Gadwall

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Speciesbox

The gadwall (Mareca strepera) is a common and widespread dabbling duck<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the family Anatidae.

Taxonomy

The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.<ref name=Linnaeus/> DNA studies have shown that it is a sister species with the falcated duck; the two are closely related to the three species of wigeons, and all of them have been assigned to the genus Mareca.<ref name=Johnson/><ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are two subspecies:<ref name=ITIS/>

• M. s. strepera, the common gadwall, described by Linnaeus, is the nominate subspecies.
• Template:DaggerM. s. couesi, Coues's gadwall, extinct Template:Circa 1874, was formerly found only on Teraina, a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=Hume/>

The specific name strepera is Late Latin for "noisy".<ref name= job90>Template:Cite book</ref> The etymology of the word gadwall is not known, but the name has been in use since 1666.<ref name=merriam-webster/>

Description

The gadwall is Template:Convert long with a Template:Convert wingspan.<ref name=Floyd>Template:Cite book</ref> The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average Template:Convert against her Template:Convert.<ref name=Madge/> The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white speculum, obvious in flight or at rest.<ref name=Dunn>Template:Cite book</ref> In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.<ref name=Madge/>

The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white speculum, and white belly.<ref name=Dunn/> Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.<ref name=Floyd/>

The gadwall is a quieter duck, except during its courtship display. Females give a call similar to the quack of a female mallard but higher-pitched, transcribed as gag-ag-ag-ag. Males give a grunt, transcribed as mep, and a whistle.<ref name=Madge/>

Distribution

The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic, and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the Saint Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Dakotas, south to Kansas, west to California, and along coastal Pacific Canada and southern coastal Alaska.<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/> The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This dabbling duck is strongly migratory, and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal Alaska, south into Central America, and east into Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and then south all the way into Central America.<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/>

In Great Britain, the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization by continental birds staying to breed in Scotland. In Ireland a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on County Wexford in the south and Lough Neagh in the north.<ref name=IrishBirds/> The Gadwall is also seen in some parts of South Asia, particularly the southern part of India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Behaviour

File:Gadwall (Anas strepera) female and male dabbling.jpg

Female and male dabbling, WWT London Wetland Centre, Barnes

The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as prairie or steppe lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. They can also dive underwater for food, more proficiently than other dabbling ducks, and may also steal food from diving birds such as coots.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks.

Gadwalls are monogamous and may start breeding after their first year. Pair formation begins during fall migration or on breeding grounds, but has also been reported to occur in August when males are still in eclipse plumage. Gadwalls are generally quiet, except during courtship. The male utters a mep call during a display known as the burp, where he raises his head pointing his bill towards a female.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The grunt-whistle is similar to that of mallards, where the male rears his outstretched head with the bill dipped into water, displacing a stream of water droplets towards a nearby female as the bill is raised against the chest. During this display the male makes a loud whistle call followed by a low burp.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Paired males may follow other females in flight displays.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

During nesting season, the female lays a clutch of 7–12 eggs with each of them measuring Template:Cvt in length and Template:Cvt in width. Incubation lasts for 24–27 days and the nestlings leave after around 1–2 days. A gadwall can only raise one brood a season<ref name=":0" />

Conservation

Currently, the gadwall is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<ref name="IUCN" /> The gadwall is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the mallard and green-winged teal), with 1.7 million shot each year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups Ducks Unlimited, Delta Waterfowl Foundation and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.<ref name=":0"/>

Gallery

• Gadwall Nest.jpg

  Nest lined with feathers

• Anas strepera MWNH 1983.JPG

  Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden

• Gadwall (Anas strepera) female and male.jpg

  Female and male, WWT London Wetland Centre, Barnes

• Snatterand ( Anas strepera) Ystad-2020.jpg

  Three males and two females resting

• Anas strepera M F.JPG

  Male and female on the Lake Ontario

• Gadwalls in flight, Taudaha Lake.jpg

  Gadwalls in flight, Taudaha Lake

Literature cited

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Gadwall Duck Journal (Anas Strepera): 150 Page Lined Notebook/diary. N.p.: CreateSpace Publishing Platform, 2018. ISBN 9781724968739

External links

• Template:BirdLife
• RSPB Birds by Name Gadwall Page
• Gadwall Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Gadwall – Anas strepera – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Gadwal at the Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas Template:Webarchive
• Template:InternetBirdCollection
• Template:VIREO
• Feathers of gadwall (Anas strepera) Template:Webarchive