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{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox constellation with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| name | abbreviation | genitive | pronounce | symbolism | RA | dec | family | quadrant | areatotal | arearank | numbermainstars | numberbfstars | numberstarsplanets | numberbrightstars | numbernearbystars | brighteststarname | starmagnitude | neareststarname | stardistancely | stardistancepc | stardistance | numbermessierobjects | meteorshowers | bordering | latmax | latmin | month | notes }} Pictor is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Its name is Latin for painter, and is an abbreviation of the older name Equuleus Pictoris (the "painter's easel"). Normally represented as an easel, Pictor was named by Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. The constellation's brightest star is Alpha Pictoris, a white main-sequence star around 97 light-years away from Earth. Pictor also hosts RR Pictoris, a cataclysmic variable star system that flared up as a nova, reaching apparent (visual) magnitude 1.2 in 1925 before fading into obscurity.Template:Efn
Pictor has attracted attention because of its second-brightest star Beta Pictoris, 63.4 light-years distant from Earth, which is surrounded by an unusual dust disk rich in carbon, as well as two exoplanets (extrasolar planets). Another five stars in the constellation have been observed to have planets. Among them is HD 40307, an orange dwarf that has six planets orbiting it, one of which—HD 40307 g—is a potential super-Earth in the circumstellar habitable zone. Kapteyn's Star, the nearest star in Pictor to Earth, is a red dwarf located 12.76 light-years away that was believed to have two super-Earths in orbit in 2014, but their existence of these planets was disproven in 2021.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Pictor A is a radio galaxy that is shooting an 800,000 light-year long jet of plasma from a supermassive black hole at its centre. In 2006, a gamma-ray burst—GRB 060729—was observed in Pictor, its extremely long X-ray afterglow detectable for nearly two years.
HistoryEdit
The French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille first described Pictor as le Chevalet et la Palette (the easel and palette) in 1756,Template:Sfn after observing and cataloguing 10,000 southern stars during a two-year stay at the Cape of Good Hope.Template:Efn He devised 14 new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe. All but one honored instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment.Template:Sfn He gave these constellations Bayer designations, including ten stars in Pictor now named Alpha to Nu Pictoris.Template:Efn He labelled the constellation Equuleus Pictorius on his 1763 chart,Template:Sfn the word "Equuleus" meaning small horse, or easel—perhaps from an old custom among artists of carrying a canvas on a donkey.Template:Sfn The German astronomer Johann Bode called it Pluteum Pictoris. The name was shortened to its current form in 1845 by the English astronomer Francis Baily on the suggestion of his countryman Sir John Herschel.Template:Sfn
CharacteristicsEdit
Pictor is a small constellation bordered by Columba to the north, Puppis and Carina to the east, Caelum to the northwest, Dorado to the southwest and Volans to the south. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Pic".Template:Sfn The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 18 segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between Template:RA and Template:RA, while the declination coordinates are between −42.79° and −64.15°.Template:Sfn Pictor culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 17 March.Template:Sfn Its position in the far Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 26°N,Template:SfnTemplate:Efn and parts become circumpolar south of latitude 35°S.Template:Sfn
FeaturesEdit
StarsEdit
Pictor is a faint constellation; its three brightest stars can be seen near the prominent Canopus.Template:Sfn Within the constellation's borders, there are 49 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn At apparent magnitude 3.3, Alpha Pictoris is the brightest star in the constellation; it is an astrometric binary 97 light-years from Earth.Template:Sfn<ref name="apjss173">Template:Cite journal</ref> The primary of this system is an A-type star of spectral type A8VnkA6,Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn a rapidly spinning star with a projected rotational velocity estimated at 206 km/sTemplate:Sfn with has a shell of circumstellar gas.Template:Sfn Beta Pictoris is another white main sequence star of spectral type A6V and apparent magnitude 3.86. Located around 63.4 light-years distant from Earth,Template:Sfn it is a member of the Beta Pictoris moving group—a group of 17 star systems around 12 million years old moving through space together.Template:Sfn In 1984 Beta Pictoris was the first star discovered to have a debris disk.Template:Sfn Since then, two exoplanets with masses over ten times the mass of Jupiter have been discovered orbiting between 2.7 and eight astronomical units (AU) away from the star, which fit between the asteroid belt and the orbit of Saturn.<ref>Template:Cite Exoplanet Archive</ref> Beta Pictoris b was discovered using direct imagery with the Very Large Telescope in late 2009,<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref> while Beta Pictoris c was discovered via doppler spectroscopy (radial velocity method) in August 2009.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Gamma Pictoris is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that has swollen to 11 times the diameter of the Sun.<ref name="Gallenne2017">Template:Citation</ref> Shining with an apparent magnitude of 4.5, it lies 186 light-years distant from Earth.<ref>Template:Cite DR3</ref> HD 42540, called 47 Pictoris by American astronomer Benjamin Apthorp Gould, is a slightly cooler orange giant, with a spectral type of K2.5III and average magnitude 5.04.Template:Sfn It has also been suspected of being a variable star.Template:Sfn Lacaille mistakenly named this star Mu Doradus, but had recorded its Right Ascension one hour too low.Template:Sfn Lacaille named two neighbouring stars Eta Pictoris.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Eta2 Pictoris, also known as HR 1663, is an orange giant of spectral type K5III and apparent magnitude 5.05. 474 light-years distant,Template:Sfn it has a diameter 5.6 times that of the Sun.Template:Sfn Eta1 Pictoris, also known as HR 1649, is 85 light-years distant and is a main sequence star of spectral type F5V and visual magnitude 5.38.Template:Sfn A double star, it has a companion of magnitude 13; the two are separated by 11 arcseconds.Template:Sfn
Located about 1298 light-years from Earth, Delta Pictoris is an eclipsing binary of the Beta Lyrae type.Template:Sfn Composed of two blue stars of spectral types B3III and O9V, the system has a period of 1.67 days, and is observed to dip from apparent magnitude 4.65 to 4.9.Template:Sfn The stars are oval-shaped as they are gravitationally distorted by each other.Template:Sfn TV Pictoris is a spectroscopic binary system composed of an A-type star and an F-type star which rotate around each other in a very close orbit. The latter star is elliptical in shape and itself varies in brightness.Template:Sfn The visual magnitude ranges between 7.37 and 7.53 every 20 hours.Template:Sfn
Aside from Beta, five other stars in Pictor are known to host planetary systems. AB Pictoris is a BY Draconis variable star with a substellar companion that is either a large planet or a brown dwarf, which was discovered by direct imaging in 2005.Template:Sfn HD 40307 is an orange main sequence star of spectral type K2.5V and apparent magnitude 7.17 located about 42 light-years away. Doppler spectroscopy with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) indicates that HD 40307 is host to six super-Earth planets, one of which, HD 40307 g, lies in the circumstellar habitable zone of the star, and is not close enough to be tidally locked (i.e. with the same face always facing the star), unlike the other planets in the same system, and many other planets which orbit close to their parent stars.Template:Sfn HD 41004 is a complex binary system about 139 light-years distant. The primary is an orange dwarf of spectral type K1V orbited by a planet roughly 2.65 times the mass of Jupiter every 963 days, while the secondary is a red dwarf of spectral type M2V and orbited by a brown dwarf that is at least 19 times as massive as Jupiter. Both substellar components were discovered by doppler spectroscopy using the CORALIE spectrograph in 2004 and 2002 respectively.Template:Sfn Kapteyn's Star, a nearby red dwarf at the distance of 12.78 light-years, has a magnitude of 8.8. It has the largest proper motion of any star in the sky after Barnard's Star.Template:Sfn Moving around the Milky Way in the opposite direction to most other stars, it may have originated in a dwarf galaxy that was merged into the Milky Way, with the main remnant being the Omega Centauri globular cluster.Template:Sfn In 2014 analysis of the doppler variations of Kapteyn's Star with the HARPS spectrograph showed that it hosts two super-Earths—Kapteyn b and Kapteyn c, but the existence of these exoplanet was disproven in 2021.<ref name=":0" /> It is believed that these planets were actually just artifacts of the Kapteyn' star's rotation and activity.<ref name=":0" />
Located 1.5 degrees west southwest of Alpha, RR Pictoris is a cataclysmic variable that flared up as a nova, reaching magnitude 1.2 on 9 June 1925.Template:Sfn Six months after its peak brightness, it had faded to be invisible to the unaided eye, and was magnitude 12.5 by 1975.Template:Sfn RR Pictoris is a close binary system composed of a white dwarf and secondary star that orbit each other every 3.48 hours—so close that the secondary is filling up its Roche lobe with stellar material, which is then transferred onto the first star's accretion disk. Once this material reaches a critical mass, it ignites and the system brightens tremendously. Calculations from the orbital speed suggest the secondary star is not dense enough for its size to still be on the main sequence, so it also must have begun expanding and cooling already after its core ran out of hydrogen fuel.Template:Sfn The RR Pictoris system is estimated to lie around 1300 light-years distant from Earth.Template:Sfn
Deep-sky objectsEdit
NGC 1705 is an irregular dwarf galaxy 17 million light-years from Earth. It is one of the most active star forming galaxies in the nearby universe, despite the fact that its rate of star formation peaked around 30 million years ago.Template:Sfn Pictor A, around 485 million light-years away, is a double-lobed radio galaxyTemplate:Sfn and a powerful source of radio waves in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere.Template:Sfn From a supermassive black hole at its centre, a relativistic jet shoots out to an X-ray hot spot 800,000 light years away.Template:Sfn SPT-CL J0546-5345 is a massive galaxy cluster located around 7 billion light-years away with a mass equivalent to approximately 800 trillion suns.Template:Sfn
GRB 060729 was a gamma-ray burst that was first observed on 29 July 2006. It is likely the signal of a type Ic supernova—the core collapse of a massive star.Template:Sfn It was also notable for its extraordinarily long X-ray afterglow, detectable 642 days (nearly two years) after the original event.Template:Sfn The event was remote, with a redshift of 0.54.Template:Sfn
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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External linksEdit
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