Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Since the Syrian Republic gained independence from the French Mandate, Syria has seen tension with its neighbours, such as Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbours and securing the return of the Golan Heights, had been the primary goals of Ba'athist Syria's foreign policy. Syria is also a full member of the Arab League. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war. Due to the Syrian civil war, Ba'athist Syrian government was partially isolated from the countries in the region and the wider international community until 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, the new Syrian government actively engaged with the European Union and neighboring countries including Turkey and the Arab world for post-war reconstruction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Under the Ba'athist regime, diplomatic relations were severed with several countries, including Turkey, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, Georgia, and Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2011 and 2012, Syria was suspended from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Union for the Mediterranean and the Arab League.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>
Ba'athist Syria had close ties with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia. Other countries that maintain good relations with the Assad regime include China, North Korea, Vietnam,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fiji, Singapore, Sri Lanka,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Laos,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Myanmar,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cambodia,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Thailand,<ref name="cg">Template:Cite news</ref> Philippines,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> India,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pakistan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Indonesia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Armenia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kyrgyzstan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Uzbekistan,<ref name="cg" /> Turkmenistan,<ref name="cg" /> Mongolia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tajikistan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Serbia, Montenegro,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vatican City and Belarus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Syria was a candidate state of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Syria maintains relations with autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Syria has not recognized Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Ba'athist Syria also didn’t have diplomatic relations with South Korea, but the Assad regime had diplomatic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia (two Russian-occupied territories in Georgia).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 26 February 2023, Bashar al-Assad met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati lawmakers, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon after more than a decade of isolation in the region. Arab states contributed significantly to the relief effort after the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Syrian–Turkish normalization was also underway since 2022. On 7 May 2023, following these rapprochements, Syria was readmitted to the Arab League.<ref name=":1" /> While the earthquake facilitated these rapprochements, the main reasons for the readmission were the Syrian refugees in neighboring countries and the Captagon trafficking, two issues that needed Syrias involvement for being solved.<ref name=":1" />
Since the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, it is unclear whether the new transitional government retained all of Ba'athist Syria's diplomatic relations. However, Turkey became the first country to re-establish diplomatic relations with post-Assad Syria, doing so on 14 December 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2024, Qatar also re-established diplomatic relations with Syria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 2025, Saudi Arabia increased its engagement with Syria by planning to pay off Syria's $15 million debt to the World Bank, potentially allowing Syria to receive grants for reconstruction efforts under its new government led by Ahmed al-Sharaa, who seized power in December 2024. The international community is cautiously observing al-Sharaa's government, particularly regarding its commitment to protecting religious minorities, though this move by Saudi Arabia signals a new level of diplomatic and economic engagement with the Syrian government after years of strained relations. In addition, other Gulf Arab states have announced plans to support Syria as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Diplomatic relationsEdit
List of countries which Syria maintains diplomatic relations with:
File:Diplomatic relations of Syria.svg | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Country | Date | |||
1 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
2 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto34">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
3 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
4 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
5 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto44">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
6 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
7 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto54">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
8 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto40">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
9 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto41">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="auto20">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
10 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
11 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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13 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto40" /> | |||
14 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto40" /> | |||
15 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto25">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
16 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | |||
17 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="DFAGovPH-Syria">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
18 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
19 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto11">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
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30 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="jordantimes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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39 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto53">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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40 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name=":3" /> | |||
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61 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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85 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto39">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
86 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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88 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto51">Template:Citation</ref> | |||
89 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
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93 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="auto23">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
94 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="SyrPan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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123 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="Nic99">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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138 | Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="bolivia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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Bilateral relationsEdit
AfricaEdit
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Template:Flag | 27 August 1962 | Template:Small
| |||||
Template:Flag | 10 February 1999 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
Template:Flag | 29 November 1964 |
| |||||
Template:Flag | 29 November 1964 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
Template:Flag | 1944 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Under Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, however, Egypt has taken a more supportive stance towards Syria's government. In 2017, for example, Egypt called for Syria's re-admittance to the Arab League.<ref name="MEMRI 2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||
Template:Flag | 1963 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||
Template:Flag | 11 June 1966 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| |||
Template:Flag | 2 June 1956 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||||
Template:Flag | 5 August 1975 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
Template:Flag | 30 September 1965 | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
Template:Flag | 15 April 1980 (recognition) | See Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||||
Template:Flag | 21 January 1965 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
Template:Flag | 13 December 1964 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||||
Template:Flag | 1 June 1994 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flag | 28 January 1957 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| |||
Template:Flag | 13 September 1966 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
Template:Flag | 2 June 1956 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||
Template:Flag | 28 June 1972 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
Template:Flag |
|
AmericasEdit
Syria has diplomatic relations with most Central and South American countries such as Antigua and Barbuda,<ref name="sana_257623">Template:Cite news</ref> Argentina,<ref name="arg">Template:Cite news</ref> Bolivia,<ref name="Bol19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Chile,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cuba,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ecuador,<ref name="Ecu17">Template:Cite news</ref> El Salvador,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Grenada,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Guatemala,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Guyana,<ref name="Guy14">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nicaragua,<ref name="Nic21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Panama,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Paraguay,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peru,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Saint Lucia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Suriname,<ref name="sana_257623"/> Uruguay<ref name="Urg19">Template:Cite news</ref> and Venezuela.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Template:Flag | 18 April 1983 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| |||||
Template:Flag | 23 November 1945 | Template:Small | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| ||||
Template:Flag | 28 August 2001 |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| |||||
Template:Flag | 4 September 2023 |
| ||||||
Template:Flag | 13 November 1945 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="BR-Damascus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
Template:Flag | 20 May 1965 | Template:Small
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Syria has an honorary consulate in Vancouver.
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flag | 22 October 1945 | Template:Small
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Asia and OceaniaEdit
Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca.
This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led opposition to Egypt and the 1977–79 Sadat initiatives toward Israel, as well as the Camp David Accords. It coincided with the end of the 10-year Arab subsidy to Syria and other front-line Arab countries pledged at Baghdad in 1978. Syria re-established full diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1989. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Syria joined other Arab states in the US-led multinational coalition against Iraq. In 1998, Syria began a slow rapprochement with Iraq, driven primarily by economic needs. In this period, Syria continued to play an active pan-Arab role, which intensified as the Israel-Palestine peace process collapsed in September 2000 with the start of the second Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel. Though it voted in favor of UNSCR 1441 in 2002, Syria was against coalition military action in Iraq in 2003. However, the Syrian government accepted UNSCR 1483 (after being absent for the actual vote), which lifted sanctions on Iraq and established a framework to assist the Iraqi people in determining their political future and rebuilding their economy.
After start of the war in 2011, much of the Middle East condemned Syria's handling of the civil uprising, with only a few countries in the Middle East supporting Syria, most notably Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.
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Syria plays an important role in Lebanon by virtue of its history, size, power, and economy. Lebanon was part of Ottoman Syria until 1926. The presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon dates to 1976, when President Hafez al-Assad intervened in the Lebanese civil war on behalf of Maronite Christians. Following the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Syrian and Israeli forces clashed in eastern Lebanon. The late U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib negotiated a cease-fire in Lebanon and the subsequent evacuation of PLO fighters from West Beirut. However, Syrian opposition blocked implementation of the 17 May 1983 Lebanese-Israeli accord on the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Following the February 1984 withdrawal of the UN Multinational Force from Beirut and the departure of most of Israel's forces from southern Lebanon a year later, Syria launched an unsuccessful initiative to reconcile warring Lebanese factions and establish a permanent cease-fire. Syria actively participated in the March–September 1989 fighting between the Christian Lebanese Forces and Muslim forces allied with Syria. In 1989, Syria endorsed the Charter of National Reconciliation, or "Taif Accord", a comprehensive plan for ending the Lebanese conflict negotiated under the auspices of Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Morocco. At the request of Lebanese President Hrawi, the Syrian military took joint action with the Lebanese Armed Forces on 13 October 1990, to oust rebel Gen. Michel Aoun who had defied efforts at reconciliation with the legitimate Government of Lebanon. The process of disarming and disbanding the many Lebanese militias began in earnest in early 1991. In May 1991, Lebanon and Syria signed the treaty of brotherhood, cooperation, and coordination called for in the Taif Accord, which is intended to provide the basis for many aspects of Syrian-Lebanese relations. The treaty provides the most explicit recognition to date by the Syrian Government of Lebanon's independence and sovereignty. According to the U.S. interpretation of the Taif Accord, Syria and Lebanon were to have decided on the redeployment of Syrian forces from Beirut and other coastal areas of Lebanon by September 1992. Israeli occupation of Lebanon until May 2000, the breakdown of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel that same year, and intensifying Arab/Israeli tensions since the start of the second Palestinian uprising in September 2000 have helped delay full implementation of the Taif Accords. The UN declared that Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon fulfilled the requirements of UN Security Council Resolution 425. However, Syria and Lebanon claimed that UNSCR 425 had not been fully implemented because Israel did not withdraw from an area of the Golan Heights called Shebaa Farms, which had been occupied by Israel in 1967, and which Syria now claimed was part of Lebanon. The United Nations does not recognize this claim. However, Lebanese resistance groups such as Hezbollah use it to justify attacks against Israeli forces in that region, creating a potentially dangerous flashpoint along the Lebanon-Israeli border. In 2005, Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon after the assassination of Lebanese Sunni Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005. In December 2008, The Syrian Embassy was opened in Beirut for the first time in history since both countries gained their Independence during the 1940s. In March 2009, Lebanon followed and opened its embassy in Damascus. On 19 December 2009, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri visited Syria, and stayed in Damascus for three days meeting with President Bashar Al-Assad & breaking the ice between the two sides.<ref>New Lebanese Prime Minister visits Syria Template:Webarchive, 2005</ref> | |||||||||
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name="auto22"/> Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011. Syrian–Turkish relations have long been strained even though Turkey shares its longest common border with Syria and various other geographic, cultural, and historical links tie the two neighboring states together. This friction has been due to disputes including the self annexation of the Hatay Province to Turkey in 1939, water disputes resulting from the Southeastern Anatolia Project, and Syria's support for the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), but relations have improved greatly since October 1998; when PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was expelled by Syrian authorities. Syria had embassy in Ankara<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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CitationClass=web
}}</ref> as well as its consulate–general in Aleppo.Template:Citation needed In April 2012 it hosted the second meeting of the Friends of Syria, the Arab-Western coalition in support of the Syrian opposition.<ref name="Balci 2012"/> Turkey has been taking in refugees from Syria, although abuse and injustice towards the Syrian refugees has been reported. Relations have further been degraded due to a serious incident that occurred with the Syrian downing of a Turkish military training flight in June 2012. Relations worsened further in May 2013 following a border incident involving two car bombs exploding in the town of Reyhanlı, Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 43 people were killed and 140 more were injured in the attack. The car bombs were left outside Reyhanlı's town hall and post office. The first exploded at around 13:45 local time (10:45 GMT)[40] and the second exploded about 15 minutes later. The issue that cemented the crack in the relations was Turkey's reported dealings with the Islamic State (an enemy of the Syrian government) in oil and weapons by various sources. A video surfacing of the Islamic State being unopposed by Turkish security as they traveled across the border between Syria, questions more of Turkey's alleged role of simply fighting terrorism.Template:Citation needed Turkish Military troops attacked the Kurdish backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on 8 October 2019, after the acting US President Donald Trump recalled US military troops from Syria the previous day. The US action to move troops out of the region was done so solely by the US president with stern disapproval by US military intelligence departments. Turkey re-established diplomatic relations with Syria on 14 December 2024, following the fall of the al-Assad regime.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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EuropeEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Czech Republic and Austria were the only European Union countries which never closed its embasies in Damascus throughout the Syrian civil war.<ref name="euronews" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greece and Cyprus re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first EU countries to do so.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania appointed a chargé d'affaires to their diplomatic missions in the country.<ref name="euronews"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2024, Italy decided to re-establish relations with Syria, appoint its special envoy and chargé d'affaires to the country and reopen its embassy in Damascus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the fall of the Assad regime, Germany and France became the first European Union countries to visit Damascus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 16 January 2025, Spain reopened its Embassy in Damascus.<ref name="arabnews.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 20 March 2025, Germany reopened its Embassy in Damascus.<ref name="nisreen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Membership in international organizationsEdit
Syria is a member of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa,<ref name="intro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development,<ref name="Welcome to Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab Parliament, Arab States Broadcasting Union, ALBA (observer), Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization, Asian Parliamentary Assembly,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Association of Arab Universities, Bureau International des Expositions, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, European Broadcasting Union (associate member),<ref name = "EBU Associate Members">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> FEAS, Food and Agriculture Organization, Group of 24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Civil Aviation Organization,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Development Association,<ref name="IDA Graduates">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Islamic Development Bank (suspended 2012),<ref name="Alsharif 2012" /> International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Intelsat, Interpol,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, IRENA (acceding), International Solar Alliance, International Telecommunication Union, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (joined 2013, suspended 2021),<ref name="Al Jazeera 2021 opcw">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> OTIF, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, UN, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Union for the Mediterranean (suspended 2011),<ref name="member-states"/> Universal Postal Union, World Bank, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions,<ref name="WFTU 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Syria's two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council ended in December 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Syria was elected to the executive of the World Health Organization in 2021.<ref name="The Independent 2021">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jaafari 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Arab LeagueEdit
Syria was temporarily suspended from the Arab League since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit.<ref name="Reuters 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha, the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The National Coalition was henceforth granted Damascus' seat at the summit.
This act of recognition was opposed by Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon.<ref>Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis Xinhua News Agency. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</ref> On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.<ref name="Al Jazeera 2019 Qatar"/>
In December 2018, after American president Donald Trump announced the partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, some countries initiated reopening of their diplomatic relations with Syria. Diplomatic relations have returned with Iraq, Saudi Arabia (in 2023), Egypt (after 3 July 2013), Tunisia, UAE (after 2018), Jordan (after 2021),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lebanon (after 2021),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Algeria,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mauritania (after 2018),<ref name="arg"/> Bahrain (after 2018),<ref name=bhrel/> Kuwait (after 2018),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Libya,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Oman,<ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Comoros, Sudan (after 2018),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yemen,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Somalia<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> and Palestine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Following the visit of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, the Arab League initiated the process of readmission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the organization,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while the United Arab Emirates reopened their embassy in Syria on 27 December,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Bahrain<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> announced its intentions to reopen their embassies.
After the devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Saudis, Emirati, Algerians, Iraqis and Jordanians contributed significantly to the relief effort. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/>
On 26 February 2023, President Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati speakers of legislative bodies, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon on behalf of Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, to discuss further cooperation between the Arab states and Syria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In early April 2023, Saudi Arabia had invited Syria's Assad to the Arab League summit, ending regional isolation. On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrived in Jeddah to meet Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria," according to the Saudi foreign ministry.<ref name="syrf23"/>
On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 18 April 2023, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan travelled to Damascus, met with Syrian President Assad and discussed further steps. The summit is scheduled for 19 May 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership in the Arab League.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Earlier, Kuwait and Qatar had opposed al-Assad's presence at the Arab League summit. The regional normalisation effort had caught the U.S. and its European allies by surprise, as they were opposing an "Arab-led political path" in solving the crisis. According to the statement, al-Assad would be allowed to the meeting on 19 May 2023, if "he wishes to do so". The new political process in Syria was described as the "Jordanian Initiative".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nevertheless, Syria remains under international sanctions after millions of Syrians had been displaced or sought refuge in Arab and European countries during the war. The changes to the relations between Syria and other Arab States would allow many of them to return to their homeland, according to the announcements made earlier by Jordanian and Saudi officials.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
International disputesEdit
- Western Golan Heights with Israel;
- dispute with upstream riparian Turkey over Turkish water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- separation of the Hatay State and subsequent incorporation into the Turkish state
- dispute with Turkey concerning the Turkish occupation of North Syria
- dispute with the United States over the American-led intervention and occupation of Syrian territory
- illicit drugs: a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and Western markets, as well as captagon<ref name="Chulov 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NotesEdit
See alsoEdit
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)
- List of diplomatic missions in Syria
- List of diplomatic missions of Syria
- Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad regime
- Sanctions against Syria
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:In lang Ministry of Foreign Affairs Template:Webarchive
- UNRWA Commissioner-General Visits Syria
- EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Syria
Further readingEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
Template:Foreign relations of Syria Template:Syria topics Template:Asia topic