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Polygonaceae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus Polygonum, and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, Genera Plantarum.<ref name="Jussieu1789">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see External links below)</ref> The name may refer to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have, being derived from Greek [poly meaning 'many' and gony meaning 'knee' or 'joint']. Alternatively, it may have a different origin, meaning 'many seeds'.<ref name="FNA">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 species<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. Template:ISBN</ref> distributed into about 48 genera.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> The largest genera are Eriogonum (240 species), Rumex (200 species), Coccoloba (120 species), Persicaria (100 species) and Calligonum (80 species).<ref name="freeman2005">Craig C. Freeman and James L. Reveal. 2005. "Polygonaceae" pages 216-601. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). Flora of North America vol. 5. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. Template:ISBN (see External links below)</ref><ref name="brandbyge1993">John Brandbyge. 1993. "Polygonaceae". pages 531-544. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany Template:ISBN (Berlin) Template:ISBN (New York)</ref> The family is present worldwide, but is most diverse in the North Temperate Zone.

Several species are cultivated as ornamentals.<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. Template:ISBN (set).</ref> A few species of Triplaris provide lumber.<ref name="mabberley2008"/> The fruit of the sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) is eaten, and in Florida, jelly is made from it and sold commercially.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2005)</ref> The seeds of two species of Fagopyrum, known as buckwheat, are eaten in the form of groats or used to make flour. The petioles of rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) are eaten in salads or as a leaf vegetable.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). Template:ISBN.</ref>

Polygonaceae contain some of the most prolific weeds, including species of Persicaria, Rumex and Polygonum, as well as Japanese knotweed.<ref name="mabberley2008"/>

TaxonomyEdit

Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the APG III system, the family is placed in the order Caryophyllales.<ref name="apgiii">Template:Citation</ref> Within the order, it lies outside of the large clade known as the core Caryophyllales.<ref name="Brockington2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is a sister to the family Plumbaginaceae, which it does not resemble morphologically.<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).</ref>

File:Polygonum plebeium W IMG 0462.jpg
Polygonum plebeium or small knotweed

The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences.<ref name="sanchez2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> Genera related to Coccoloba and Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus Symmeria does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is a sister to the rest of the family.<ref name="burke2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> Afrobrunnichia might constitute a new subfamily as well.<ref name="sanchez&kron2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993.<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some segregates of Brunnichia, Eriogonum, and Persicaria have been given generic status in major works.<ref name="freeman2005"/><ref name="burke2010"/><ref name="li2003">Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref> Some of the genera were found not to be monophyletic and their limits have been revised. These include Ruprechtia, Eriogonum, Chorizanthe, Persicaria, Aconogonon, Polygonum, Fallopia, and Muehlenbeckia.

DescriptionEdit

File:Ocreae of a Persicaria maculosa 2006-aug-10 Gothenburg Sweden.jpg
Ochrea of Persicaria maculosa

Most Polygonaceae are perennial herbaceous plants with swollen nodes, but trees, shrubs and vines are also present. The leaves of Polygonaceae are simple, and arranged alternately on the stems. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing stipules, known as an ochrea. Those species that do not have the nodal ochrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate flower heads. The flowers are normally bisexual, small, and actinomorphic, with a perianth of three to six sepals. After flowering, the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing fruit. Flowers lack a corolla and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The androecium is composed of three to eight stamens that are normally free or united at the base. The ovary consists of three united carpels that form a single locule, which produces only one ovule. The ovary is superior with basal or free-central placentation. The gynoecium terminates in 1 to 3 styles, each of which ends in a single stigma.<ref name="jones1979">Samuel B. Jones and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 254. Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009), pages 155-156. Springer Science+Business Media. Template:ISBN. (see External links below)</ref>

File:Persicaria capitata AF crop.jpg
Persicaria capitata or pink knotweed

GeneraEdit

Template:As of, Plants of the World Online accepted 56 genera:<ref name="POWO_30000532-2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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Former generaEdit

PhylogenyEdit

The following phylogenetic tree is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae.<ref name="sanchez2009"/><ref name="burke2010"/> Template:Clade

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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