Udmurts

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{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}|Udmurts
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| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |upright=|image=File:Flag of Udmurtia.svg|alt=|border={{#ifeq:no|||yes}}}} | caption1 = Flag of Udmurtia

| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |upright=|alt=|image={{#if:|{{{rawimage}}}|Sep, Italmas Nuk - 48012139112.jpg }} }} | caption2 = Udmurt children wearing traditional outfits during a flower festival in Igrinsky, Udmurtia, Russia (2019)

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| header1 = {{#if:396,000 (2021) |Total population}}

| data2 = 396,000 (2021) {{#if:|(Template:Comma separated entries)}} {{#if: | (including those of ancestral descent)}} | label3 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data3 = | label4 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data4 = | label5 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data5 =

| header6 = {{#if:Udmurtia Template:Flag |Regions with significant populations}} | data7 = Udmurtia | header8 = | data9 =

| label11 = Template:Flag | data11 = 386,465 (2021) | label12 = Template:Flag | data12 = 5,824 (2009) | label13 = Template:Flag | data13 = 4,712 (2001)<ref>State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)</ref> | label14 = Template:Flag | data14 = 193 (2011)<ref>RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011</ref> | label15 = Template:Flag | data15 = 179–197 (2023)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP</ref> | label16 = | data16 = | label17 = | data17 = | label18 = | data18 = | label19 = | data19 = | label20 = | data20 = | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:Udmurt, Russian |Languages}} | data62 = Udmurt, Russian | header63 = {{#if:Majority:
Russian Orthodoxy
Minority:
Udmurt Vos
Protestantism
Pentecostalism<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Islam<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |Religion}} | data64 = Majority:
Russian Orthodoxy
Minority:
Udmurt Vos
Protestantism
Pentecostalism<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Islam<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | header65 = {{#if:Other Permians, especially Besermyan |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Other Permians, especially Besermyan |Other Permians, especially Besermyan Template:Main other }}

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The Udmurts (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. They mainly live in the republic of Udmurtia in Russia.

EtymologyEdit

The name Udmurt comes from *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the Permic root *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> meaning 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. The second part, murt, means 'person' (cf. Komi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Mari {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Mordvin mirď-), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian): *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to die'), compare Old Indic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'young warrior' and Old Indic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots.<ref>Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.</ref> This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.</ref>

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes) → Proto-Permic *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Udmurt {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.</ref>

During the course of the Russian Empire, Udmurts have been referred to mainly as Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Otyaks, Wotyaks<ref name=müller1776/> or Votyaks, all being exonyms. Today such exonyms are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north, both linguistically and culturally.Template:Citation needed

DistributionEdit

File:Ареал расселения удмуртов в Волго-Уральском регионе. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года..png

Udmurt resettlement area in the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region (data based on the 2010 Russian Census

Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.Template:Citation needed

The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989.Template:Citation needed The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census.

Udmurts in Russia (1926–2021)
Census	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002	2010	2021
Population	503,970	599,893	615,640	678,393	685,718	714,883	636,906	552,299	386,465
Percentage	0.54%	0.55%	0.52%	0.52%	0.50%	0.49%	0.45%	0.40%	0.30%

CultureEdit

Template:See also

File:Wotyaks (Udmurts).jpg

Udmurts wearing traditional outfits, 1870

File:Кузебай Герд.jpg

The Udmurt poet Kuzebay Gerd (1898–1937)

The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family.

The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy. Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Michka1994">Template:Cite book</ref>

A chapter in the French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.<ref name=müller1776>Template:Cite book</ref> James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Many Udmurt people have red hair,<ref>Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads? - The Telegraph</ref><ref>The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News</ref> and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.<ref>Рыжий фестиваль - 2017 Template:Webarchive - Izhevsk city portal</ref>

The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

GeneticsEdit

According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), the majority (about 70%) of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N. The high frequency of this East Eurasian-related haplogroup is a common pattern among Uralic-speaking peoples. Most Udmurt men belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8 percent of them belong the subclade N1b-P43. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19%).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4%) and U5 (9.3%). Nearly as common is H (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5%), D (11%) and Z (6%).<ref name=":0" />

File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png

Autosomal ancestry proportions of Udmurts and other populations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30 percent of it is Nganasan-like.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> This Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples. The rest can be modelled to be mostly Steppe-like with a smaller eastern hunter-gatherer component,<ref name=":0" /> or Srubnaya-like.<ref name=":1" /> It is common for Northeastern Europeans to have a high level of Steppe-related admixture.<ref name=":0" />

GalleryEdit

Vladimir Medeyko congratulates Udmurt language (2018-11-21).ogv

Wikimedia Russia director Vladimir Medeyko congratulates Udmurt language
Удмурты.jpg

Udmurt women in traditional clothing
Закамские удмурты.jpg
Zakama Udmurt mens costume.png

An Udmurt man wearing traditional clothing
Sep, Italmas Nuk - 48012046556.jpg

Udmurt girls at the Italmas Nuk flower festival in Igrinsky District

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Finno-Ugric peoples Template:Ethnic groups of Russia Template:Authority control