en|you}} (''obj'')
| {{wikt-lang|en|ye}}<ref name="yeyou"/> (''nom'')<br />{{wikt-lang|en|you}} (''obj'')
| {{wikt-lang|en|ye}}<ref name="yeyou"/> (''nom'')<br />{{wikt-lang|en|you}} (''obj'')
|-
| [[Late Modern English]]
| ''you''
| ''you''
| ''you''
| ''you''
|-
| [[Esperanto]]
| {{wikt-lang|eo|vi}}, {{wikt-lang|eo|ci}} (uncommon)
| {{wikt-lang|eo|vi}}
| {{wikt-lang|eo|vi}}
| {{wikt-lang|eo|vi}}
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| {{wikt-lang|et|sina}}<br />{{wikt-lang|et|sa}}
| {{wikt-lang|et|teie}}<br />{{wikt-lang|et|te}}
| {{wikt-lang|et|teie}}<br />{{wikt-lang|et|te}}
| {{wikt-lang|et|teie}}<br />{{wikt-lang|et|te}}
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
| {{wikt-lang|fo|tú}}
| {{wikt-lang|fo|tygum}}<ref>Only common in official documents.</ref>
| {{wikt-lang|fo|tit}}
| {{wikt-lang|fo|tit}}
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| {{wikt-lang|fi|sinä}}
| {{wikt-lang|fi|te}}<ref>Necessitates compound verb forms with participle in singular.</ref> (uncommon)
| {{wikt-lang|fi|te}}
| {{wikt-lang|fi|te}}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| {{wikt-lang|fr|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|fr|vous}}<br />{{wikt-lang|fr|il}}/{{wikt-lang|fr|elle}} (show deference)
| {{wikt-lang|fr|vous}}
| {{wikt-lang|fr|vous}}<br />{{wikt-lang|fr|ils}}/{{wikt-lang|fr|elles}} (show deference)
|-
| [[West Frisian language|Frisian (west)]]
| {{wikt-lang|fy|dû}}
| {{wikt-lang|fy|jo}}<ref name="heygod"/>
| {{wikt-lang|fy|jimme}}
| {{wikt-lang|fy|jimme}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]]
| {{wikt-lang|gd|thu}} / {{wikt-lang|gd|thusa}} (emphatic)
| {{wikt-lang|gd|sibh}} / {{wikt-lang|gd|sibhse}} (emphatic)
| {{wikt-lang|gd|sibh}} / {{wikt-lang|gd|sibhse}} (emphatic)
| {{wikt-lang|gd|sibh}} / {{wikt-lang|gd|sibhse}} (emphatic)
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]]
| {{wikt-lang|gl|ti}} ({{wikt-lang|gl|tu}}, eastern dialect)
| {{wikt-lang|gl|vostede}}
| {{wikt-lang|gl|vós}} ({{wikt-lang|gl|vosoutros}}, northeastern dialect)
| {{wikt-lang|gl|vostedes}}
|-
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
| {{wikt-lang|ka|შენ}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|shen}})
| {{wikt-lang|ka|თქვენ}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|tkven}})
| {{wikt-lang|ka|თქვენ}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|tkven}})
| {{wikt-lang|ka|თქვენ}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|tkven}})
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| {{wikt-lang|de|du}}
| {{wikt-lang|de|Sie}}<ref name="sie3">Even as a 2nd-person pronoun, {{lang|de|Sie}} employs 3rd-person (plural) verb conjugations.</ref><br />{{lang|de|Ihr}} (''[[archaism|arch]]'' or ''[[German dialects|dial]]'')<br />{{lang|de|Er/Sie/Es}}<ref>employs 3rd-person singular verb conjugations. Derisive.</ref> (''arch'' or ''dial'')
| {{wikt-lang|de|ihr}}
| {{wikt-lang|de|Sie}}<ref name="sie3"/><br />{{lang|de|Ihr}} (''arch'' or ''dial'')
|-
| [[Modern Greek]]
| {{wikt-lang|el|εσύ}} ({{lang|el-Latn|esí}})
| {{wikt-lang|el|εσείς}} ({{lang|el-Latn|esís}})
| {{wikt-lang|el|εσείς}} ({{lang|el-Latn|esís}})
| {{wikt-lang|el|εσείς}} ({{lang|el-Latn|esís}})
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| {{wikt-lang|gu|તું}} ({{lang|gu-Latn|tu}})
| {{wikt-lang|gu|તમે}} ({{lang|gu-Latn|tame}})
| {{wikt-lang|gu|તમે લોકો}} ({{lang|gu-Latn|tame loko}})
| {{wikt-lang|gu|તમે લોકો}} ({{lang|gu-Latn|tame loko}})
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| {{wikt-lang|hi|तू}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|tū}}) <small>''(intimate)''</small>
{{wikt-lang|hi|तुम}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|tum}}) ''<small>(familiar)</small>''
| {{wikt-lang|hi|आप}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|āp}})
| {{wikt-lang|hi|तुम}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|tum}})
| {{wikt-lang|hi|आप}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|āp}})
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| {{wikt-lang|hu|te}}
| {{wikt-lang|hu|maga}} (a bit old-fashioned, can be impolite)<br />{{wikt-lang|hu|ön}} (formal and official)
| {{wikt-lang|hu|ti}}
| {{wikt-lang|hu|maguk}} (a bit old-fashioned, can be impolite)<br />{{wikt-lang|hu|önök}} (formal and official)
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| {{wikt-lang|is|þú}}
| {{wikt-lang|is|þér}} ([[#Icelandic|very uncommon]])
| {{wikt-lang|is|þið}}
| {{wikt-lang|is|þér}} (very uncommon)
|-
| [[Ido]]
| {{wikt-lang|io|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|io|vu}}
| {{wikt-lang|io|vi}}
| {{wikt-lang|io|vi}}
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| {{wikt-lang|id|kamu}} (more familiar)<br />{{wikt-lang|id|kau}}
| {{wikt-lang|id|Anda}}
| {{wikt-lang|id|kalian}}
| {{wikt-lang|id|Anda}}<br />{{lang|id|Anda sekalian}} (less common)
|-
| [[Interlingua]]
| {{wikt-lang|ia|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|ia|vos}}
| {{wikt-lang|ia|vos}}
| {{wikt-lang|ia|vos}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| {{wikt-lang|it|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|it|Lei}}<br />{{wikt-lang|it|Voi}} (''[[archaism|arch]]'' or ''[[Regional Italian|dial]]'')
| {{wikt-lang|it|voi}}
| {{wikt-lang|it|Loro}} (increasingly uncommon)
|-
| [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| {{Jav|ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺ}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|kowé}})<br />{{Jav|ꦲꦮꦏ꧀ꦩꦸ}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|awakmu}})
| {{Jav|ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|panjenengan}})<br />{{Jav|ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|sampéyan}})
| {{Jav|ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺꦏꦧꦺꦃ}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|kowé kabèh}})
| {{Jav|ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦰꦼꦢꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀}} ({{wikt-lang|jv|panjenengan sedanten}})
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| {{wikt-lang|kn|ನೀನು}} ({{lang|kn-Latn|niinnu}})
| {{wikt-lang|kn|ನೀವು}} ({{lang|kn-Latn|niivu}})
| {{wikt-lang|kn|ನೀವು}} ({{lang|kn-Latn|niivu}})
| {{wikt-lang|kn|ನೀವು}} ({{lang|kn-Latn|niivu}})
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| {{wikt-lang|ks|ژٕ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|tsü}})
| {{wikt-lang|ks|تۆہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|toh'}})<br />{{wikt-lang|ks|تُہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|tuh'}})
| {{wikt-lang|ks|تۆہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|toh'}})<br />{{wikt-lang|ks|تُہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|tuh'}})
| {{wikt-lang|ks|تۆہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|toh'}})<br />{{wikt-lang|ks|تُہؠ}} ({{lang|ks-Latn|tuh'}})
|-
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| {{wikt-lang|kk|сен}} ({{lang|kk|sen}})
| {{wikt-lang|kk|сіз}} ({{lang|kk|siz}})
| {{wikt-lang|kk|сендер}} ({{lang|kk|sender}})
| {{wikt-lang|kk|сіздер}} ({{lang|kk|sizder}})
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| {{wikt-lang|ko|너}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|neo}})
| – <small>(directly addressing a person);</small><br />{{wikt-lang|ko|당신}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|dangsin}})<small>(addressing anonymous readers)</small>
| {{wikt-lang|ko|너희}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|neohui}})
| – ({{wikt-lang|ko|여러분}} {{lang|ko-Latn|yeoreobun}})
|-
| [[Ekoka !Kung]]
| {{lang|knw|a}}
| {{lang|knw|i!a}}
| {{lang|knw|i!a}}
| {{lang|knw|i!a}}
|-
| [[Kurmanji]]<br />(N. Kurdish)
| {{lang|kmr|تو}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|tu}})
| {{lang|kmr|هون}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hûn}})<br />{{lang|kmr|هنگۆ}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hingo}})<br />{{lang|kmr|تو}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|tu}})
| {{lang|kmr|هون}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hûn}})<br />{{lang|kmr|هنگۆ}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hingo}})
| {{lang|kmr|هون}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hûn}})<br />{{lang|kmr|هنگۆ}} ({{lang|kmr-Latn|hingo}})
|-
| [[Sorani]]<br />(S. Kurdish)
| {{wikt-lang|ckb|تۆ}} ({{lang|ckb-Latn|to}})
| {{lang|ckb|ێوه}} ({{lang|ckb-Latn|êwe}})<br />{{wikt-lang|ckb|تۆ}} ({{lang|ckb-Latn|to}})
| {{lang|ckb|ێوه}} ({{lang|ckb-Latn|êwe}})
| {{lang|ckb|ێوه}} ({{lang|ckb-Latn|êwe}})
|-
| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
| {{wikt-lang|ky|сен}} ({{lang|ky-Latn|sen}})
| {{wikt-lang|ky|сиз}} ({{lang|ky-Latn|siz}})
| {{wikt-lang|ky|силер}} ({{lang|ky-Latn|siler}})
| {{wikt-lang|ky|сиздер}} ({{lang|ky-Latn|sizder}})
|-
| [[Ladino language|Ladino]]
| טו {{wikt-lang|lad|tú}}
| בֿוס {{wikt-lang|lad|vos}}
| בֿוזוטרוס {{wikt-lang|lad|vozótros}}
| בֿוזוטרוס {{wikt-lang|lad|vozótros}}
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| {{wikt-lang|lv|tu}}<ref name=cap>Capitalized in correspondence.</ref>
| {{wikt-lang|lv|jūs}}<ref name=cap />
| {{wikt-lang|lv|jūs}}
| {{wikt-lang|lv|jūs}}
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| {{wikt-lang|lt|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|lt|jūs}}
| {{wikt-lang|lt|jūs}}
| {{wikt-lang|lt|jūs}}
|-
| [[Lombard language|Lombard]]
| {{wikt-lang|lmo|ti}}
| {{wikt-lang|lmo|vü}}<br />{{wikt-lang|lmo|lüü}} (''m'')<br />{{wikt-lang|lmo|lée}} (''f'')
| {{wikt-lang|lmo|viòltar}}
| {{wikt-lang|lmo|viòltar}}<br />{{wikt-lang|lmo|vü}}<br />{{wikt-lang|lmo|lur}}
|-
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| {{wikt-lang|ms|kamu}} (standard), {{wikt-lang|ms|awak}} (regional; common spoken short form is {{wikt-lang|ms|engkau}} informal), {{wikt-lang|ms|hang}} (northern dialect, but understood and accepted across Peninsular Malaysia), {{wikt-lang|ms|kau}} (impolite in all contexts except in very close relationships, ''e.g.'' friends [but not acquaintances])
| {{wikt-lang|ms|anda}} (polite/friendly formal; found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, e.g. advertisements. ''Anda'' almost never occurs in spoken Malay; instead, most Malaysians would address a respected person by their title and/or name), {{wikt-lang|ms|kamu}} (unfriendly formal; also found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, where the intention is to convey a forceful tone in writing—often seen in [[lawsuit]]s and [[summons]]es).
| {{wikt-lang|ms|kamu semua}} (polite/friendly formal), {{wikt-lang|ms|kau orang}} (when pronounced as {{wikt-lang|ms|ko'rang}} [used in very close relationships, equivalent to "you all" in parts of the U.S.] is slang and more informal), {{wikt-lang|ms|hangpa}} (northern dialect), {{wikt-lang|ms|kalian}} (archaic)
| {{wikt-lang|ms|anda}}, {{wikt-lang|ms|kalian}} (archaic)
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| {{wikt-lang|ml|നീ}}
| {{wikt-lang|ml|താങ്കൾ}}
| {{wikt-lang|ml|നിങ്ങൾ}}
| {{wikt-lang|ml|നിങ്ങൾ}}
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
| {{wikt-lang|mk|ти}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|ti}})
| {{wikt-lang|mk|Вие}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|Vie}})
| {{wikt-lang|mk|вие}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|vie}})
| {{wikt-lang|mk|вие}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|vie}})
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| {{wikt-lang|mr|तू}} {{lang|mr-Latn|tū}}
| {{wikt-lang|mr|तुम्ही}} {{lang|mr-Latn|tumhī}} (formal),<br />{{wikt-lang|mr|आपण}} {{lang|mr-Latn|āpaṇ}} (official)
| {{lang|mr|तुम्ही}} {{lang|mr-Latn|tumhī}}
| {{lang|mr|तुम्ही}} {{lang|mr-Latn|tumhī}} (formal),<br />{{wikt-lang|mr|आपण}} {{lang|mr-Latn|āpaṇ}} (official)
|-
| [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
| {{wikt-lang|mn-Cyrl|чи}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|chi}}, {{lang|mn-Mong|ᠴᠢ}})
| {{wikt-lang|mn-Cyrl|та}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|ta}}, {{lang|mn-Mong|ᠲᠠ}})
| {{wikt-lang|mn-Cyrl|та нар}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|ta nar}}, {{lang|mn-Mong|ᠲᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ}})
| {{wikt-lang|mn-Cyrl|та нар}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|ta nar}}, {{lang|mn-Mong|ᠲᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ}})
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{wikt-lang|ne|तँ}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|tã}})  <small>''(intimate)''</small>{{wikt-lang|ne|तिमी}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|timi}})  <small>''(familiar)''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|ne|तपाईं}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|tapāī̃}})  <small>''(formal)''</small>{{wikt-lang|ne|हजुर}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|hājur}})  <small>''(very formal)''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|ne|तिमी|तिमी(-हरू)}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|timi[-harū]}})
| {{wikt-lang|ne|तपाईं|तपाईं(-हरू)}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|tapāī̃[-harū]}})
{{wikt-lang|ne|हजुर|हजुर(-हरू)}} ({{lang|ne-Latn|hājur[-harū]}})
|-
| Norwegian ([[Bokmål]])
| rowspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|no|du}}/{{wikt-lang|no|deg}}
| {{wikt-lang|nb|De}}/{{wikt-lang|nb|Dem}} (archaic)
| {{wikt-lang|nb|dere}}/{{lang|nb|dere}}
| {{wikt-lang|nb|De}}/{{wikt-lang|nb|Dem}} (archaic)
|-
| Norwegian ([[Nynorsk]])
| {{wikt-lang|nn|De}}/{{wikt-lang|nn|Dykk}} (archaic)
| {{wikt-lang|nn|de}}/{{wikt-lang|nn|dykk}}
| {{wikt-lang|nn|De}}/{{wikt-lang|nn|Dykk}} (archaic)
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| {{wikt-lang|or|ତୁ}} {{lang|or-Latn|tu}}<br/>{{wikt-lang|or|ତୁମେ}} {{lang|or-Latn|tumē}}
| {{wikt-lang|or|ଆପଣ}} {{lang|or-Latn|āpaṇa}}
| {{wikt-lang|or|ତୁମେମାନେ}} {{lang|or-Latn|tumemane}}
| {{wikt-lang|or|ଆପଣମାନେ}} {{lang|or-Latn|apōṇōmane}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| {{wikt-lang|fa|تو}} {{lang|fa-Latn|to}}
| {{wikt-lang|fa|شما}} {{lang|fa-Latn|šomā}}
| {{wikt-lang|fa|شما}} {{lang|fa-Latn|šomā}}
| {{wikt-lang|fa|شما}}/{{wikt-lang|fa|شماها}} {{lang|fa-Latn|šomā}}/{{lang|fa-Latn|šomâ-hâ}}
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| {{wikt-lang|pl|ty}}
| {{wikt-lang|pl|pani}} (to a woman)<br />{{wikt-lang|pl|pan}} (to a man)<br /><small>(verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person singular form)</small>
| {{wikt-lang|pl|wy}}
| {{wikt-lang|pl|państwo}} (general)<br />{{wikt-lang|pl|panie}} (to women)<br />{{wikt-lang|pl|panowie}} (to men)<br /><small>(verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person plural form, although in many cases for {{lang|pl|państwo}} (general) the 2nd person plural form is also possible).</small>
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in [[European Portuguese|Portugal]], [[Portuguese language in Africa|Africa]], and [[Portuguese language in Asia|Asia-Pacific]]
| {{wikt-lang|pt|tu}}
| rowspan="2"|{{wikt-lang|pt|você}}; {{lang|pt|o senhor}}/ {{lang|pt|a senhora}}, {{lang|pt|sua excelência}}/ {{lang|pt|vossa excelência}}, {{wikt-lang|pt|vós}} 
| {{wikt-lang|pt|vocês}}<br />{{wikt-lang|pt|vós}}
| rowspan="2"|{{lang|pt|os senhores}}/ {{lang|pt|as senhoras}}; {{lang|pt|vossas excelências}}
|-
| [[Brazilian Portuguese]]
| {{wikt-lang|pt|você}}, {{wikt-lang|pt|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|pt|vocês}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
(Standard)
| {{Unq|{{wikt-lang|pa|توں}}}} {{lang|pa-Latn|tū̃}}
----<big>{{Unq|{{wikt-lang|pa|ਤੂੰ‌}}}}</big> {{lang|pa-Latn|tū̃}}
| colspan="3" | {{Unq|{{wikt-lang|pa|تسیں}}}} {{lang|pa-Latn|tusī̃}}
----<big>{{Unq|{{wikt-lang|pa|ਤੁਸੀਂ}}}}</big> {{lang|pa-Latn|tusī̃}}  
|-
| [[Quenya]] (Tolkien's High Elvish)
| {{lang|qya-Latn|tyë}}
| {{lang|qya-Latn|lyë}}
| {{lang|qya-Latn|lë}}
| {{lang|qya-Latn|lë}}
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| {{wikt-lang|ro|tu}}
| {{wikt-lang|ro|dumneavoastră}} (formal)
{{wikt-lang|ro|dumneata}} (less formal, possibly confrontational)

{{wikt-lang|ro|dumitale}} (less formal, possibly confrontational)

{{wikt-lang|ro|matale}}, {{wikt-lang|ro|mata}} (regional, possibly confrontational)
| {{wikt-lang|ro|voi}}
| {{wikt-lang|ro|dumneavoastră}} (formal)
{{wikt-lang|ro|domniile voastre}} (archaic)
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| {{wikt-lang|ru|ты}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|ty}}) narrowly reserved intimates (or for insults)
| {{wikt-lang|ru|вы}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|vy}}) the unmarked norm<br />the capitalised spelling {{lang|ru|Вы}} is used in formal correspondence
| {{lang|ru|вы}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|vy}})<br />not capitalised
| {{lang|ru|вы}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|vy}})<br />not capitalised
|-
| [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
| {{wikt-lang|rue|ты}} ({{lang|rue-Latn|tŷ}})
| {{wikt-lang|rue|Bы}} ({{lang|rue-Latn|Vŷ}})
| {{wikt-lang|rue|вы}} ({{lang|rue-Latn|vŷ}})
| {{lang|rue|вы}} ({{lang|rue-Latn|vŷ}})
|-
| [[Sanskrit]]
| {{wikt-lang|sa|त्वम्}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|tvam}}) <br />{{wikt-lang|sa|त्वा}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|tva}}, ''[[accusative|acc]]'') and {{wikt-lang|sa|ते}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|te}}, ''[[dative|dat]]'' and ''[[genitive|gen]]'') also used in poetry/verse
| {{wikt-lang|sa|भवान्}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|bhavān}}, addressing a man, root {{wikt-lang|sa|भवत्}}) <br />{{wikt-lang|sa|भवती}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|bhavatī}}, addressing a woman)
| {{wikt-lang|sa|युवाम्}} (dual, {{lang|sa-Latn|yuvām}}) <br />{{wikt-lang|sa|यूयम्}} (plural, {{lang|sa-Latn|yūyam}}) <br />({{lang|sa|वाम्}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|vam}}, dual) and {{wikt-lang|sa|वः}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|vaḥ}}, plural) for accusative, dative and genitive also used in poetry)
| {{wikt-lang|sa|भवन्तौ}} (dual, {{lang|sa-Latn|bhavantau}}, addressing men) <br />{{wikt-lang|sa|भवत्यौ}} (dual, {{lang|sa-Latn|bhavatyau}}, addressing women) <br /> {{lang|sa|भवन्तः}} (plural, {{lang|sa-Latn|bhavantaḥ}}, addressing men) <br /> {{wikt-lang|sa|भवत्यः}} (plural, {{lang|sa-Latn|bhavatyaḥ}}, addressing women)
|-
| [[Modern Scots|Scots]]
| {{lang|sco|thoo}}, mostly replaced by {{lang|sco|ye}}<br /><small>{{IPA|[ðuː]}}, [[Southern Scots|Southern]] {{IPA|[ðʌu]}}, [[Shetland dialect|Shetland]] {{IPA|[duː]}}</small>
| {{lang|sco|ye}}, {{lang|sco|you}}
| {{lang|sco|ye}}, {{lang|sco|you}}
| {{lang|sco|ye}}, {{lang|sco|you}}
|-
| [[Serbo-Croatian]]
| {{wikt-lang|sh-Latn|ti}} 
| {{wikt-lang|sh-Latn|vi}}/{{wikt-lang|sh-Latn|Vi}}
| {{wikt-lang|sh-Latn|vi}} 
| {{lang|sh-Latn|vi}} 
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| {{wikt-lang|sk|ty}}
| {{wikt-lang|sk|Vy}}
| {{wikt-lang|sk|vy}}
| {{lang|sk|vy}}
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| {{wikt-lang|sl|ti}}
| {{wikt-lang|sl|vi}}<br />{{wikt-lang|sl|Vi}} (protocolar)
| {{wikt-lang|sl|vidva}} ([[dual (grammatical number)|dual]])<br />{{wikt-lang|sl|vidve}} or {{wikt-lang|sl|vedve}} (dual – when addressing two women);<br />{{lang|sl|vi}} (plural)<br />{{wikt-lang|sl|ve}} (plural – when addressing only women)
| {{lang|sl|vi}} (dual and plural)
|-
| [[Lower Sorbian language|Sorbian (lower)]]
| {{wikt-lang|dsb|ty}}
| {{wikt-lang|dsb|Wy}}
| {{wikt-lang|dsb|wej}} (dual), {{wikt-lang|dsb|wy}} (plural)
| {{lang|dsb|wy}}
|-
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Sorbian (upper)]]
| {{wikt-lang|hsb|ty}}
| {{wikt-lang|hsb|Wy}}
| {{wikt-lang|hsb|wój}} (dual), {{wikt-lang|hsb|wy}} (plural)
| {{lang|hsb|wy}}
|-
| [[Somali language|Somali]]
| {{wikt-lang|so|adi}}
| {{wikt-lang|so|adiga}}
| {{wikt-lang|so|idinka}}
| {{lang|so|idinka}}
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|{{wikt-lang|es|tú}} (most common)
''vos'' (in parts of the Americas, mainly in the Southern Cone and Central America)

{{lang|es|usted}} ({{lang|es|el otro usted}}: for informal, horizontal communication in Costa Rica and parts of Colombia)
|{{wikt-lang|es|usted}} (most common)

{{wikt-lang|es|vos}}, {{wikt-lang|es|usía}} and {{wikt-lang|es|vuecencia}}/{{wikt-lang|es|vuecelencia}} (literary use)
|{{wikt-lang|es|ustedes}} (the Americas)
{{wikt-lang|es|vosotros}} masc. and {{wikt-lang|es|vosotras}} fem. ([[Peninsular Spain]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Philippines]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lipski|first1=John|title=The Spanish Language of Equatorial Guinea|journal=Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies|year=2004|volume=8|pages=120–123|doi=10.1353/hcs.2011.0376 |jstor=20641705|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=2574235 }}</ref>
|{{wikt-lang|es|ustedes}}
{{lang|es|vosotros}}, {{lang|es|vosotras}} (literary)
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| {{wikt-lang|sv|du}}/{{wikt-lang|sv|dig}}
| {{wikt-lang|sv|Ni}}/{{wikt-lang|sv|Er}} (rarely used since the [[Du-reformen]])
| {{wikt-lang|sv|ni}}/{{wikt-lang|sv|er}}
| {{lang|sv|Ni}}/{{lang|sv|Er}} (rarely used)
|-
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| {{wikt-lang|tl|ikáw}}<br />{{wikt-lang|tl|ka}} (postpositive only)
| {{wikt-lang|tl|kayó}}
| {{lang|tl|kayó}}
| {{lang|tl|kayó}}
|-
| [[Tajik language|Tajik]]
| {{wikt-lang|tg|ту}} ({{lang|tg-Latn|tu}})
| {{wikt-lang|tg|Шумо}} ({{lang|tg-Latn|Şumo}})
| {{wikt-lang|tg|шумо}} ({{lang|tg-Latn|şumo}})
| {{lang|tg|шумо}} ({{lang|tg-Latn|şumo}}) or {{wikt-lang|tg|шумоён}} ({{lang|tg-Latn|şumojon}}; the latter is used in spoken Tajik only)
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{wikt-lang|ta|நீ}} ({{lang|ta-Latn|née}})
| {{wikt-lang|ta|நீங்கள்}} ({{lang|ta-Latn|neengal}})
| {{lang|ta|நீங்கள்}} ({{lang|ta-Latn|neengal}})
| {{lang|ta|நீங்கள்}} ({{lang|ta-Latn|neengal}})
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{wikt-lang|te|నువ్వు}} ({{lang|te-Latn|nuvvu}})
| {{wikt-lang|te|మీరు}} ({{lang|te-Latn|meeru}})
| {{lang|te|మీరు}} ({{lang|te-Latn|meeru}})
| {{lang|te|మీరు}} ({{lang|te-Latn|meeru}})
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| {{wikt-lang|tr|sen}}
| {{wikt-lang|tr|siz}}, {{wikt-lang|tr|sizler}}
| {{lang|tr|siz}}
| {{lang|tr|siz}}, {{wikt-lang|tr|sizler}}
|-
| [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
| {{lang|uby|wæghʷa}}
| {{lang|uby|sʸæghʷaalha}}
| {{lang|uby|sʸæghʷaalha}}
| {{lang|uby|sʸæghʷaalha}}
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| {{wikt-lang|uk|ти}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|ty}})
| {{wikt-lang|uk|ви}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|vy}}) / {{wikt-lang|uk|Ви}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|Vy}}, addressing officials in letters etc.)
| {{lang|uk|ви}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|vy}})
| {{lang|uk|ви}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|vy}})
|-
| [[Urdu]]
| {{wikt-lang|ur|تو}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|tū}}, frozen ''or'' intimate ''or'' vulgar)
----{{wikt-lang|ur|تم}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|tum}}, casual)
----{{wikt-lang|ur|آپ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|āp}}, consultative, ''dialectal'')
| {{wikt-lang|ur|آپ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|āp}})
| {{wikt-lang|ur|تم}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|tum}}, intimate ''or'' rude)
----{{wikt-lang|ur|آپ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|āp}}, casual)
|{{wikt-lang|ur|آپ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|āp}})
|-
| [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
| {{wikt-lang|ug|سەن}} {{lang|ug-Latn|sen}}
| {{wikt-lang|ug|سىز}} {{lang|ug-Latn|siz}} or {{wikt-lang|ug|سىلى}} {{lang|ug-Latn|sili}}
| {{wikt-lang|ug|سىلەر}} {{lang|ug-Latn|siler}}
| {{wikt-lang|ug|سىزلەر}} {{lang|ug-Latn|sizler}}
|-
| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
| {{wikt-lang|uz|sen}}
| {{wikt-lang|uz|siz}}
| {{wikt-lang|uz|senlar}}
| {{wikt-lang|uz|sizlar}}
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] [[Literary Welsh morphology|(literary)]]
| {{wikt-lang|cy|ti}}, {{lang|cy|di}}
| {{wikt-lang|cy|chwi}} (preferred) or {{wikt-lang|cy|chi}}
| {{lang|cy|chwi}} (preferred) or {{lang|cy|chi}}
| {{lang|cy|chwi}} (preferred) or {{lang|cy|chi}}
|-
| Welsh [[Colloquial Welsh morphology|(colloquial)]]
| {{wikt-lang|cy|ti}}, {{lang|cy|di}} or {{wikt-lang|cy|chdi}} (regional variant, not possible when the [[Grammatical subject|subject]])
| {{wikt-lang|cy|chi}}
| {{lang|cy|chi}}
| {{lang|cy|chi}}
|-
| [[Yiddish]]
| {{wikt-lang|yi|דו}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|du}})
| {{wikt-lang|yi|איר}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|ir}})
| {{lang|yi|איר}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|ir}})<br />{{wikt-lang|yi|עץ}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|ets}}, regional)
| {{lang|yi|איר}} ({{lang|yi-Latn|ir}})
|}

== Related verbs, nouns and pronouns ==
Some languages have a verb to describe the fact of using either a ''T'' or a ''V'' form. Some also have a related noun or pronoun. The English words are used to refer only to English usage in the past, not to usage in other languages. The analogous distinction may be expressed as "to use first names" or "to be on familiar terms (with someone)".
{| class="wikitable"
|+Related ''T'' and ''V'' words
|-
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| ''T'' verb
!scope="col"| ''V'' verb
!scope="col"| ''T'' noun
!scope="col"| ''V'' noun
|-
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| ''তই-তইকৈ মাত'' (toi-toikoi mat) (very informal), ''তোমা-তুমিকৈ মাত'' (tüma-tumikoi mat) (familiar)
| ''আপোনা-আপুনিকৈ মাত'' (apüna-apunikoi mat)
| ''তই-তই কৰা'' (toi-toi kora) (very informal), ''তোমা-তুমি কৰা'' (tüma-tumi kora) (familiar)
| ''আপোনা-আপুনি কৰা'' (apüna-apuni kora)
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]]
| ''hika aritu / hika hitz egin'' (very close)
| ''zuka aritu / zuka hitz egin'' (neuter / formal) <br /> ''berorika (aritu / hitz egin)'' (very formal)
|
|
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''তুইতোকারি করা'' (tuitokāri kôrā) (very informal)
| ''আপনি-আজ্ঞে করা'' (āpni-āgge kôrā)
| ''তুইতোকারি'' (very informal)
|
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]]
| ''teal / mont dre te / komz dre te''
| ''c'hwial / mont dre c'hwi / komz dre c'hwi''
|
|
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| ''(говоря / съм) на "ти" (govorya / sam) na "ti"''
| ''(говоря / съм) на "Вие" (govorya / sam) na "Vie"''
| ''на "ти" na "ti"'' (more like adverb)
| ''на "Вие" na "Vie"'' (more like adverb)
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
| ''tutejar / tractar de tu / vós''
| ''tractar de vostè''
| ''tuteig'', ''tutejament''
|
|-
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]]
| 稱(呼)"你" ''(chēng(hū) nǐ)'' / 說"你" ''(shuō nǐ)''
| 稱(呼)"您" ''(chēng(hū) nín)'' / 說"您" ''(shuō nín)''
| 
| 
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| ''tikati''
| ''vikati''
| ''tikanje''
| ''vikanje''
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| ''tykat''
| ''vykat''
| ''tykání''
| ''vykání''
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| ''at være dus''
| ''at være Des''
|
|
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| ''tutoyeren''; ''jijen'', ''jouen'', ''jijjouwen'' (used very rarely)
| ''vousvoyeren''
| ''tutoyeren''
| ''vousvoyeren''
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| ''to thou'' (referring to historical usage)
| ''to you'' (referring to historical usage)
| ''thouing''
| ''youing''
|-
| [[Esperanto]]
| ''cidiri''
| ''vidiri''
| ''cidiro''
| ''vidiro''
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| ''sinatama''
| ''teietama''
| ''sinatamine''
| ''teietamine''
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
| ''at túa'', ''at siga tú''
| ''at siga tygum''
|
|
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| ''sinutella''
| ''teititellä''
| ''sinuttelu''
| ''teitittely''
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| ''tutoyer''
| ''vouvoyer''; very rarely ''vousoyer / voussoyer''
| ''tutoiement''
| ''vouvoiement''; very rarely ''vousoiement / voussoiement''
|-
| [[West Frisian language|Frisian (West)]]
| ''dookje''
| ''jookje''
| ''dookjen''
| ''jookjen''
|-
|[[Galician language|Galician]]
|''tratar de ti / atuar''
|''tratar de vostede''
| -
|
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| ''duzen''
| ''siezen''
| ''Duzen'' / ''Per Du''
| ''Siezen'' / ''Per Sie''
|-
| [[Swiss German]]
| ''Duzis machen''
| ''Siezis machen''
| ''Duzis''
| ''Siezis''
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| ''Μιλώ στον ενικό''
| ''Μιλώ στον πληθυντικό''
| 
| ''Πληθυντικός ευγενείας''
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|तूतड़ाक करना ''(tūtaɽāk karnā)''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| ''tegez''
| ''magáz''
| ''tegezés''
| ''magázás''
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| ''þúa''
| ''þéra''
| ''þúun''
| ''þérun''
|-
| [[Interlingua]]
| ''tutear''
| ''vosear''
| ''tuteamento''
| ''voseamento''
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| ''dare del tu'' (intransitive) / ''tuteggiare'' (transitive, archaic)
| ''dare del Lei'' / ''dare del Voi''
|
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| ''mengamukan'' (transitive); ''berkamu'' (intransitive); ''menggunakan kamu''
| ''mengandakan'' (transitive); ''beranda'' (intransitive); ''menggunakan Anda''
| ''pengamuan''; ''penggunaan kamu''
| ''pengandaan''; ''penggunaan Anda''
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| ''말을 놓다 (mareul notta)''; ''반말하다 (banmalhada)''
| ''말을 높이다 (mareul nophida)''; ''존댓말하다 (jondaemmalhada)'';
| ''반말 (banmal)''
| ''높임말 (nopphim mal)''; ''[[존댓말]] (jondaemmal)''
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || ''tujinti''
|
| ''tujinimas''
|
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| ''å være dus''
| ''å være dis''
|
|
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]]
| ''tutejar''
| ''vosejar''
| ''tutejament''
| ''vosejament''
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| ''mówić per ty''<br />''tykać'' (humorous)
| ''mówić per pan / pani''
| ''mówienie per ty''
| ''mówienie per pan / pani''
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| ''tratar por tu, você; chamar de tu, você''
| ''tratar por senhor / senhora / senhorita''; ''chamar de senhor / senhora / senhorita''
| –
| ''o senhor / a senhora''
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| ''a tutui''
| ''a domni''
| ''tutuire''
| ''plural de politeţe''
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| ''обращаться на "ты"''<br />''быть на "ты"''<br />''{{lang|ru|тыкать}} ({{Transliteration|ru|tykat'}})'' (colloquial)
| ''обращаться на "вы"''<br />''быть на "вы"''<br />''{{lang|ru|выкать}} ({{Transliteration|ru|vykat'}})'' (colloquial)
| ''{{lang|ru|тыканье}} ({{Transliteration|ru|tykan'ye}})''
| ''{{lang|ru|выканье}} ({{Transliteration|ru|vykan'ye}})''
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| ''не персирати (ne persirati)'',<br />''бити на ти (biti na ti)'',<br />''тикати (tikati)''
| ''персирати (persirati)'',<br />''бити на ви (biti na vi)'',<br />''викати (vikati)''
| ''неперсирање (nepersiranje)'',<br />''тикање (tikanje)''
| ''персирање (persiranje)'',<br />''викање (vikanje)''
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| ''tykať''
| ''vykať''
| ''tykanie''
| ''vykanie''
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| ''tikati''
| ''vikati''
| ''tikanje''
| ''vikanje''
|-
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]
| ''ty prajić'', ''tykać''
| ''wy rěkać / prajić'', ''wykać''
| ''tykanje''
| ''wykanje''
|-
| [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]
| ''ty groniś'', ''tykaś (se) {lit.}''
| ''wy groniś'', ''wykaś {lit.}''
| ''ty gronjenje, tykanje''
| ''wy gronjenje, wykanje''
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| ''tutear'', ''vosear''
| ''ustedear; tratar de usted''
| ''tuteo'', ''voseo''
| ''ustedeo''
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| ''dua''
| ''nia''
| ''duande''
| ''niande''
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| ''senli benli olmak / konuşmak'', ''sen diye çağırmak''
| ''sizli bizli olmak / konuşmak'', ''siz diye çağırmak''
| ''senli benli''
| ''sizli bizli''
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| ''тикати (tykaty)'',<br />''звертатися на "ти" (zvertatysia na "ty")''
| ''викати (vykaty)'',<br />''звертатися на "ви" (zvertatysia na "vy")''
| ''тикання (tykannia)'',<br />''звертання на ти (zvertannia na ty)''
| ''викання (vykannia)'',<br />''звертання на ви (zvertannia na vy)''
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|تو تکار کرنا (tu tukaar karna)
|
|تو تکار (tu tukaar)
|
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| ''tydïo''
| ''galw chi ar X''
| ''tydïo''
| ''galw chi ar X''
|-
| [[Yiddish]] || דוצן (''dutsn'') <br /> זײַן אױף דו (''zayn af du'') <br /> זײַן פּער דו (''zayn per du'')
| אירצן (''irtsn'') <br /> זײַן אױף איר (''zayn af ir'')
| דוצן (''dutsn'') <br /> אַריבערגיין אױף דו (''aribergeyn af du'')
| אירצן (''irtsn'')
|}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Honorific]]
* [[Honorifics (linguistics)]]
* [[Hypocorism]]
* [[Pluractionality]], another plural device used for politeness
* [[Style (form of address)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.largeur.com/?p=1868 |title=Dites-moi tu |first=Sophie |last=Balbo |work=L'Hebdo |date=23 June 2005 |language=fr}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/19/style/19iht-blume.t.html |title=Mastering the Unmasterable: A French Puzzle |first=Mary |last=Blume |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |date=19 February 2000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Roger |last2=Gilman |first2=Albert |year=1960 |chapter=The pronouns of power and solidarity |editor=T. A. Sebeok |title=Style in Language |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |pages=253–276}}
* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |year=2004 |title=The Stories of English |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish00crys |url-access=registration |publisher=Overlook Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crystal |first1=David |last2=Crystal |first2=Ben |year=2002 |title=Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary and Language Companion |publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fagyal |first1=Zsuzsanna |last2=Kibbee |first2=Douglas |last3=Jenkins |first3=Frederic |title=French: A Linguistic Introduction |date=28 September 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-45956-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Giglioli |first=Per Paolo |year=1972 |title=Language and Social Context: Selected Readings |url=https://archive.org/details/languagesocialco0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Helmbrecht |first=Johannes |year=2005 |chapter=Politeness distinctions in pronouns |editor=Martin Haspelmath |title=The World Atlas of Language Structures |url=https://archive.org/details/worldatlaslangua00hasp |url-access=limited |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldatlaslangua00hasp/page/n202 186]–190|isbn=978-0-19-925591-7 |display-editors=etal}}
* {{cite book|last1=Taavitsainen |first1=Irma |last2=Jucker |first2=Andreas H. |title=Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems|year=2003 |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=1-58811-310-8}}
* {{cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Scott |year=2009 |url=http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW/Common%20Files/megrammar.pdf |title=About Middle English Grammar |access-date=16 June 2014}}
* {{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary|The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary]] |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1971}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|T–V distinction}}

{{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:T-V Distinction}}
[[Category:Etiquette]]
[[Category:Personal pronouns]]
[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]
[[Category:Pragmatics]]
[[Category:Grammatical number]]
[[Category:Grammatical conjugation]]
[[Category:Second-person pronouns]]