Reference ranges for blood tests

Template:Short description Template:Reference ranges Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).<ref>Page 19 in: Template:Cite book</ref> It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:<ref name="pmid33274357">Template:Cite journal </ref>

• All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
• All values in Hematology – white blood cells
• Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

• Vitamin B₉ (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

• Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.Template:Cn
• Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.<ref>"Units of measurement" in Medical toxicology, Richard C. Dart

Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 Template:ISBN 1914 pages</ref>

• International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.Template:Cn
• Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
• Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).<ref name=Dufour>"Arterial versus venous reference ranges", Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour</ref> Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.<ref name=Dufour/>

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.<ref name=Mangla/><ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>

Variability

Template:Further References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Sorted by concentration

By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range. Template:Blood Values

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).Template:Cn

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

• Numerically:

<math>\text{molar concentration} \times \text{molar mass} = \text{mass concentration}</math>

• Measured directly in distance on the scales:

<math>\log_{10} \frac{\text{molar mass}}{1000} = \text{distance to right (decades)} </math>,

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,<ref>PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI / POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009</ref> is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by enzyme activity.png

White blood cells

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Template:Further Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit*	Comments
Template:Anchor Sodium (Na)	135,<ref name=firstaid/> 137<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/>	145,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/> 147<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>	See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
	310,<ref name=sodium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1</ref> 320<ref name=sodium-molar/>	330,<ref name=sodium-molar/> 340<ref name=sodium-molar/>	mg/dL
Template:Anchor Potassium (K)	3.5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/> 3.6<ref name=southwest/>	5.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>	See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
	14<ref name=potassium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1</ref>	20<ref name=potassium-molar/>	mg/dL
Template:Anchor Chloride (Cl)	95,<ref name=firstaid/> 98,<ref name=merck/> 100<ref name=uppsala/>	105,<ref name=firstaid/> 106,<ref name=merck/> 110<ref name=uppsala/>	mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>	See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
	340<ref name=chloride-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1</ref>	370<ref name=chloride-molar/>	mg/dL
Template:Anchor Ionized calcium (Ca)	1.03,<ref name=Larsson>Template:Cite journal</ref> 1.10<ref name=uppsala/>	1.23,<ref name=Larsson/> 1.30<ref name=uppsala/>	mmol/L	See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
	4.1,<ref name=calcium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1</ref> 4.4<ref name=calcium-molar/>	4.9,<ref name=calcium-molar/> 5.2<ref name=calcium-molar/>	mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)	2.1,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=calcium-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1</ref> 2.2<ref name=uppsala/>	2.5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=calcium-mass/> 2.6,<ref name=calcium-mass/> 2.8<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L
	8.4,<ref name=firstaid/> 8.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	10.2,<ref name=firstaid/> 10.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
Template:Anchor Total serum iron (TSI) – male	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 76<ref name=southwest/> || 176,<ref name=uimc/> 198<ref name=southwest/> || μg/dL ||rowspan=2| See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
	11.6,<ref name=DCL>Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay Template:Webarchive July 15, 2005</ref><ref name=mass-iron/> 13.6<ref name=mass-iron/>	30,<ref name=DCL/> 32,<ref name=mass-iron/> 35<ref name=mass-iron/>	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female	26,<ref name=southwest/> 50<ref name=uimc/>	170<ref name=southwest/><ref name=uimc/>	μg/dL
	4.6,<ref name=mass-iron/> 8.9<ref name=DCL/>	30.4<ref name=DCL/>	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns	100<ref name=uimc/>	250<ref name=uimc/>	μg/dL
	18<ref name=mass-iron>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1</ref>	45<ref name=mass-iron/>	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children	50<ref name=uimc/>	120<ref name=uimc/>	μg/dL
	9<ref name=mass-iron/>	21<ref name=mass-iron/>	μmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	240,<ref name=uimc/> 262<ref name=southwest/>	450,<ref name=uimc/> 474<ref name=southwest/>	μg/dL
	43,<ref name=mass-iron/> 47<ref name=mass-iron/>	81,<ref name=mass-iron/> 85<ref name=mass-iron/>	μmol/L
Template:Anchor Transferrin	190,<ref name=clinchem>Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)</ref> 194,<ref name=uppsala/> 204<ref name=southwest/>	326,<ref name=uppsala/> 330,<ref name=clinchem/> 360<ref name=southwest/>	mg/dL
	25<ref name=transf-derived>Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass</ref>	45<ref name=transf-derived/>	μmol/L
Transferrin saturation	20<ref name=uimc/>	50<ref name=uimc/>	%
Template:Anchor Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females	12<ref name=medline>Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }} Updated: Jan 02, 2016</ref> || ng/mL or μg/L ||
	27<ref name=mass-ferritin>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1</ref>	670<ref name=mass-ferritin/>	pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females	12<ref name=medline/>	150<ref name=medline/> – 200<ref name=medscape-ferritin/>	ng/mL or μg/L
	27<ref name=mass-ferritin/>	330<ref name=mass-ferritin/> – 440<ref name=mass-ferritin/>	pmol/L
Template:Anchor Ammonia	10,<ref name=mitchell>Template:Cite journal</ref> 20<ref name=diaz>Template:Cite journal</ref>	35,<ref name=mitchell/> 65<ref name=diaz/>	μmol/L	See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
	17,<ref name=ammonia-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol</ref> 34<ref name=ammonia-molar/>	60,<ref name=ammonia-molar/> 110<ref name=ammonia-molar/>	μg/dL
Template:Anchor Copper (Cu)	70<ref name=bloodbook/>	150<ref name=bloodbook/>	μg/dL	See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
	11<ref name=copper-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1</ref><ref>Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref>	24<ref name=copper-mass/>	μmol/L
Template:Anchor Ceruloplasmin	15<ref name=bloodbook/>	60<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
	1<ref name=ceruloplasmin-mass>Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa</ref>	4<ref name=ceruloplasmin-mass/>	μmol/L
Template:Anchor Phosphate (HPO42−)	0.8	1.5<ref name=boron849>Template:Cite book</ref>	mmol/L	See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	1.0<ref name=firstaid/>	1.5<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L
	3.0<ref name=firstaid/>	4.5<ref name=firstaid/>	mg/dL
Template:Anchor Zinc (Zn)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 72<ref name=zinc-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol</ref> || 110,<ref name=zinc-molar/> 130<ref name=dlolab/> || μg/dL ||rowspan=2| See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
	9.2,<ref name=zinc-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol</ref> 11<ref name=uppsala/>	17,<ref name=uppsala/> 20<ref name=zinc-mass/>	μmol/L
Template:Anchor Magnesium	1.5,<ref name=bloodbook/> 1.7<ref name=magnesium-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol</ref>	2.0,<ref name=bloodbook/> 2.3<ref name=magnesium-molar/>	mEq/L or mg/dL	See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
	0.6,<ref name=magnesium-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol</ref> 0.7<ref name=uppsala/>	0.82,<ref name=magnesium-mass/> 0.95<ref name=uppsala/>	mmol/L

• Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

Template:Further Template:Further If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.Template:Cn

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.<ref name=Dufour/> Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.<ref name=middleton>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Test	Arterial/Venous	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
pH	Arterial	7.34,<ref name=southwest/> 7.35<ref name=firstaid/>	7.44,<ref name=southwest/> 7.45<ref name=firstaid/>
	Venous	7.31<ref name=brookside>The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009</ref>	7.41<ref name=brookside/>
[H+]	Arterial	36<ref name=firstaid/>	44<ref name=firstaid/>	nmol/L
		3.6<ref name=hydrogen-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1</ref>	4.4<ref name=hydrogen-molar/>	ng/dL
Base excess	Arterial & venous<ref name=brookside/>	−3<ref name=brookside/>	+3<ref name=brookside/>	mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)	Arterial pO2	10,<ref name=firstaid/> 11<ref name=mmHg/>	13,<ref name=mmHg/> 14<ref name=firstaid/>	kPa
		75,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 83<ref name=bloodbook/>	100,<ref name=southwest/> 105<ref name=firstaid/>	mmHg or torr
	Venous	4.0<ref name=mmHg/>	5.3<ref name=mmHg/>	kPa
		30<ref name=brookside/>	40<ref name=brookside/>	mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation	Arterial	94,<ref name=brookside/> 95,<ref name=merck>Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003</ref> 96<ref name=bloodbook/>	100<ref name=merck/><ref name=bloodbook/>	%
	Venous	Approximately 75<ref name=merck/>
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)	Arterial PaCO2	4.4,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.7<ref name=mmHg>Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg</ref>	5.9,<ref name=firstaid/> 6.0<ref name=mmHg/>	kPa
		33,<ref name=firstaid/> 35<ref name=southwest/>	44,<ref name=firstaid/> 45<ref name=southwest/>	mmHg or torr
	Venous	5.5,<ref name=mmHg/>	6.8<ref name=mmHg/>	kPa
		41<ref name=brookside/>	51<ref name=brookside/>	mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2)	Arterial	23<ref name=brookside/>	30<ref name=brookside/>	mmol/L
		100<ref name=co2-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol</ref>	132<ref name=co2-molar/>	mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−)	Arterial & venous	18<ref name=bloodbook>Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges Template:Webarchive Bloodbook.Com</ref>	23<ref name=bloodbook/>	mmol/L
		110<ref name=bicarbonate-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol</ref>	140<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/>	mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)	Arterial & venous	21, 22<ref name=firstaid/>	27, 28<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L or mEq/L<ref name=firstaid/>
		134<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/>	170<ref name=bicarbonate-molar/>	mg/dL

Liver function

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Total protein (TotPro)		60,<ref name=firstaid/> 63<ref name=southwest/>	78,<ref name=firstaid/> 82,<ref name=southwest/> 84<ref name=bloodbook/>	g/L	See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin		35<ref name=firstaid/><ref>Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref>	48,<ref name=southwest/> 55<ref name=firstaid/>	g/L	See hypoalbuminemia
		3.5<ref name=southwest/>	4.8,<ref name=southwest/> 5.5<ref name=firstaid/>	U/L
		540<ref name=albumin-mass>Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD</ref>	740<ref name=albumin-mass/>	μmol/L
Globulins		23<ref name=firstaid/>	35<ref name=firstaid/>	g/L
Template:Anchor Total bilirubin		1.7,<ref name=bilirubin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol</ref> 2,<ref name=firstaid/> 3.4,<ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 5<ref name=uppsala/>	17,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 22,<ref name=bilirubin-mass/> 25<ref name=uppsala/>	μmol/L
		0.1,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.2,<ref name=southwest/> 0.29<ref name=bilirubin-molar/>	1.0,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bloodbook/> 1.3,<ref name=southwest/> 1.4<ref name=bilirubin-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol</ref>	mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin		0.0<ref name=firstaid/> or N/A<ref name=uppsala/>	5,<ref name=firstaid/> 7<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bilirubin-mass/>	μmol/L
		0<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>	0.3,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 0.4<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT<ref name=uppsala/>)		5,<ref name=Nohring/> 7,<ref name=southwest/> 8<ref name=firstaid>Last page of Template:Cite book</ref>	20,<ref name=firstaid/> 21,<ref name=merck/> 56<ref name=southwest/>	U/L	Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
	Female	0.15<ref name=uppsala/>	0.75<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L
	Male	0.15<ref name=uppsala/>	1.1<ref name=uppsala/>
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT<ref name=uppsala/>)	Female	6<ref name=gpnotebook-ast>GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Template:Webarchive Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009</ref>	34<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/>	IU/L	Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
		0.25<ref name=uppsala/>	0.60<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L
	Male	8<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/>	40<ref name=gpnotebook-ast/>	IU/L
		0.25<ref name=uppsala/>	0.75<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)		0.6<ref name=uppsala/>	1.8<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L
	Female	42<ref name=Nohring>Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. Template:ISBN. Length: 1288 pages</ref>	98<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L
	Male	53<ref name=Nohring/>	128<ref name=Nohring/>
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		5,<ref name=Nohring/> 8<ref name=southwest/>	40,<ref name=Nohring/> 78<ref name=southwest/>	U/L
	Female		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || μkat/L ||
	Male		0.92<ref name="MDI" />	μkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Creatine kinase (CK)	Male	24,<ref name="GPnotebook_1436155929">Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref> 38,<ref name=southwest/> 60<ref name=Nohring/>	174,<ref name=bloodbook/> 320<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L or ng/mL
		0.42<ref name=Lee2009p585>Page 585 in: Template:Cite book</ref>	1.5<ref name=Lee2009p585/>	μkat/L
	Female	24,<ref name="GPnotebook_1436155929"/> 38,<ref name=southwest/> 96<ref name=bloodbook/>	140,<ref name=bloodbook/> 200<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L or ng/mL
		0.17<ref name=Lee2009p585/>	1.17<ref name=Lee2009p585/>	μkat/L
CK-MB		0	3,<ref name=southwest/> 3.8,<ref name=uppsala/> 5<ref name=Nohring/>	ng/mL or μg/L<ref name=uppsala/>
Myoglobin	Female	1<ref name=MediaLab>Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010</ref>	66<ref name=MediaLab/>	ng/mL or μg/L
	Male	17<ref name=MediaLab/>	106<ref name=MediaLab/>
Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive)			citation	CitationClass=web }} Updated: Jan 14, 2015</ref>|| ng/mL || 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin I (high sensitive)			0.03<ref name=Mangla/>	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive)	Male		0.022<ref name=Mangla/>	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
	Female		0.014<ref name=Mangla/>	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
	newborn/infants		not established		more than adults <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}
Interpretation	Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely	< 100 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Strunk2006>Template:Cite journal</ref>
"Gray zone"	100–500 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>
Congestive heart failure likely	> 500 pg/mL<ref name=Brenden2006/><ref name=Strunk2006/>

NT-proBNP {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}
Interpretation	Age	Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely	< 75 years	> 125 pg/mL<ref name=Lee2009p220>Page 220 in: Template:Cite book</ref>
	> 75 years	> 450pg/mL<ref name=Lee2009p220/>

Lipids

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Therapeutic target
Triglycerides	10–39 years	54<ref name=bloodbook/>	110<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL<ref name=adeeva/> or 1.1 mmol/L<ref name=adeeva/>
		0.61<ref name=tg-mass>Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009</ref>	1.2<ref name=tg-mass/>	mmol/L
	40–59 years	70<ref name=bloodbook/>	150<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
		0.77<ref name=tg-mass/>	1.7<ref name=tg-mass/>	mmol/L
	> 60 years	80<ref name=bloodbook/>	150<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
		0.9<ref name=tg-mass/>	1.7<ref name=tg-mass/>	mmol/L
Total cholesterol		3.0,<ref name=ch-mass>Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol</ref> 3.6<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=ch-mass/>	5.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name="GPcholesterol">Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref> 6.5<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L	< 3.9 mmol/L<ref name=adeeva/>
		120,<ref name=southwest/> 140<ref name=firstaid/>	200,<ref name=southwest/> 250<ref name=firstaid/>	mg/dL	< 150 mg/dL<ref name=adeeva/>
HDL cholesterol	Female	1.0,<ref name=rcpa>Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007</ref> 1.2,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.3<ref name=ch-mass/>	2.2<ref name=rcpa/>	mmol/L	> 1.0<ref name=rcpa/> or 1.6<ref name=ch-mass/> mmol/L 40<ref name=ch-molar/> or 60<ref>What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009</ref> mg/dL
		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 86<ref name=ch-molar/> || mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	Male	0.9<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=rcpa/>	2.0<ref name=rcpa/>	mmol/L
		35<ref name=ch-molar/>	80<ref name=ch-molar/>	mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,<ref name=rcpa/> 2.4<ref name="GPcholesterol" />	3.0,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name="GPcholesterol" /> 3.4<ref name=rcpa/>	mmol/L	< 2.5 mmol/L<ref name=rcpa/>
		80,<ref name=ch-molar/> 94<ref name=ch-molar/>	120,<ref name=ch-molar/> 130<ref name=ch-molar/>	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL<ref name=ch-molar/>
LDL/HDL quotient		n/a	5<ref name=uppsala/>	(unitless)

Tumour markers

Test	Patient type	Cutoff	Unit	Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)		44<ref name=southwest/>	ng/mL or μg/L	Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG)	In males and non-pregnant females	5<ref name=southwest/>	IU/L or mU/mL	choriocarcinoma
CA19-9		40<ref name=southwest/>	U/mL	Pancreatic cancer
CA-125		30,<ref name=gp-ca125>GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009</ref> 35<ref>ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011</ref>	kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Non-smokers, 50 years	3.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.6<ref name=bjerner>Template:Cite journal</ref>	μg/L
	Non-smokers, 70 years	4.1<ref name=bjerner/>
	Smokers	5<ref>Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet</ref>
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	40–49 years	1.2–2.9<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>	μg/L<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=southwest/> or ng/mL<ref name=bloodbook/>	More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels
	70–79 years, non-African-American	4.0–9.0<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007"/>
	70–79 years, African-American	7.7–13<ref name="LuboldtSchindler2007"/>
PAP		3<ref name=bloodbook/>	units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin		5,<ref name=Basuyau2004>Template:Cite journal</ref> 15<ref name=Basuyau2004/>	ng/L or pg/mL	Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer<ref name=Basuyau2004/> More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)	Adults – standard range	0.3,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.4,<ref name=southwest/> 0.5,<ref name=bloodbook/> 0.6<ref>The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Template:Webarchive By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition</ref>	4.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.5,<ref name=southwest/> 6.0<ref name=bloodbook/>	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Adults – optimal range	0.3,<ref name=aace>2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Template:Webarchive Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists</ref> 0.5<ref name=Shomon>The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Template:Webarchive By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006</ref>	2.0,<ref name=Shomon/> 3.0<ref name=aace/>
	Infants	citation	CitationClass=web }} – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors</ref> || 19<ref name=laurence/>
Free thyroxine (FT4) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Normal adult	0.7,<ref name=unc>Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free Template:Webarchive UNC Health Care System</ref> 0.8<ref name=southwest/>	1.4,<ref name=unc/> 1.5,<ref name=southwest/> 1.8<ref name=thyroxine-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol</ref>	ng/dL
		9,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=th-mass/> 10,<ref name=manager/> 12<ref name=Watt>Template:Cite journal</ref>	18,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=th-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol</ref> 23<ref name=Watt/>	pmol/L
	Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y	0.8<ref name=unc/>	2.0<ref name=unc/>	ng/dL
		10<ref name=th-mass/>	26<ref name=th-mass/>	pmol/L
	Pregnant	0.5<ref name=unc/>	1.0<ref name=unc/>	ng/dL
		6.5<ref name=th-mass/>	13<ref name=th-mass/>	pmol/L
Total thyroxine		4,<ref name=manager/> 5.5<ref name=southwest/>	11,<ref name=manager/> 12.3<ref name=southwest/>	μg/dL
		60<ref name=manager/><ref name=Watt/>	140,<ref name=manager/> 160<ref name=Watt/>	nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)	Normal adult	0.2<ref name=manager/>	0.5<ref name=manager/>	ng/dL
		3.1<ref name=triiodo-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol</ref>	7.7<ref name=triiodo-mass/>	pmol/L
	Children 2-16 y	0.1<ref name=CIOFFI>Template:Cite journal</ref>	0.6<ref name=CIOFFI/>	ng/dL
		1.5<ref name=triiodo-mass/>	9.2<ref name=triiodo-mass/>	pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine		60,<ref name=southwest/> 75<ref name=manager>Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays Template:Webarchive – Thyroid Disease Manager</ref>	175,<ref name=manager/> 181<ref name=southwest/>	ng/dL
		0.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.1<ref name=manager/>	2.5,<ref name=uppsala/> 2.7<ref name=manager/>	nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		12<ref name=southwest/>	30<ref name=southwest/>	mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1.5<ref name=manager/>	30<ref name=manager/>	pmol/L
		1<ref name=manager/>	20<ref name=manager/>	μg/L

Sex hormones

Template:Further The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

File:Hormones estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH during menstrual cycle.png

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Dihydrotestosterone	adult male	30	85	ng/dL
Testosterone	Male, overall	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 10<ref name=testosterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> || 27,<ref name=AA/> 35<ref name=testosterone-mass/> || nmol/L
		230,<ref name=testosterone-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> 300<ref name=medline-testosterone>MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director</ref>	780–1000<ref name=testosterone-molar/><ref name=medline-testosterone/>	ng/dL
	Male < 50 years	10<ref name=uppsala/>	45<ref name=uppsala/>	nmol/L
		290<ref name=testosterone-molar/>	1300<ref name=testosterone-molar/>	ng/dL
	Male > 50 years	6.2<ref name=uppsala/>	26<ref name=uppsala/>	nmol/L
		180<ref name=testosterone-molar/>	740<ref name=testosterone-molar/>	ng/dL
	Female	0.7<ref name=testosterone-mass/>	2.8–3.0<ref name=testosterone-mass/><ref name=uppsala/>	nmol/L
		20<ref name=medline-testosterone/>	80–85<ref name=medline-testosterone/><ref name=testosterone-molar/>	ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone	male	0.06<ref name=bloodbook/>	3.0<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/L
		0.18<ref name=17hpg-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol</ref>	9.1<ref name=17hpg-mass/>	μmol/L
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.2<ref name=bloodbook/>	1.0<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/L
		0.6<ref name=17hpg-mass/>	3.0<ref name=17hpg-mass/>	μmol/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Prepubertal	<1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH>reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009</ref>	3<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>	IU/L
	Adult male	1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>	8<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
	Adult female (follicular and luteal phase)	1<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>	11<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
	Adult female (Ovulation)	6<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> 95% PI (standard)	26<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/> 95% PI)
		5<ref name=Stricker>Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Template:Cite journal</ref> 90% PI (used in diagram)	15<ref name=Stricker/> (90% PI)
	Post-menopausal female	30<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>	118<ref name=gpnotebook-FSH/>
Luteinizing hormone (LH) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Female, peak	20<ref name=Stricker/> 90% PI (used in diagram)	75<ref name=Stricker/> (90% PI)	IU/L
	Female, post-menopausal	15<ref name=nyhq>New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference RangesTemplate:Dead link Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref>	60<ref name=nyhq/>
	Male aged 18+	2<ref name=mayoLH>Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Template:Webarchive, retrieved December 2012</ref>	9<ref name=mayoLH/>
Estradiol (an estrogen) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Adult male	50<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol>GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Template:Webarchive Retrieved on September 27, 2009</ref>	200<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>	pmol/L
		14<ref name=estradiol-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol</ref>	55<ref name=estradiol-molar/>	pg/mL
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	70<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>	500,<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/> 600<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>	pmol/L
		19<ref name=estradiol-molar/>	140,<ref name=estradiol-molar/> 160<ref name=estradiol-molar/>	pg/mL
	Adult female – free (not protein bound)	0.5<ref name=free-estradiol>Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Template:Cite journal</ref>	9<ref name=free-estradiol/>	pg/mL
		1.7<ref name=free-estradiol/>	33<ref name=free-estradiol/>	pmol/L
	Post-menopausal female	N/A<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>	< 130<ref name=gpnotebook-estradiol/>	pmol/L
		N/A<ref name=estradiol-molar/>	< 35<ref name=estradiol-molar/>	pg/mL
Progesterone {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23)	17,<ref name=Stricker/> 35<ref name=progesterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol</ref>	92<ref name="progesterone-mass"/>	nmol/L
		6,<ref name=Stricker/> 11<ref name=Bhattacharya>Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52</ref>	29<ref name=Bhattacharya/>	ng/mL
Androstenedione	Adult male and female	60<ref name=nyhq/>	270<ref name=nyhq/>	ng/dL
	Post-menopausal female		< 180<ref name=nyhq/>
	Prepubertal		< 60<ref name=nyhq/>
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Adult male and female	30<ref name=mayo>Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum Template:Webarchive at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012</ref>	400<ref name=mayo/>	μg/dL
SHBG {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Adult female	40<ref name=mayo-shbg>Unit Code 91215 Template:Webarchive at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011</ref>	120<ref name=mayo-shbg/>	nmol/L
	Adult male	20<ref name=mayo-shbg/>	60<ref name=mayo-shbg/>
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	13–45 years	0.7<ref name=mayo-amh>Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum Template:Webarchive from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>	20<ref name=mayo-amh/>	ng/mL
		5<ref name=amh-mass>Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in: Template:Cite journal</ref> || 140<ref name=amh-mass/> || pmol/L

Other hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 13.3<ref name="Nieman"/> || pmol/L
		20<ref name=southwest/>	100<ref name=southwest/>	pg/mL
Cortisol	09:00 am	140<ref name=goodhope>Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref>	700<ref name=goodhope/>	nmol/L
		5<ref name=cortisol-derived>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol</ref>	25<ref name=cortisol-derived/>	μg/dL
	Midnight	80<ref name=goodhope/>	350<ref name=goodhope/>	nmol/L
		2.9<ref name=cortisol-derived/>	13<ref name=cortisol-derived/>	μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)		0	5<ref name=firstaid/>	ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		7<ref name=firstaid/>	n/a	ng/mL
IGF-1 {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Female, 20 yrs	110<ref name=Friedrich2008>Template:Cite journal</ref>	420<ref name=Friedrich2008/>	ng/mL
	Female, 75 yrs	55<ref name=Friedrich2008/>	220<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
	Male, 20 yrs	160<ref name=Friedrich2008/>	390<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
	Male, 75 yrs	48<ref name=Friedrich2008/>	200<ref name=Friedrich2008/>
Prolactin {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Female	71,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 105<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	348,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 548<ref name=Beltran_2008>Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Template:Cite journal</ref>	mIU/L
		3.4,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 3.9<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	16.4,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 20.3<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	μg/L
	Male	58,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 89<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	277,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 365<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	mIU/L
		2.7,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 3.3<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	13.0,<ref name=Beltran_2008/> 13.5<ref name=Beltran_2008/>	μg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		10,<ref name=pth-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa</ref> 17<ref name=Aloia>Table 2 in: Template:Cite journal</ref>	65,<ref name=pth-molar/> 70<ref name=Aloia/>	pg/mL
		1.1,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.8<ref name=pth-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa</ref>	6.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 7.5<ref name=pth-mass/>	pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range		8,<ref name=bloodbook/><ref name=vitd-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol</ref> 9<ref name=vitd-molar/>	40,<ref name=vitd-molar/> 80<ref name=bloodbook/>	ng/mL
		20,<ref name=bender>Template:Cite book Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.</ref> 23<ref name=bischoff>Template:Cite journal</ref>	95,<ref name=bischoff/> 150<ref name=bender/>	nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range		30,<ref name=Reusch>Template:Cite journal</ref> 40<ref name=Vasquez>Template:Cite journal</ref>	65,<ref name=Vasquez/> 100<ref name=Reusch/>	ng/mL
		85,<ref name=adeeva>Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Template:Webarchive Retrieved on July 9, 2009</ref> 100<ref name=Vasquez/>	120,<ref name=adeeva/> 160<ref name=Vasquez/>	nmol/L
Plasma renin activity		0.29,<ref name=mcu-derived>Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Template:Webarchive University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> 1.9<ref name=Pratt1988/> || 3.7<ref name=mcu-derived/><ref name=Pratt1988>Template:Cite journal</ref> || ng/(mL·h)
		3.3,<ref name=washington>New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Template:Webarchive University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> 21<ref name=mass-derived>Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Template:Webarchive University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011</ref> || 41<ref name=washington/><ref name=mass-derived/> || mcU/mL
Aldosterone {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Adult		19,<ref name=washington/> 34.0<ref name=washington/>	ng/dL
			530,<ref name=aldosterone-mass/> 940<ref name=aldosterone-mass>Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol</ref>	pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	Adult		13.1,<ref name=Tiu2004/> 35.0<ref name=Tiu2004>Template:Cite journal</ref>	ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
			360,<ref name=Tiu2004/> 970<ref name=Tiu2004/>	pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B₁₂)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test	Patient type	Standard range		Optimal range		Unit
		Lower limit	Upper limit	Lower limit	Upper limit
Vitamin A		30<ref name=bloodbook/>	65<ref name=bloodbook/>			μg/dL
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum	Age > 1 year	3.0<ref name=cmft>Central Manchester University Hospitals / Reference ranges Template:Webarchive Retrieved on July 9, 2009</ref>	16<ref name=cmft/>	5<ref name=Chandler>University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009</ref>		ng/mL or μg/L
		6.8<ref name=b9-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1</ref>	36<ref name=b9-mass/>	11<ref name=b9-mass/>		nmol/L
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		200<ref name=cmft/>	600<ref name=cmft/>			ng/mL or μg/L
		450<ref name=b9-mass/>	1400<ref name=b9-mass/>			nmol/L
	Pregnant			400<ref name=cmft/>		ng/mL or μg/L
				900<ref name=cmft/>		nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)		130,<ref name=gpnotebook-b12>GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009</ref> 160<ref name=cobalamin-molar>Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol</ref>	700,<ref name=gpnotebook-b12/> 950<ref name=cobalamin-molar/>			ng/L
		100,<ref name=cobalamin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol</ref> 120<ref name=uppsala/>	520,<ref name=cobalamin-mass/> 700<ref name=uppsala/>			pmol/L
Homocysteine {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 5.9<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> || 7.2,<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> 15.3<ref name=doctorsdoctor/> || || 6.3<ref name=adeeva/> || μmol/L
		45,<ref name=homocysteine-molar>Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol</ref> 80<ref name=homocysteine-molar/>	100,<ref name=homocysteine-molar/> 210<ref name=homocysteine-molar/>		85<ref name=adeeva/>	μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		0.4<ref name=bloodbook/>	1.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	0.9<ref name=adeeva/>		mg/dL
		23<ref name=c-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol</ref>	85<ref name=c-mass/>	50<ref name=adeeva/>		μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		8,<ref name=bloodbook/><ref name="vitd-molar"/> 9<ref name=vitd-molar/>	40,<ref name=vitd-molar/> 80<ref name=bloodbook/>	30,<ref name=Reusch/> 40<ref name=Vasquez/>	65,<ref name=Vasquez/> 100<ref name=Reusch/>	ng/mL
		20,<ref name=bender/> 23<ref name=bischoff/>	95,<ref name=bischoff/> 150<ref name=bender/>	85,<ref name=adeeva/> 100<ref name=Vasquez/>	120,<ref name=adeeva/> 160<ref name=Vasquez/>	nmol/L
Vitamin E				28<ref name=adeeva/>		μmol/L
				1.2<ref name=adeeva/>		mg/dL

Toxic Substances

Test	Limit type	Limit	Unit
Lead	Optimal health range	< 20<ref name=merck/> or 40<ref name=bloodbook/>	μg/dL
Blood ethanol content	Limit for drunk driving	0,<ref name=drunk-driving/> 0.2,<ref name=drunk-driving>For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country</ref> 0.8<ref name=drunk-driving/>	‰ or g/L
		17.4<ref name=ethanol-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol</ref>	mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb)	Male	2.0,<ref name=hb-mass>Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Template:Cite journal</ref> 2.1<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall>Normal Lab Values Template:Webarchive at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013</ref>	2.5,<ref name=hb-mass/> 2.7<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall/>	mmol/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
		130,<ref name=uppsala/> 132,<ref name=southwest/> 135<ref name=firstaid/>	162,<ref name=southwest/> 170,<ref name=uppsala/> 175<ref name=firstaid/>	g/L
	Female	1.8,<ref name=hb-mass/> 1.9<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=marshall/>	2.3,<ref name=hb-mass/> 2.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=hb-mass/><ref name=marshall/>	mmol/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
		120<ref name=uppsala>Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008</ref><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>	150,<ref name=uppsala/> 152,<ref name=southwest/> 160<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=bloodbook/>	g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")	Male	8.0,<ref name=Lodemann2010>molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Template:Cite journal</ref> 8.4<ref name=Lodemann2010/>	10.0,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 10.8<ref name=Lodemann2010/>	mmol/L	4 per hemoglobin molecule
	Female	7.2,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 7.6<ref name=Lodemann2010/>	9.2,<ref name=Lodemann2010/> 10.0<ref name=Lodemann2010/>
Hemoglobin in plasma		0.16<ref name=firstaid/>	0.62<ref name=firstaid/>	μmol/L	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
		1	4	mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)	< 50 years	3.6<ref name=uppsala/>	5.0<ref name=uppsala/>	% of Hb
	> 50 years	3.9<ref name=uppsala/>	5.3<ref name=uppsala/>
Haptoglobin	< 50 years	0.35<ref name=uppsala/>	1.9<ref name=uppsala/>	g/L
	> 50 years	0.47<ref name=uppsala/>	2.1<ref name=uppsala/>
Hematocrit (Hct)	Male	0.39,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.4,<ref name=southwest/> 0.41,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.45<ref name=bloodbook/>	0.50,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.52,<ref name=southwest/> 0.53,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.62<ref name=bloodbook/>	L/L
	Female	0.35,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.36,<ref name=firstaid/> 0.37<ref name=southwest/><ref name=bloodbook/>	0.46,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/> 0.48<ref name=bloodbook/>	L/L
	Child	0.31<ref name=southwest/>	0.43<ref name=southwest/>	L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)	Male	76,<ref name=bloodbook/> 82<ref name=southwest/>	100,<ref name=bloodbook/> 102<ref name=southwest/>	fL	Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
	Female	78<ref name=southwest/>	101<ref name=southwest/>	fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		11.5<ref name=southwest/>	14.5<ref name=southwest/>	%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		0.39<ref name=firstaid/>	0.54<ref name=firstaid/>	fmol/cell
		25,<ref name=firstaid/> 27<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/>	32,<ref name=bloodbook/> 33,<ref name=uppsala/> 35<ref name=firstaid/>	pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		4.8,<ref name=Beekvelt>Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Template:Cite journal. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L</ref> 5.0<ref name=Beekvelt/>	5.4,<ref name=Beekvelt/> 5.6<ref name=Beekvelt/>	mmol/L
		31,<ref name=southwest/> 32<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/>	35,<ref name=southwest/> 36<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/>	g/dL or %<ref name="MCHC" group="note"/>
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)	Male	4.2,<ref name=bloodbook/> 4.3<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>	5.7,<ref name=uppsala/> 5.9,<ref name=firstaid/> 6.2,<ref name=southwest/> 6.9<ref name=bloodbook/>	x1012/L or million/mm3
	Female	3.5,<ref name=firstaid/> 3.8,<ref name=southwest/> 3.9<ref name=uppsala/>	5.1,<ref name=uppsala/> 5.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>
	Infant/Child	3.8<ref name=southwest/>	5.5<ref name=southwest/>
Reticulocytes	Adult	26<ref name=uppsala/>	130<ref name=uppsala/>	x109/L
		0.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>	1.5<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=southwest/>	% of RBC
	Newborn	1.1<ref name=southwest/>	4.5<ref name=southwest/>	% of RBC
	Infant	0.5<ref name=southwest/>	3.1<ref name=southwest/>	% of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF)	Adult	1.6<ref name="pmid27863758">Template:Cite journal</ref>	12.1<ref name="pmid27863758"/>	% of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent	Adult	30.0<ref name="pmid27863758"/>	37.6<ref name="pmid27863758"/>	%
		24.1<ref name="pmid16999719">Template:Cite journal</ref>	35.8<ref name="pmid16999719"/>	pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF)	Adult	0.8<ref name="pmid27863758"/>	5.6<ref name="pmid27863758"/>	%

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)	Adult	3.5,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.9,<ref name=lymphomation>lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009</ref> 4.1,<ref name=southwest/> 4.5<ref name=firstaid/>	9.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 10.0,<ref name=lymphomation/> 10.9,<ref name=southwest/> 11<ref name=firstaid/>	x109/L x103/mm3 or x103/μL
	Newborn	9<ref name=mcclatchey>Template:Cite book</ref>	30<ref name=mcclatchey/>
	1 year old	6<ref name=mcclatchey/>	18<ref name=mcclatchey/>
Template:Anchor Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)	Adult	1.3,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.8,<ref name=lymphomation/> 2<ref name=mcclatchey/>	5.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 7,<ref name=lymphomation/> 8<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
		45–54<ref name=firstaid/>	62,<ref name=firstaid/> 74	% of WBC
	Newborn	6<ref name=mcclatchey/>	26<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult		0.7<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
		3<ref name=firstaid/>	5<ref name=firstaid/>	% of WBC
Lymphocytes	Adult	0.7,<ref name=uppsala/> 1.0<ref name=lymphomation/><ref name=mcclatchey/>	3.5,<ref name=lymphomation/> 3.9,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.8<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
		16–25<ref name=firstaid/>	33,<ref name=firstaid/> 45	% of WBC
	Newborn	2<ref name=mcclatchey/>	11<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
Monocytes	Adult	0.1,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.2<ref>"Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population" Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,</ref><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc>gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009</ref>	0.8<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=mcclatchey/><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/>	x109/L
		3,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.0	7,<ref name=firstaid/> 10	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.4<ref name=mcclatchey/>	3.1<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	1.5	5	x109/L
		20	35	% of WBC
CD4+ T cells	Adult	0.4,<ref name=southwest>Normal Reference Range Table Template:Webarchive from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.</ref> 0.5<ref name=merck/>	1.5,<ref name=merck/> 1.8<ref name=southwest/>	x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes	Adult	0.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 0.04<ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/>	0.44,<ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> 0.45,<ref name=mcclatchey/> 0.5<ref name=uppsala/>	x109/L
		1<ref name=firstaid/>	3,<ref name=firstaid/> 7	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.02<ref name=mcclatchey/>	0.85<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L
Basophil granulocytes	Adult	40<ref name=lymphomation/>	100,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=gpnotebook-wbc/> 200,<ref name=mcclatchey/> 900<ref name=lymphomation/>	x106/L
		0.0	0.75,<ref name=firstaid/> 2	% of WBC
	Newborn		0.64<ref name=mcclatchey/>	x109/L

Coagulation

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)	140,<ref name=southwest/> 150<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/>	350,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> 400,<ref name=firstaid/> 450<ref name=southwest/>	x109/L or x1000/μL
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	7.2,<ref name=Demirin2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> 7.4,<ref name=labcareplus>Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) Template:Webarchive From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010</ref> 7.5<ref name=Lozano1988>Template:Cite journal</ref>	10.4,<ref name=labcareplus/> 11.5,<ref name=Lozano1988/> 11.7<ref name=Demirin2011/>	fL
Prothrombin time (PT)	10,<ref name=merck/> 11,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=medline003652>Template:MedlinePlusEncyclopedia</ref> 12<ref name=southwest/>	13,<ref name=merck/> 13.5,<ref name=medline003652/> 14,<ref name=southwest/> 15<ref name=firstaid/>	s	PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR	0.9<ref name=uppsala/>	1.2<ref name=uppsala/>		The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18,<ref name=southwest/> 30<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=merck/>	28,<ref name=southwest/> 42,<ref name=uppsala/> 45<ref name=merck/>	s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)	11	18	s
Fibrinogen	1.7,<ref name=southwest/> 2.0<ref name=uppsala/>	3.6,<ref name=uppsala/> 4.2<ref name=southwest/>	g/L
Antithrombin	0.80<ref name=uppsala/>	1.2<ref name=uppsala/>	kIU/L
	0.15,<ref name=teruya2014>Template:EMedicine</ref> 0.17<ref name=mgh>Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing: Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.</ref> || 0.2,<ref name=teruya2014/> 0.39<ref name=mgh/> || mg/mL
Bleeding time	2	9	minutes
Viscosity	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 1.72<ref name="pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk"/> || cP ||

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2<ref name="pmid6402065"/>	mm/h	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.<ref name="pmid6020854">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	Female		(Age+10)÷2<ref name="pmid6402065">Template:Cite journal</ref>
C-reactive protein (CRP)			5,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=PGNotebook1>Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref> 6<ref name=DAB>2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Template:Webarchive A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)</ref>	mg/L
			200,<ref name=crp-mass/> 240<ref name=crp-mass/>	nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		20,<ref name="pmid12621252">Template:Cite journal</ref> 22<ref name=antitrypsin-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol</ref>	38,<ref name=antitrypsin-mass/> 53<ref name="pmid12621252"/>	μmol/L
		89,<ref name=antitrypsin-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol</ref> 97<ref name=uppsala/>	170,<ref name=uppsala/> 230<ref name=antitrypsin-molar/>	mg/dL
Procalcitonin			citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || ng/mL or μg/L ||

Isotypes of antibodies

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
IgA	Adult	70,<ref name=uppsala/> 110<ref name=ascls>The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Template:Webarchive Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009</ref>	360,<ref name=uppsala/> 560<ref name=ascls/>	mg/dL
IgD		0.5<ref name=ascls/>	3.0<ref name=ascls/>
IgE		0.01<ref name=ascls/>	0.04<ref name=ascls/>
IgG		800<ref name=ascls/>	1800<ref name=ascls/>
IgM		54<ref name=ascls/>	220<ref name=ascls/>

Autoantibodies

Template:For Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test	Negative	Equivocal	Positive	Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || n/a || ≥ 1.0<ref name =mayossa/> || rowspan=2|Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || n/a || ≥ 1.0<ref name="mayossb"/>
Anti ds-DNA	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 30.0–75.0<ref name="mayodna"/> || > 75.0<ref name="mayodna"/> || International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA	< 8<ref name=chronolab>chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Template:Webarchive Retrieved on April 29, 2010</ref>	8–10<ref name=chronolab/>	> 10<ref name=chronolab/>	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies	< 25<ref name=chronolab/>	n/a<ref name=chronolab/>	> 25<ref name=chronolab/>
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)	< 20<ref name=chronolab/>	21–30<ref name=chronolab/>	> 30<ref name=chronolab/>
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)	< 5<ref name=chronolab/>	n/a	> 5<ref name=chronolab/>
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 0.1-0.9<ref name="mayoama"/> || ≥ 1.0<ref name="mayoama"/> || Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	< 20	20–30	> 30<ref name=southwest/>	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers			> 100
ASOT at school age			> 250<ref name=southwest/>
ASOT in adults			> 125<ref name=southwest/>

Test	Negative	Low/weak positive	Moderate positive	High/strong positive	Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG	< 20<ref name=chronolab/>	20–30<ref name=chronolab/>	31–50<ref name=chronolab/>	> 51<ref name=chronolab/>	GPLU/mL<ref name=chronolab/>
Anti-phospholipid IgM	< 1.5<ref name=chronolab/>	1.5–2.5<ref name=chronolab/>	2–9.9<ref name=chronolab/>	> 10<ref name=chronolab/>	MPL /mL<ref name=chronolab/>
Anti-phospholipid IgA	< 10<ref name=chronolab/>	10–20<ref name=chronolab/>	21–30<ref name=chronolab/>	> 31<ref name=chronolab/>	arb U/mL<ref name=chronolab/>
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies	< 20<ref name=chronolab/>	20–39<ref name=chronolab/>	40–59<ref name=chronolab/>	> 60<ref name=chronolab/>	EU<ref name=chronolab/>

Other immunology

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio	0.26<ref name=rajkumar2005>Template:Cite journal</ref>	1.65<ref name=rajkumar2005/>	(unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Serum total protein	60,<ref name=firstaid/> 63<ref name=southwest/>	78,<ref name=firstaid/> 82,<ref name=southwest/> 84<ref name=bloodbook/>	g/L	Template:Further
Template:Anchor Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	50<ref name=bloodbook/>	150<ref name=bloodbook/>	U/L
	0.4<ref name=Nohring/>	1.7<ref name=Nohring/>	μmol/L
	1.8<ref name=uppsala/>	3.4<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L	< 70 years old<ref name=uppsala/>
Amylase	25,<ref name=firstaid/> 30,<ref name=southwest/> 53<ref name=bloodbook/>	110,<ref name=southwest/> 120,<ref>Template:Cite GPnotebook</ref> 123,<ref name=bloodbook/> 125,<ref name=firstaid/> 190<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L
	0.15<ref name=uppsala/>	1.1<ref name=uppsala/>	μkat/L
	200<ref name=crp-mass>Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol</ref>	240<ref name=crp-mass/>	nmol/L
D-dimer {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}	n/a	500<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	ng/mL	Higher in pregnant women<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
		0.5<ref name=uppsala/>	mg/L
Lipase	7,<ref name=southwest/> 10,<ref name=bloodbook/> 23<ref name=Nohring/>	60,<ref name=southwest/> 150,<ref name=bloodbook/> 208<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	23<ref name=Nohring/>	57<ref name=Nohring/>	U/L
Acid phosphatase		3.0<ref name=Nohring/>	ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)	2.3<ref name=uppsala/>	16<ref name=uppsala/>	μg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Osmolality		275,<ref name=firstaid/> 280,<ref name=bloodbook/> 281<ref name=uppsala/>	295,<ref name=firstaid/> 296,<ref name=bloodbook/> 297<ref name=uppsala/>	mOsm/kg	Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/L	Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea		3.0<ref name=gardner>Template:Cite journal</ref>	7.0<ref name=gardner/>	mmol/L	BUN – blood urea nitrogen
		7<ref name=firstaid/>	18,<ref name=firstaid/> 21<ref name=southwest/>	mg/dL
* Uric acid<ref name=southwest/>		0.18<ref name=firstaid/>	0.48<ref name=firstaid/>	mmol/L
	Female	2.0<ref name=bloodbook/>	7.0<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
	Male	2.1<ref name=bloodbook/>	8.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
Creatinine	Male	60,<ref name=uppsala/> 68<ref name=finney>Template:Cite journal</ref>	90,<ref name=uppsala/> 118<ref name=finney/>	μmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance
		0.7,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 0.8<ref name=creatinine-molar>Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL</ref>	1.0,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 1.3<ref name=creatinine-molar/>	mg/dL
	Female	50,<ref name=uppsala/> 68<ref name=finney/>	90,<ref name=uppsala/> 98<ref name=finney/>	μmol/L
		0.6,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 0.8<ref name=creatinine-molar/>	1.0,<ref name=creatinine-molar/> 1.1<ref name=creatinine-molar/>	mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5<ref name=bloodbook/>	35<ref name=bloodbook/>	–
Template:Anchor Plasma glucose (fasting)		3.8,<ref name=firstaid/> 4.0<ref name=uppsala/>	6.0,<ref name=uppsala/> 6.1<ref name=Medline-GTT>Template:MedlinePlusEncyclopedia</ref>	mmol/L	See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
		65,<ref name=southwest/> 70,<ref name=firstaid/> 72<ref name=glucose-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol</ref>	100,<ref name=Medline-GTT/> 110<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)		3.3<ref name=uppsala/>	5.6<ref name=uppsala/>	mmol/L
		60<ref name=glucose-molar/>	100<ref name=glucose-molar/>	mg/dL
Random glucose		3.9<ref name=glucose-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol</ref>	7.8<ref name=glucose-mass/>	mmol/L
		citation	CitationClass=web }} Last revised 1/15/2013</ref> || 140<ref name=cleveland/> || mg/dL
Template:Anchor Lactate (Venous)		4.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	19.8<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
		0.5<ref name=lactate-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol</ref>	2.2<ref name=lactate-mass/>	mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)		4.5<ref name=bloodbook/>	14.4<ref name=bloodbook/>	mg/dL
		0.5<ref name="lactate-mass"/>	1.6<ref name=lactate-mass/>	mmol/L
Pyruvate		300<ref name=bloodbook/>	900<ref name=bloodbook/>	μg/dL
		34<ref name=pyruvate-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol</ref>	102<ref name=pyruvate-mass/>	μmol/L
Ketones			1<ref name=ketones>Template:EMedicine</ref>	mg/dL
			0.1<ref name=ketones/>	mmol/L

Medication

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Digoxin	0.5<ref name=Dart>Page 700 in: Template:Cite book</ref>	2.0<ref name=Dart/>	ng/mL	Narrow therapeutic window
	0.6<ref name=Dart/>	2.6<ref name=Dart/>	nmol/L
Lithium	0.4,<ref>The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Template:Webarchive Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011</ref> 0.5,<ref name=amdisen1978>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=baselt2008>R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.</ref> 0.8<ref>One study (Template:Cite journal) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Template:Cite journal) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levelsTemplate:Synthesis inline</ref>	1.3<ref name=amdisen1978/><ref name=baselt2008/>	mmol/L	Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol		30<ref name=rosen>Template:Cite book</ref>	mg/L	Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
		200<ref name=rosen/>	μmol/L

See also

• Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Medical technologist
• Reference range

External links

• Descriptions at amarillomed.com
• Values at lymphomation.org

Further reading

• Template:Cite bioRxiv