Editing Udmurts

{{Short description|Permian ethnic group of Udmurtia, Russia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Udmurts <br> {{lang|udm|Удмуртъёс}}
| image            = Sep, Italmas Nuk - 48012139112.jpg
| image_alt        = 
| caption          = Udmurt children wearing traditional outfits during a flower festival in [[Igrinsky District|Igrinsky]], Udmurtia, Russia (2019)
| flag             = File:Flag of Udmurtia.svg
| flag_caption     = [[Flag of Udmurtia]]
| pop              = 396,000 (2021)
| popplace         = [[Udmurtia]]
| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop1             = 386,465 (2021)
| ref1             = 
| region2          = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop2             = 5,824 (2009)
| ref2             = 
| region3          = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop3             = 4,712 (2001)
| ref3             = <ref>[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census] (Ukrainian)</ref>
| region4          = {{flag|Estonia}}
| pop4             = 193 (2011)
| ref4             = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RL0428&ti=RAHVASTIK+RAHVUSE%2C+SOO+JA+ELUKOHA+J%C4RGI%2C+31%2E+DETSEMBER+2011&path=../Database/Rahvaloendus/REL2011/07Rahvastiku_demograafilised_ja_etno_kultuurilised_naitajad/08Rahvus_Emakeel_ja_keelteoskus_Murded/&lang=2 RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011]</ref>
| region5          = {{flag|Latvia}}
| pop5             = 179–197 (2023)
| ref5             = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity &#124; National Statistical System of Latvia |website=data.stat.gov.lv}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download?attachment Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP]</ref>
| rels             = '''Majority:''' <br /> [[Russian Orthodoxy]]<br />  '''Minority:''' <br />[[Udmurt Vos]]  <br /> [[Protestantism]] <br /> [[Pentecostalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sreda.org/arena|title = Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"}}</ref> <br /> [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iz-article.ru/islam_8.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201024731/http://www.iz-article.ru/islam_8.html | archive-date=2018-02-01 | title=IZ-article }}</ref>
| langs            = [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
| related          = Other [[Permians]], especially [[Besermyan]]
}}

The '''Udmurts''' ({{langx|udm|Удмуртъёс}}, {{Transliteration|udm|Udmurtjos}}) are a [[Permians|Permian]] ([[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udmurtiya {{!}} Republic in Russia, Culture & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Udmurtiya |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[ethnic group]] in [[Eastern Europe]], who speak the [[Udmurt language]]. They mainly live in the republic of [[Udmurtia]] in [[Russia]].

==Etymology==
The name ''Udmurt'' comes from *{{Lang|mis|odo-mort}} 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the [[Permic]] root *{{Lang|mis|od(o)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/vasmer/49476/уд | title=уд &#124; это... Что такое уд? }}</ref><!-- Permic --> meaning 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. The second part, ''murt'', means 'person' (cf. [[Komi language|Komi]] {{Lang|kv-latn|mort}}, [[Mari language|Mari]] {{Lang|chm-latn|mari}}, [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ''mirď-''), probably an early borrowing from an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] (such as [[Scythian languages|Scythian]]): *{{Lang|xsc|mertä}} or *{{Lang|xsc|martiya}} meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian {{Lang|fa-latn|mard}}). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] term *{{Lang|inc-latn|maryá-}} 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< [[Proto-Indo-European|PIE]] {{Lang|ine-x-proto|[[:en:wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/mer-|mer-]]}} 'to die'), compare [[Old Indic]] {{Lang|mis|márya}}<!-- Old Indic --> 'young warrior' and Old Indic {{Lang|mis|marut}}<!-- Old Indic --> 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots.<ref>Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.</ref> This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as ''lugovye lyudi'' 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name {{Lang|ru-latn|otyaki}}.<ref>A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", ''Linguistica Uralica'' Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.</ref>

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by [[Vladimir Napolskikh|V. V. Napolskikh]] and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: {{Lang|ira-x-proto|anta-marta}} meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. ''[[Antes people|Antes]]'') → Proto-Permic *{{Lang|mis|odə-mort}}<!-- Proto-Permic --> → [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] {{Lang|udm-latn|udmurt}}.<ref>Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. [http://www.udmurt.info/library/belykh/udmetn.htm Этноним ''удмурт'': исчерпаны ли альтернативы?] ''Linguistica Uralica''. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.</ref>

During the course of the [[Russian Empire]], Udmurts have been referred to mainly as ''{{Transliteration|ru|[[Chud]] Otyatskaya}}'' ({{lang|ru|чудь отяцкая}}), '''Otyaks''', '''Wotyaks'''<ref name=müller1776/> or '''Votyaks''', all being exonyms. Today such exonyms are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to [[Komis]] to their north, both linguistically and culturally.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Distribution==
[[File:Ареал расселения удмуртов в Волго-Уральском регионе. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года..png|thumb|left|Udmurt resettlement area in the [[Idel-Ural]] (Volga-Ural) region (data based on the [[2010 Russian Census]]]]
Most Udmurt people live in [[Udmurtia]]. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of [[Kirov Oblast]] and [[Perm Krai]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Tatarstan]], and [[Mari El]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Russian census]] figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The [[2021 Russian census|2021 census]] counted fewer Udmurts than had the [[1926 Soviet census|1926 census]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Udmurts in Russia (1926–2021)
!Census
!1926
!1939
!1959
!1970
!1979
!1989
!2002
!2010
!2021
|-
|Population
|503,970
|599,893
|615,640
|678,393
|685,718
|714,883
|636,906
|552,299
|386,465
|-
|Percentage
|0.54%
|0.55%
|0.52%
|0.52%
|0.50%
|0.49%
|0.45%
|0.40%
|0.30%
|}

==Culture==
{{see also|Udmurt cuisine}}
[[File:Wotyaks (Udmurts).jpg|thumb|Udmurts wearing traditional outfits, 1870]]
[[File:Кузебай Герд.jpg|thumb|100px|The Udmurt poet [[Kuzebay Gerd]] (1898–1937)]]
The Udmurt language belongs to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] family.

The Udmurts have a national epic called ''[[Dorvyzhy]]''. Their national musical instruments include the ''[[krez (instrument)|krez]]'' zither (similar to the Russian ''[[gusli]]'') and a pipe-like [[wind instrument]] called the {{Lang|udm-latn|chipchirghan}}.<ref name="Michka1994">{{cite book|author=Vitaly Michka|title=Inside the New Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IMrAQAAMAAJ|access-date=17 June 2012|date=1 October 1994|publisher=SC Publishing|isbn=978-1-885024-17-6}}</ref>

A chapter in the French {{Lang|fr|Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie}} from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.<ref name=müller1776>{{cite book|last1=Müller|first1=C. G.|title=Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie | date=1776|location=St. Petersburg|page=65 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/descriptiondetou01geor#page/65/mode/1up| language=fr|chapter=Les Wotyaks}}</ref>
[[James George Frazer]] also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book ''[[The Golden Bough]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frazer|first=James George|title=The Golden Bough|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_guyav82qQC&pg=PA155|year=1913|publisher=Cambridge U. Press|isbn=978-1-108-04738-8|page=155|quote= Annual expulsion of Satan among the Wotyaks of Russia}}</ref>

Many Udmurt people have [[red hair]],<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/country-with-the-most-redheads-gingers/ Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads?] - The Telegraph</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29950844 The people with the reddest hair in the world] - BBC News</ref> and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.<ref>[http://www.izh.ru/i/info/21088.html Рыжий фестиваль - 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106125815/http://www.izh.ru/i/info/21088.html |date=2020-11-06 }} - Izhevsk city portal</ref>

The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|editor-last=Winston|editor-first=Robert|location=New York|pages=396}}</ref>

== Genetics ==
According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), the majority (about 70%) of Udmurt men carry the [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N]]. The high frequency of this East Eurasian-related haplogroup is a common pattern among Uralic-speaking peoples. Most Udmurt men belong to the subclade [[Haplogroup N-M231#N1a1a (M178)|N1c]] and 16.8 percent of them belong the subclade [[Haplogroup N-M231#N1a2b (P43)|N1b-P43]]. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] (19%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Hudjashov |first3=Georgi |last4=Ilumäe |first4=Anne-Mai |last5=Rootsi |first5=Siiri |last6=Honkola |first6=Terhi |last7=Vesakoski |first7=Outi |last8=Atkinson |first8=Quentin |last9=Skoglund |first9=Pontus |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Litvinov |first11=Sergey |last12=Reidla |first12=Maere |last13=Metspalu |first13=Ene |last14=Saag |first14=Lehti |last15=Rantanen |first15=Timo |date=2018 |title=Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations |journal=Genome Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=139 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6151024 |pmid=30241495 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is [[Haplogroup U|U]] (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades [[Haplogroup U#Haplogroup U2|U2]] (10.4%) and [[Haplogroup U#Haplogroup U5|U5]] (9.3%). Nearly as common is [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]] (16.5%), [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]] (11%) and [[Haplogroup Z|Z]] (6%).<ref name=":0" />[[File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png|thumb|Autosomal ancestry proportions of Udmurts and other populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Utevska |first2=Olga |last3=Chuhryaeva |first3=Marina |last4=Agdzhoyan |first4=Anastasia |last5=Dibirova |first5=Khadizhat |last6=Uktveryte |first6=Ingrida |last7=Möls |first7=Märt |last8=Mulahasanovic |first8=Lejla |last9=Pshenichnov |first9=Andrey |last10=Frolova |first10=Svetlana |last11=Shanko |first11=Andrey |last12=Metspalu |first12=Ene |last13=Reidla |first13=Maere |last14=Tambets |first14=Kristiina |last15=Tamm |first15=Erika |date=2015-09-02 |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4558026 |pmid=26332464|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K }}</ref>]]When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30 percent of it is [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]-like.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Balanovsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Lukianova |first3=Elena |last4=Kahbatkyzy |first4=Nurzhibek |last5=Flegontov |first5=Pavel |last6=Zaporozhchenko |first6=Valery |last7=Immel |first7=Alexander |last8=Wang |first8=Chuan-Chao |last9=Ixan |first9=Olzhas |last10=Khussainova |first10=Elmira |last11=Bekmanov |first11=Bakhytzhan |last12=Zaibert |first12=Victor |last13=Lavryashina |first13=Maria |last14=Pocheshkhova |first14=Elvira |last15=Yusupov |first15=Yuldash |date=2019 |title=The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=966–976 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6542712 |pmid=31036896|bibcode=2019NatEE...3..966J }}</ref> This [[Siberia]]n component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples. The rest can be modelled to be mostly [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe]]-like with a smaller [[eastern hunter-gatherer]] component,<ref name=":0" /> or [[Srubnaya culture|Srubnaya]]-like.<ref name=":1" /> It is common for Northeastern Europeans to have a high level of Steppe-related admixture.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vladimir Medeyko congratulates Udmurt language (2018-11-21).ogv|Wikimedia Russia director Vladimir Medeyko congratulates Udmurt language
File:Удмурты.jpg|Udmurt women in traditional clothing
File:Закамские удмурты.jpg
File:Zakama Udmurt mens costume.png|An Udmurt man wearing traditional clothing
File:Sep, Italmas Nuk - 48012046556.jpg|Udmurt girls at the Italmas Nuk flower festival in [[Igrinsky District]]
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Besermyan]] (considered a subgroup of the Udmurts)

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* Klabukov, A. "[https://electro.nekrasovka.ru/books/6193778 Udmurtskije narodnyje skazki]". Vstupitel'naja stat'ja P. Jasina, kommentarii A. Zapadova. Izevsk: 1948.
* {{ill|Kralina, Nadezhda|ru|Кралина, Надежда Петровна}}. "[http://elibrary.unatlib.ru/handle/123456789/49701 Сто сказок удмуртского народа]" [A hundred fairy tales from the Udmurt people]. Ижевск: Удмуртское книжное издательство, 1961.
* {{cite journal |last=Levin |first=Isidor |author-link=:de:Isidor Levin |title=III. Forschungsberichte: Die Volkserzählungen der Wotjaken (Udmurten) (Mit Beiträgen von Walter Anderson) |journal=[[Fabula (journal)|Fabula]] |volume=5 |date=1962 |pages=101–155 |doi=10.1515/fabl.1962.5.1.101 |language=DE}}
* Shushakova, Galina. "[https://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/fbt/shushakova.pdf The Idea of Earthly and Unearthly worlds in the Udmurt fairy-tales]". In: ''Folk Belief Today''. Edited by Mare Kõiva and Kai Vassiljeva. Tartu: Estonian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Estonian Language; Estonian Museum of Literature, 1995. pp.&nbsp;442–446. {{ISBN|9985-851-11-0}}.

==External links==
*[http://udmurtology.narod.ru Udmurtology]—{{in lang|ru}}
*[[:udm:|Udmurt language Wikipedia]]

{{Finno-Ugric peoples}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Udmurt people| ]]
[[Category:Permians]]
[[Category:History of Ural]]
[[Category:History of Udmurtia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Russia]]
[[Category:People from Udmurtia]]