Incubator escapee wiki

Indonesia

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Pp-move Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Republic of IndonesiaTemplate:Native name 

    | {{#if:Republic of Indonesia

|

Republic of Indonesia
       }}{{#if:Template:Native name

|

Template:Br separated entries
              }}{{#ifeq:|yes
              |Micronation
       }}

|

Template:PAGENAMEBASE

}}

| subheader = {{#if: | {{{life_span}}} | {{#if:|{{{year_start}}}{{#if:|–{{{year_end}}} }} }} }}

| image1 = {{#if:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svgFlag of Indonesia.svg 

 |Template:Infobox country/imagetable }}

| data1 = {{#if:
Template:Native phrase (Old Javanese)
"Unity in Diversity"

|Motto: Template:If empty{{#if:|

{{{englishmotto}}}

}} 

   }}

| class2 = anthem

| data2 = {{#if:{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
"Indonesia the Great"

       |Anthem: Template:If empty
       }}{{#if:
       |Anthems: {{{anthems}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
Royal anthem: {{{royal_anthem}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
Flag anthem: {{{flag_anthem}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
National march: {{{national_march}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
Territorial anthem: {{{territorial_anthem}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
Regional anthem: {{{regional_anthem}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
State anthem: {{{state_anthem}}}
       }}{{#if:
       |
March: {{{march}}}
       }}

| data3 = {{#if:Template:IAST (Sanskrit)
"The Five Principles" 

    |{{#if:National ideology:
              | Template:If empty
}}Template:If empty
    }}

| data4 = {{#if:Template:Switcher

|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Template:Switcher|size=|upright=1.15|alt=|title=Location of Indonesia }}{{#if:|

}} }}

| data5 = {{#if:

|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1.15|alt=|title=Location of Indonesia }}{{#if:|

}} }}

| label6 = Status | data6 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox country/status text }}

| label7 = Location | data7 =

| label8 = {{#if: | {{{capital_type}}} | Capital }}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:capital|capital 

                        |capital|{{#switch:Jakarta
                          | capital = capital
                          | capital = capital
                          | not capital

}}}}|capital |

and largest city
             }}

| data8 = {{#if:Jakarta|Jakarta{{#if:Template:Coord|
{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|Template:Coord|type:city}}}} }}

| rowclass9 = {{#if:Jakarta|mergedrow}} | label9 = Capital-in-exile | data9 = {{#ifexist:|[[]]|}}

| rowclass10 = {{#if:Jakarta|mergedrow}} | label10 = {{#if:| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative center }} | data10 = {{#switch: 

 |capital | =
 |[[Jakarta]] =
 |Jakarta =
 |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:Jakarta||{{#if:Template:Coord|
{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|Template:Coord|type:city}}}} }} }}

| rowclass11 = {{#if:Jakarta|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = Largest city | data11 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:capital|capital 

                        |capital|{{#switch:Jakarta
                          | capital = capital
                          | capital = capital
                          | not capital
                         }}}}|capital |
              | Template:If empty
              }}

| rowclass12 = mergedtoprow | label12 = Official languages | data12 = Indonesian | rowclass13 = mergedrow | label13 = {{#if:|Recognized|Recognised}} languages | data13 = Template:If empty | rowclass14 = mergedrow | label14 = {{#if:|Recognized|Recognised}} national languages | data14 = Template:If empty | rowclass15 = mergedrow | label15 = {{#if:|Recognized|Recognised}} regional languages | data15 = Template:If empty | label16 = Common languages | data16 =


| rowclass17 = {{#ifeq:|yes 

          |{{#ifeq:yes|yes |mergedrow}}
          |{{#ifeq:yes|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }}

| label17 ={{#ifeq:yes|yes

|

Template:If empty
 |Template:If empty
 }}

| data17 = 718 languagesTemplate:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

| rowclass18 = {{#ifeq:|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label18 = {{#ifeq:|yes

|

Template:If empty
 |Template:If empty
 }}

| data18 = Latin (predominantly)
Template:Collapsible list

| label19 = Ethnic groups {{#if:2010 |

(2010)

|

}}

| data19 = Template:Ubl

| label20 = Religion {{#if:2024 |

(2024)

|

}}

| data20 = Template:Tree list

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Tree list/end

| label21 = Demonym(s) | data21 = {{#if:Indonesian 

 |{{#ifexist:Indonesian people
    | [[Indonesian people|Indonesian]]
    | Indonesian
   }}
 }}

| label22 = Type | data22 =

| label23 = Template:If empty | data23 =

| label24 = {{#if:Unitary presidential republic 

    | {{#if:
              | [[{{{politics_link}}}|{{#ifeq:|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}]]| {{#ifexist:Politics of Indonesia
                 | {{#ifeq:|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}| {{#ifeq:|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}}}}}}}

| data24 = Unitary presidential republic

| header25 = {{#if:Unitary presidential republic || {{#if:PresidentPrabowo Subianto 

       | {{#if:
          | Leaders          
          | Government 
         }} 
       }} }}

| rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:Prabowo Subianto|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| rowclass27 = mergedrow | label27 = {{#if:| {{{title_leader}}} }} | data27 = {{#if:| }} | rowclass28 = mergedrow | data28 = {{#if: | Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| rowclass29 = mergedrow | label29 = {{#if:| {{{title_representative}}} }} | data29 = {{#if:| }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | data30 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{#if:|{{{title_deputy}}} }} | data31 = {{#if:| }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | data32 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| label40 = Legislature | data40 = People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) | rowclass41 = mergedrow

| label41 =

• {{#if:|{{{type_house1}}}|Upper house}}

| data41 = Regional Representative Council (DPD) | rowclass42 = mergedbottomrow

| label42 =

• {{#if:|{{{type_house2}}}|Lower house}}

| data42 = House of Representatives (DPR)

| rowclass43 = {{#if:Proclaimed |mergedtoprow}} | header43 = {{#if:ProclaimedIndependence 

  |{{#if:Independence

| Independence{{#if:from the Netherlands | 

from the Netherlands

}} 

     | {{#if:| | Establishment }}
 }} }}

| label44 = Establishment | data44 = {{#if:Independence 

     |
     |
     }}

| label45 = {{#if:|Historical era|History}} | data45 = {{#if: |{{#ifexist:|[[{{{era}}}]]|{{{era}}}}} | {{#if:| }}}}

| rowclass46 = {{#if:Proclaimed |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data46 = {{#if:17 August 1945|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| rowclass47 = {{#if: |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data47 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}

| rowclass60 = mergedtoprow | header60 = {{#if:1,904,569<ref name="CIA" />735,358 

 | {{#if:
              | [[{{{area_link}}}|Area {{#ifeq:|yes|claimed|}}]]
              | {{#ifexist:Geography of Indonesia
                 | Area {{#ifeq:|yes|claimed|}}
                 | Area {{#ifeq:|yes|claimed|}}}}}} }}

| rowclass61 = {{#if:Water (%)|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label61 =

• Total

| data61 = {{#if:1,904,569<ref name="CIA" />735,358 

 |{{#if:1,904,569<ref name="CIA" />735,358
    |Template:Convinfobox
    |{{#if:
       |Template:Convinfobox
     }}
  }}{{#if:14th | (14th) }}
 }}

| rowclass62 = {{#if:Water (%)|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label62 =

• Land

| data62 = {{#if: 

 |{{#if:
    |Template:Convinfobox
    |{{#if:
       |Template:Convinfobox
     }}
  }}
 }}

| rowclass63 = {{#if:Water (%)|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label63 =

• Water

| data63 = {{#if: 

 |{{#if:
    |Template:Convinfobox
    |{{#if:
       |Template:Convinfobox
     }}
  }}
 }}

| rowclass64 = {{#if:Water (%)|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label64 =

• Water (%)

| data64 =

| rowclass65 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label65 =

• Water (%)

| data65 = {{#if:Water (%)| 4.85 }}

| rowclass66 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}

| label66 =

• 

| data66 = {{#if:| }}

| rowclass67 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label67 = | data67 = {{#if: | Template:Convinfobox }}

| rowclass68 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = | data68 = {{#if: | Template:Convinfobox }}

| rowclass69 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label69 = | data69 = {{#if: | Template:Convinfobox }}

| rowclass70 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label70 = | data70 = {{#if: | Template:Convinfobox }}

| rowclass71 = {{#if:|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = | data71 = {{#if: | Template:Convinfobox }}

| rowclass72 = mergedrow

| label72 =

• {{{FR_metropole}}}

| data72 = {{#if:| }}

| rowclass73 = mergedrow

| label73 =

• IGN

| data73 = {{#if: 

 |{{#if:
    |Template:Convinfobox{{#if:| ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|]])}}
  }}
}}

| rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow

| label89 =

• Cadastre

| data89 = {{#if: 

 |{{#if:
    | Template:Convinfobox{{#if:| ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|]])}}
  }}
}}

| rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:Template:IncreaseNeutral 284,973,643<ref name="auto" />270,203,917<ref name="2020census" /> 

    |{{#if:
              | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|Population]]}}| {{#ifexist:Demographics of Indonesia
                 | Population| Population}}}} }}

| rowclass91 = mergedrow

| label91 =

• {{#if:2024 |2024 estimate|Estimate}}

| data91 = {{#if:Template:IncreaseNeutral 284,973,643<ref name="auto" /> 

       |Template:IncreaseNeutral 284,973,643<ref name="auto" />{{#if:4th | (4th)}}
       }}

| rowclass92 = mergedrow

| label92=

• 

| data92= {{#if:|}}

| rowclass93= mergedrow

| label93=

• 

| data93= {{#if:|}}

| rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:|Template:Infobox country/multirow }}


| rowclass95= mergedrow

| label95=

• {{#if:2020 |2020 census|Census}}

| data95= {{#if:270,203,917<ref name="2020census" /> 

 |270,203,917<ref name="2020census" />{{#if: | ({{{population_census_rank}}})}}
 }}

| rowclass96= mergedrow | label96 = {{#if:|{{#if:|Template:Nobold}}}} | data96 = {{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}

| rowclass97 = mergedrow

| label97=

• Total

| data97= {{#if:|{{#if: 

|{{{FR_total_population_estimate}}}{{#if:| ({{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank}}})}}
 }} }}

| rowclass98 = mergedrow

| label98=

• {{{FR_metropole}}}

| data98= {{#if:|{{{FR_metropole_population}}}{{#if: 

| ({{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass99 = mergedbottomrow

| label99=

• Density

| data99= {{#if:143371 

    | Template:Convinfobox{{#if:88th | (88th)}}
    }}

| rowclass100 = {{#if:Template:IncreaseNeutral 284,973,643<ref name="auto" />270,203,917<ref name="2020census" />|mergedbottomrow|mergedtoprow}} | label100 = Membership | data100=

| rowclass101= mergedtoprow | label101= {{#ifeq:|yes|Claimed|}} GDP Template:Nobold | data101= {{#if:Template:Increase $5.009 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Increase $17,612<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> 

    |{{#if:2025 |2025 }}estimate
    }}

| rowclass102= mergedrow

| label102=

• Total

| data102= {{#if:Template:Increase $5.009 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 

    |Template:Increase $5.009 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>{{#if:7th | (7th)}} 

    }}

| rowclass103= mergedbottomrow

| label103=

• Per capita

| data103= {{#if:Template:Increase $17,612<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> 

    |Template:Increase $17,612<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" />{{#if:102nd | (102nd)}}
    }}

| rowclass104= mergedtoprow | label104= {{#ifeq:|yes|Claimed|}} GDP Template:Nobold | data104= {{#if:Template:Increase $1.430 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" />Template:Increase $5,027<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> 

  |{{#if:2025 |2025 }}estimate
  }}

| rowclass105= mergedrow

| label105=

• Total

| data105= {{#if:Template:Increase $1.430 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> 

    |Template:Increase $1.430 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" />{{#if:16th | (16th)}}
    }}

| rowclass106= mergedbottomrow

| label106=

• Per capita

| data106= {{#if:Template:Increase $5,027<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> 

       | Template:Increase $5,027<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" />{{#if:118th | (118th)}}
      }}

| label107= Gini{{#if:2024 | Template:Nobold}} | data107= {{#if:37.9 

    | {{#switch:decrease
             |increase = Template:IncreaseNegative |decrease = Template:DecreasePositive |steady = Template:Steady }}37.9<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Nowrap{{#if: 

              | ([[List of countries by income equality|]])}}}}

| label108= HDI{{#if:2023 | Template:Nobold}} | data108= {{#if:0.728 

    | {{#switch:increase
             |increase = Template:Increase |decrease = Template:Decrease |steady = Template:Steady }}0.728<ref name="UNHDR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Nowrap{{#if:113th 

             | (113th)}}}}

| label109= {{#ifeq:|yes|Purported currency|Currency}} | data109= {{#if:Indonesian rupiah (Rp) 

    | Indonesian rupiah (Rp) {{#if:IDR |(IDR)}}
  }}

| rowclass119= {{#if: |mergedtoprow}} | label119= Time zone | data119= {{#if:+7, +8, +9 

    |Template:Nowrap {{#if:WIB, WITA, WIT|(WIB, WITA, WIT)}}
    |WIB, WITA, WIT
    }}

| rowclass120= {{#if: |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}}

| label120=

• Summer (DST)

| data120= {{#if: 

    |Template:Nowrap {{#if:|({{{time_zone_DST}}})|{{#if:|({{{DST}}})}}}}
    |{{#if:|{{{time_zone_DST}}}|}}
    }}

| rowclass121= mergedbottomrow | label121= | data121=

| label122 = Antipodes | data122=

| label123 = Date format | data123= DD/MM/YYYY


| label126= {{#if:+62 

   |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in Indonesia
              | Calling code
              | Calling code
             }}
  }}

| data126= +62

| label127= ISO 3166 code | data127= {{#switch: 

    |omit = 
    | = {{#if:Indonesia
             | {{#if:Template:ISO 3166 code
                | [[ISO 3166-2:Template:ISO 3166 code|Template:ISO 3166 code]]
               }}
            }}
    |#default = [[ISO 3166-2:{{{ISO3166CODE}}}|{{{ISO3166CODE}}}]]
   }}

| label128= Internet TLD | data128= .id

| data129 = {{#if:

|

Website
{{{official_website}}}
    }}

| data130= {{#if:

| {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1.15|alt=|title=Location of Indonesia }}{{#if:|

}} 

 }}

| data134 = {{#if: 

             |Template:Infobox country/formernext

}}

| label135 = Today part of | data135 =

| data136 = {{#if:

|

    {{#if:|
  1. }}{{#if:|
  2. }}{{#if:|
  3. }}{{#if:|
  4. }}{{#if:|
  5. }}{{#if:|
  6. }}{{#if:|
  7. }}{{#if:|
  8. }}

}}

| data137 = {{#if:

|

    {{#if:|
  1. }}{{#if:|
  2. }}{{#if:|
  3. }}{{#if:|
  4. }}{{#if:|
  5. }}{{#if:|
  6. }}{{#if:|
  7. }}{{#if:|
  8. }}

}} | data138 = {{#if:|

{{{footnotes}}}{{#if:|
{{{footnotes2}}}}}

}}

| belowclass = mergedtoprow noprint | below = {{#if:| Template:Navbar }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox country with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| admin_center_type | admin_center | alt_coat | alt_flag | alt_flag2 | alt_map | alt_map2 | alt_map3 | alt_symbol | anthem | anthems | antipodes | area_acre | area_data2 | area_data3 | area_footnote | area_ha | area_km2 | area_label | area_label2 | area_label3 | area_land_acre | area_land_footnote | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_link | area_rank | area_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_footnote | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_sq_mi | regexp1 = border_[ps][%d]+ | calling_code | capital_exile | capital_type | capital | cctld | coa_size | coat_alt | common_languages | common_name | conventional_long_name | coordinates | currency_code | currency | date_end | regexp2 = date_event[%d]+ | date_format | date_post | date_pre | date_start | demonym | regexp3 = deputy[%d]+ | drives_on | DST_note | DST | empire | englishmotto | era | regexp4 = established_date[%d]+ | regexp5 = established_event[%d]+ | established | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | event_end | event_post | event_pre | event_start | regexp6 = event[%d]+ | flag| flag_alt | flag_alt2 | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_caption | regexp7 = flag_[ps][%d]+ | flag_size | flag_type | flag_type_article | flag_width | flag2_border | regexp8 = footnote_[a-h] | regexp9 = footnote[%d]+ | footnotes | footnotes2 | FR_cadastre_area_km2 | FR_cadastre_area_rank | FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi | FR_foot | FR_foot2 | FR_foot3 | FR_foot4 | FR_foot5 | FR_IGN_area_km2 | FR_IGN_area_rank | FR_IGN_area_sq_mi | FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank | FR_metropole_population | FR_metropole | FR_total_population_estimate_rank | FR_total_population_estimate_year | FR_total_population_estimate | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | regexp10 = image_[ps][%d]+ | image_symbol | iso3166code | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | regexp11 = leader_name[%d]+ | regexp12 = leader_title[%d]+ | regexp13 = leader[%d]+ | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | motto | name | national_anthem | national_languages | national_motto | native_name | navbar | nummembers | official_languages | official_website | org_type | other_symbol_type | other_symbol | regexp14 = [ps][%d]+ | patron_saint | patron_saints | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regexp15 = ref_area[%d]+ | regexp16 = ref_pop[%d]+ | regional_languages | recognized_regional_languages | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | regexp17 = representative[%d]+ | royal_anthem | flag_anthem | march | national_march | regional_anthem | territorial_anthem | state_anthem | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | regexp18 = stat_area[%d]+ | regexp19 = stat_pop[%d]+ | regexp20 = stat_year[%d]+ | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type_house1 | type_house2 | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | regexp21 = year_deputy[%d]+ | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | regexp22 = year_leader[%d]+ | regexp23 = year_representative[%d]+ | year_start}}Template:Main other{{#if:|{{#ifeq:|Colony|Template:Main other|{{#ifeq:|Exile|Template:Main other}}}} }}

Indonesia,Template:Efn officially the Republic of Indonesia,Template:Efn is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Comprising over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at Template:Convert. With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

Indonesia operates as a presidential republic with an elected legislature and consists of 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. Jakarta, the largest city, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century, when Sumatra's Srivijaya and later Java's Majapahit kingdoms engaged in commerce with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II and has since faced challenges such as separatism, corruption, and natural disasters, alongside democratisation and rapid economic growth.

Indonesian society comprises hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. The nation's identity is unified under the motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, defined by a national language, cultural and religious pluralism, a history of colonialism, and rebellion against it. A newly industrialised country, Indonesia's economy ranks as the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. As the world's third-largest democracy and a middle power in global affairs, the country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, MIKTA, BRICS and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, APEC and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

EtymologyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:1855 Colton Map of the East Indies (Singapore, Thailand, Borneo, Malaysia) - Geographicus - EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg
The Indonesian archipelago has carried different names in the past, such as "East Indies" in this 1855 map

The name Indonesia derives from the Greek words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning "Indian islands".<ref name="EcoSeas1">Template:Cite book</ref> The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago".Template:Sfn<ref name="indoety">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. They preferred Malay Archipelago (Template:Langx); the Netherlands East Indies ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), popularly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; the East ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}); and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Kroef">Template:Cite journal</ref>

After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.<ref name="Kroef" /> Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin popularised the name through his book {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara, who established a press bureau in the Netherlands, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in 1913.<ref name="indoety" />

HistoryEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Early historyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg
One of the oldest known figurative paintings, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave dated as 40,000 to 44,000 years old.

The Indonesian archipelago has been inhabited since the time of homo erectus or "Java Man," with fossils dating back 2 million to 500,000 BCE.<ref>Template:Cite journal cited in Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Fossils of homo floresiensis, found on Flores, date around 700,000 to 60,000 BCE, while homo sapiens arrived around 43,000 BCE.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sulawesi and Borneo are home to the world's oldest known cave paintings, dating back 40,000 to 60,000 years,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and megalithic sites such as western Java's Gunung Padang, Sulawesi's Lore Lindu, as well as Sumatra's Nias and Sumba reflect early human settlements and ceremonial practices.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Around 2,000 BCE, Austronesian peoples began arriving in Southeast Asia from the island now known as Taiwan, gradually displacing native Melanesians to the far eastern part of the archipelago as they spread east,Template:Sfn and would eventually form the majority of Indonesia's modern population. Favourable agricultural conditions and advancements like wet-field rice cultivation by the 8th century BCETemplate:Sfn enabled the growth of villages and kingdoms by the first century CE. The archipelago's strategic location fostered inter-island and international exchange with civilisations from the Indian subcontinent and mainland China, profoundly influencing Indonesian history and culture through trade.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

By the 7th century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom thrived on trade, adopting Hindu and Buddhist influences. The 8th to 10th centuries saw the rise and decline of the Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties, leaving monumental legacies like the Borobudur and Prambanan temples. After the failed Mongol invasion of Java in the late 13th century, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom rose to dominate much of the archipelago under Gajah Mada's leadership—a period often called the "Golden Age" of Indonesian history.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Islam arrived in the 13th century in northern Sumatra,Template:Sfn and following gradual adoption in other islands, it became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the 16th century, blending with pre-existing traditions to form a distinct Islamic culture, particularly in Java.Template:Sfn

Colonial eraEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Nicolaas Pieneman - The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Kock.jpg
An 1835 painting illustrating the submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830

In 1512, Europeans began arriving in the archipelago, led by Portuguese traders under Francisco Serrão, to seek a monopoly of the lucrative spice trade in the Maluku Islands.Template:Sfn Dutch and British traders soon followed, with the former establishing the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) in 1602, which eventually became the dominant European power for almost two centuries. After the VOC's dissolution in 1799 due to bankruptcy, the Dutch East Indies was established as a nationalised colony,Template:Sfn marking the beginning of formal colonial rule by the Netherlands. Over the next century and a half, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous, as they faced continuous rebellions from local leaders like Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra, Pattimura in Maluku, and fighters in Aceh.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Dutch dominance only extended to Indonesia's modern boundaries in the early 20th century,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn with the establishment of Dutch posts in New Guinea.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During World War II, the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Indies ended Dutch ruleTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and encouraged Indonesia's independence movement.<ref>Robert Elson, The idea of Indonesia: A history (2008) pp 1–12</ref> Only two days after Japan's surrender in August 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, and they became the country's first president and vice-president, along with Sutan Sjahrir as Prime Minister.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Bidien1945>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, prompting the start of Indonesia's war of independence against the Dutch. The conflict lasted until 1949, when the Dutch recognised Indonesian independence in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference following international pressure.Template:Sfn<ref name=Bidien1945/> Despite political, social, and sectarian divisions, Indonesians found unity in their fight for independence.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Post-World War IIEdit

Template:Multiple image

Sukarno shifted Indonesia from democracy to authoritarianism and maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of political Islam, the military, and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).Template:Sfn Tensions between the latter two culminated in an attempted coup in 1965, leading to a violent anti-communist purge led by the Army's Major General Suharto that killed at least 500,000 people and imprisoned around a million more.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn The PKI was blamed for the coup and destroyed,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite video</ref>Template:Sfn weakening Sukarno's power. Suharto capitalised on this, becoming President in 1968 and establishing a US-backed "New Order" administration,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North–South Relations, London: Blackwell, p. 70</ref> which fostered foreign direct investment<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and drove three decades of substantial economic growth.

Indonesia was the country worst affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which brought out widespread discontent with the New Order's corruption and political suppression and ultimately ended Suharto's rule.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1999, East Timor seceded after a controversial 25-year occupation following Indonesia's 1975 invasion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 1998, Indonesia has strengthened democracy by granting regional autonomy and holding the first direct presidential election in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Political, economic and social instability and terrorism were persistent in the 2000s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The economy has performed strongly since 2007, although corruption remains a chronic issue.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Relations among the diverse population are mostly harmonious, but sectarian discontent and violence remain problematic in some areas.<ref name="RIP">Template:Cite book</ref> A political settlement to a separatist insurgency in Aceh was achieved in 2005.<ref name="AcehPeace">Template:Citation</ref>

GeographyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg
Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest

The southernmost country in Asia, Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. It is also a transcontinental country, spanning Southeast Asia and Oceania and is the world's largest archipelagic state, stretching Template:Convert from east to west and Template:Convert from north to south.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The exact number of Indonesia's islands varies according to different sources, usually ranging from 13,000 to 17,000, with around 922 permanently inhabited.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="CIA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its five largest islands are Sumatra, Java, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The country features diverse topography, including towering mountains, vast lakes, and extensive river systems. At Template:Convert, Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, while Lake Toba in Sumatra, covering Template:Convert, is the largest lake. The country's major rivers, primarily in Kalimantan, include Kapuas, Barito and Mahakam, serving as vital transportation and communication routes for remote riverine communities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ClimateEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Gunung Palung Jungle.jpg
Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

Indonesia's equatorial position ensures a relatively stable climate year-round,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> characterised by two main seasons: the dry season from May to October and the wet season from November to April, with no extremes of summer and winter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The climate is predominantly tropical rainforest, with cooler climates in mountainous areas over Template:Convert above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with uniform precipitation year-round. In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is more pronounced during the dry season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> There is a variation in rainfall patterns, with regions like western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua receiving more precipitation, while areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, are drier. The warm waters covering 81% of Indonesia's area keep land temperatures stable, with high humidity (70-90%) and moderate, predictable winds influenced by monsoon cycles. Major weather hazards include strong currents in straits, such as the Lombok and Sape Straits,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> rather than typhoons or storms.

File:Koppen-Geiger Map IDN present.svg
Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Indonesia<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> including a temperature rise of Template:Cvt by 2050 due to unreduced emissions.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="ClimChng">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This warming could intensify droughts, disrupt rainfall patterns critical to agriculture,<ref name="ClimChng" /> and increase occurrences of food shortages, diseases, and wildfires.<ref name="ClimChng" /> Rising sea levels would also threaten densely populated coastal regions,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and impoverished communities are expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeologyEdit

File:Lake Toba and the surrounding hills.jpg
Lake Toba in North Sumatra, the world's largest volcanic lake. Indonesia is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire area

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Indonesia's geology is shaped by its position on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates subduct beneath the Eurasian plate, where they melt at about Template:Convert deep. This tectonic activity makes the region highly unstable with volcanoes and earthquakes.<ref name="VolEthQ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A chain of volcanoes stretches from Sumatra through Java, Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands, and the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi.Template:Sfn Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active.<ref name="VolEthQ" /> While volcanic ash has made agriculture unpredictable in some areas,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it has also created fertile soils that have historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Between 1972 and 1991, Java experienced a total of 29 volcanic eruptions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The archipelago has witnessed several powerful volcanic eruptions with global repercussions. A massive supervolcano erupted with a maximum volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8 at present-day Lake Toba around 74,000 BCE, causing a global volcanic winter, cooling the climate, and possibly influencing human evolution.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, the most recently confirmed VEI-7 eruption, made much of the Northern Hemisphere without summer in 1816.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The eruption of Mount Krakatoa in 1883, a VEI-6 eruption, produced the loudest sound in recorded history, with additional effects around the world years after the event.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

BiodiversityEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Template:Multiple image

Recognised by Conservation International as one of 17 megadiverse countries, Indonesia hosts one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity due to its tropical climate, large size, and archipelagic geography. The country's flora and fauna include a mix of Asian and Australasian species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Sunda Shelf islands (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo) have a wealth of Asian fauna as they were once linked to mainland Asia, while Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku and Papua evolved unique ecosystems due to their separation from the continental landmasses.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In terms of total endemic species, the Indonesian archipelago ranks among the highest globally.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The country also boasts Template:Convert of coastline, featuring diverse sea and coastal ecosystems, such as dunes and mangroves,<ref name="EcoSeas1"/> as well as coral reefs in the Coral Triangle that harbour the highest diversity of coral reef fish globally, with over 2,000 species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Wallace Line, described by English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, marks the biogeographical divide between Asian and Australasian species, with the region between the Wallace and Weber Lines (called Wallacea) hosting unique biodiversity as described in Wallace's 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Severin">Template:Cite book</ref> Indonesia's extensive forests, comprising 83% of Southeast Asia's old-growth forests,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> are deemed crucial for the region's ecological balance and carbon storage.

Indonesia faces severe environmental challenges due to extensive deforestation,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> peatland destruction, and over-exploitation of resources, driven by industries such as logging, plantations and agriculture since the 1970s,<ref name="landuse" /> and in most recent years, palm oil.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Forest cover declined from 87% in 1950 to 48% in 2022,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="landuse">Template:Cite journal</ref> highlighting the country as a leading forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These issues are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They also threaten indigenous and endemic species, with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listing many as critically endangered, such as the Bali myna,<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref> Sumatran orangutan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Javan rhinoceros.<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref> Environmental degradation has prompted some academics to label these activities as ecocide.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ConservationEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Bunaken Marine Park.JPG
Bunaken National Park in the Coral Triangle, one of Indonesia's over 100 marine protected areas

As of 2023, Indonesia has designated 21.3% of its land as protected areas and aims to align its strategy with the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Additionally, 411 marine reserves account for 9% of the country's maritime area, with a target to increase this to 30% by 2045. However, a recent study highlights that the current efforts are off track and existing marine reserves are poorly managed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Approximately 390 marine areas are managed by government bodies, communities, and other sectors, with potential for classification as other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), though there is no national mechanism for reporting them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Indonesia's conservation framework includes 55 national parks, covering around 9% of the country's surface area. Among these, nine are predominantly marine parks,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with six recognised as World Heritage Sites, seven as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and five wetlands of international importance under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. Notably, Indonesia has over 100 marine protected areas spanning 15.7 million hectares as of 2012, and these are managed by the Ministry of Forestry and local governments. Previous targets included reaching 20 million hectares by 2020 under former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's 2009 initiative and 10% of territorial waters, or 31 million hectares.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Government and politicsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

File:Ruang MPR.jpg
A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014

Indonesia is a presidential republic. Following the fall of the New Order in 1998, sweeping amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia restructured the state's executive, legislative, and judicial branches while maintaining a balance between its unitary state framework and greater decentralisation to regional governments.<ref name="Harijanti2006">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> The president serves as head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) and oversees domestic and foreign policies. Presidents may serve up to two consecutive five-year terms.<ref>(2002), The Fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Article 7.</ref>

The People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR) is Indonesia's highest representative body, responsible for amending the constitution, inaugurating and impeaching the president, and formalising state policies.<ref>Chapter II, Article 3, 3rd Clause of the 1945 Constitution.</ref><ref name="UUD45">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It consists of two houses: the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), which has 580 members and handles legislation and executive oversight, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), which has 152 members and focuses on regional matters.<ref name="INAlegis">Template:Cite journal</ref> Since 1998, reforms have significantly enhanced the DPR's governance functionality.<ref name="Harijanti2006"/> The DPD represents the interests of the diverse regions of Indonesia.<ref>Chapter VIIA, Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution.</ref><ref name="UUD45" />

Indonesia’s judiciary includes several key institutions. The Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest judicial authority, handling final appeals and case reviews.<ref name="courts">Template:Citation</ref> The Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) addresses constitutional and political matters,<ref name="courts" /> while the country's Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) oversees Islamic personal law cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors judicial performance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Parties and electionsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Template:Multiple image

Since 1999, Indonesia has operated under a multi-party system, wherein no single political party has secured an outright majority of seats in the legislative elections. Political parties are generally classified into two categories: secular and nationalist parties, which include the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), the Party of the Functional Groups (Golkar), and the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra Party); and Islamic parties, such as the centrist National Awakening Party (PKB) and the Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Indonesia's political spectrum is characterised by a preference for pragmatism over ideological orthodoxy to fit the prevailing political climate,<ref name="ParPol">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and by what are called cartel parties, with extensive power-sharing among parties and limited accountability to voters.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Unlike many other democracies, pre-election party alliances are the norm in Indonesia.<ref name="ParPol" />

In 1955, the first general election was held to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly (Konstituante). The most recent elections in 2024 brought eight political parties to the DPR, with a parliamentary threshold of 4% of the national vote.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a President until 2004. Since then, the President has been elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD.<ref name="INAlegis" /><ref name="Harijanti2006" /> Beginning with the 2015 local elections, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date. In 2013, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Administrative divisionsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Indonesia is divided into several administrative levels. At the first level are the provinces, each with a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. The number of provinces has grown from 8 in 1945<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> to 38 today, with the most recent one, Southwest Papua, established in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second level includes regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota), respectively, both supported by legislatures (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). Below this are districts (kecamatan, called distrik in Papua), and the fourth level comprises villages, known by various names like desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari (in West Sumatra), or gampong (in Aceh). Villages are subdivided into community groups (rukun warga, RW) and neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT), with further subdivisions like hamlets (dusun or dukuh) in Java.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The village level is the lowest administrative unit but significantly influences daily life. Village governments are led by elected heads (lurah or kepala desa) and handle local matters.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Since the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, regencies and cities have become key administrative units responsible for most government services. Nine provinces (Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and the six provinces in Papua) are granted a special autonomous status (otonomi khusus) from the central government. A conservative Islamic territory, Aceh has the right to apply aspects of sharia law.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Yogyakarta uniquely retains its pre-colonial monarchy, with its Sultan and Duke serving as governor and vice governor,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while the provinces in Papua are granted special autonomy to address separatist tensions, accelerate development, and provide Papuans with greater self-governance, aiming to integrate the region more equally with the rest of Indonesia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:Transcluded section

Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map

{{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}

Foreign relationsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:ASEAN HQ 1.jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Indonesia follows an "independent and active" (bebas aktif) foreign policy, a term coined in 1948 by the country's first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This policy aims to navigate great power politics, maintain autonomy, and avoid alignment with major powers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The President holds the ultimate authority in determining foreign policy directions,<ref>Chapter III - The Executive Power, Articles 4, 11 and 13 of the Amended 1945 Constitution</ref><ref name="UUD45" /> while the Foreign Affairs Ministry is responsible for formulating and implementing foreign policy. Meanwhile, the Parliament (DPR) provides oversight and ratifies international treaties. Indonesia is considered to be a middle power in global politics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

As the largest country in Southeast Asia and a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Indonesia considers ASEAN the cornerstone of its foreign policy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Indonesia has actively supported Palestine while refraining from formal diplomatic relations with Israel. However, the two countries maintain discreet ties.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Since the start of the 21st century, Indonesia has built deep relations with China, primarily relating to investments in infrastructure and trade,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while at the same time maintaining a strategic partnership with the United States, focusing on economic cooperation, security, and counterterrorism efforts.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950Template:Efn and is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the East Asia Summit.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Indonesia is also a signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Indonesia has been a humanitarian and development aid recipient since the late 1960s,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but it recently established its own foreign aid agency in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The country also plays a role in maintaining international peace and security, deploying thousands of military and police personnel to multiple United Nations peacekeeping missions since 1957, including in Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mali.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MilitaryEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Template:Multiple image

The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) consists of the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL) (including the Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI-AU), with active personnel numbering approximately 300,400 in the Army, 65,000 in the Navy, and 30,100 in the Air Force.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Established during the Indonesian National Revolution, the TNI initially engaged in guerrilla warfare alongside informal militias. Its territorial structure focuses on maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Though political reforms in 1998 removed TNI's formal legislative role, it continues to wield political influence, albeit reduced from its peak during the New Order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Defence spending in 2023 was 0.7% of GDP,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with controversies surrounding military-owned commercial ventures.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Since independence, Indonesia has struggled to maintain unity against separatist movements and insurgencies, notably in Aceh and Papua.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Citation</ref> While the former ended peacefully in 2005,<ref name="AcehPeace" /> the latter has continued amid the implementation of regional autonomy<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and well-documented human rights abuses by the TNI, including extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances and restrictions on freedom of expression, as reported by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the UNHRC.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Indonesia's historical military engagements include conflicts with the Netherlands over Dutch New Guinea, opposition to the British-backed creation of Malaysia (Konfrontasi), the anti-communist mass killings, and the invasion of East Timor, which was Indonesia's largest military operation.<ref>Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs. Decolonization in East Timor. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977. Template:OCLC.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Law enforcement and human rightsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Jakarta riot 14 May 1998.jpg
Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998

Law enforcement in Indonesia is primarily handled by the Indonesian National Police (POLRI), supported by other agencies under the President, ministries, or state-owned companies. These agencies perform specific policing duties and are supervised and trained by the POLRI, which serves as the country's national civilian police force responsible for maintaining law and order.

Indonesia has a documented history of racial discrimination and conflicts, particularly against Chinese Indonesians and Papuans,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which have at times escalated into violence, notably the anti-Chinese riots in 1998 and the ongoing Papua conflict since 1962. Other minorities, such as the LGBTQ, also face challenges, where a rapid surge of anti-LGBTQ rhetoric has been observed since the mid-2010s<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> after relative obscurity on the topic in the decades prior.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Discrimination against religious minorities is also common.<ref name="RIP" /><ref name="mino" />

Issues regarding free speech and the right to assembly are prevalent despite constitutional protections.<ref>Chapter XA, Article 28E, 3rd Clause of the Amended 1945 Constitution.</ref><ref name="UUD45" /> Laws such as the Electronic Information and Transactions (Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, ITE) Law are often used to criminalise dissent, with critics and activists facing charges for expressing opinions online.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Peaceful protests, particularly those addressing sensitive issues such as indigenous rights in Papua or environmental concerns, are frequently met with a heavy-handed response from law enforcement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The government occasionally imposes restrictions on assembly permits, particularly for those critical of authorities or advocating rights.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

EconomyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Perkebunan kelapa sawit milik rakyat (1).JPG
Palm oil plantation in Kampar Regency, Riau. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
File:Morowali Industrial Park.jpg
Morowali Industrial Park hosting primarily nickel-related industries in Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of nickel<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Indonesia operates a mixed economy where the private sector and the government play significant roles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As the only G20 member state in Southeast Asia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it has the region's largest economy and is classified as a newly industrialised country. In 2024, its nominal GDP was Template:Currency, ranking 16th globally, while its GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) was Template:Currency, ranking 7th. Per capita GDP in PPP is Template:Currency, while nominal per capita GDP is Template:Currency.<ref name="IMFWEO.ID" /> In 2021, services dominate the economy in terms of employment (49.2%), followed by agriculture (28.9%) and industry (21.7%), while in terms of share of GDP in 2022, both services and industry dominate (roughly 41% each), followed by manufacturing (18.3%) and agriculture (12.4%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The economic structure has shifted significantly over time, transitioning from agriculture in the 1950s and 1960s to gradual industrialisation and urbanisation from the late 1960s to the 1980s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Falling oil prices in the 1980s prompted diversification into manufactured exports, resulting in substantial economic growth (the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%) and poverty reduction from 40% to 11%.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, the economy took a severe hit during the Asian economic crisis in the late 1990s, when the GDP fell by 13%, inflation reached 78%, and GDP grew by only 0.8% in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recovery began in the early 2000s, with prudent banking regulations, better monetary and fiscal policies and flexible exchange rates,<ref name="08GFC" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> resulting in growth rates between 4% and 6% since 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These factors, coupled with strong domestic consumption, helped Indonesia weather the 2008 financial crisis.<ref name="08GFC">Template:Cite journal</ref> The COVID-19 pandemic in the early 2020s caused a recession, but the economy rebounded within just a year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Indonesia's abundant natural resources, including nickel, coal, and petroleum, dominate its export portfolio.<ref name="OEC" /> It imports refined and crude petroleum and vehicle parts, with major trade partners including China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand.<ref name="OEC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Owing to plentiful rainfall, sunshine and fertile soil, Indonesia is a major agricultural country, ranking among the leading producers of palm oil, rubber, coffee, tea, cassava, rice, wheat, coconut oil, and tobacco.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite these resources and decades of development, disparities in wealth, employment and economic opportunities persist between densely populated and economically advantaged regions in the western islands like Java and Sumatra and sparsely populated, underdeveloped areas in the east like Maluku and Papua.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TourismEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg
Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Tourism plays a significant role in Indonesia's economy, contributing Template:Currency to GDP and drawing 11.6 million international visitors in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, China, and India are among the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The tourism industry thrives on Indonesia's natural and cultural wealth. The country boasts a well-preserved natural ecosystem, with rainforests covering 57% of its land area (225 million acres). Popular natural destinations include the rainforests of Sumatra and Kalimantan, particularly the Orangutan wildlife reserves. Indonesia also has one of the world's longest coastlines, stretching Template:Convert. Cultural tourism features prominently, with attractions like the ancient Borobudur and Prambanan temples, the Toraja highlands, and the traditional festivities of Bali.<ref name="pariwisata">Template:Cite book</ref>

Indonesia is home to ten UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Komodo National Park and the Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta. Additionally, 18 other sites are on the tentative list, such as Bunaken National Park and the Raja Ampat Islands. Historical tourism is also a major draw, with attractions like the colonial heritage of the Dutch East Indies in Jakarta and Semarang, as well as the royal palaces of Pagaruyung and Ubud.<ref name="pariwisata" />

Science and technologyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:STS-41-B Palapa B-2 deployment.jpg
Palapa satellite launch in 1984

Government spending on research and development is relatively low at 0.28% of GDP in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite being ranked 54th among 133 countries on the 2024 Global Innovation Index, the country performs above expectations for its upper middle-income status.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Historical innovations include terasering, the terracing techniques for rice cultivation, and the pinisi boats of the Bugis and Makassar people.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the 1980s, Tjokorda Raka Sukawati developed the Sosrobahu road construction technique that is now used internationally.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Indonesia also produces passenger trains and freight wagons through its state-owned Indonesian Railway Industry (Industri Kereta Api, INKA), which exports trains abroad.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Indonesia has a history of manufacturing military and commuter aircraft and is the only country in Southeast Asia to do so. Its state-owned aerospace company, Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia, PTDI), has supplied components to Boeing and Airbus<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and co-developed the CN-235 with Spain's CASA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Former President B. J. Habibie, an aerospace engineer before getting into politics, played a key role in advancing the country's aerospace research.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recently, Indonesia has been collaborating with South Korea on the 4.5-generation fighter jet KAI KF-21 Boramae.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Indonesia's space program, managed by the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN), launched its first satellite (Palapa) in 1976 with assistance from the United States,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> making Indonesia the first developing country with a satellite system. As of 2024, Indonesia has launched 19 satellites for communication and other purposes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Recently, the government licensed Starlink to provide internet connectivity to rural and underserved regions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

InfrastructureEdit

Template:See also

TransportEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Multiple image

Indonesia's transport system reflects its archipelagic geography and population distribution, which is heavily concentrated on Java.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As of 2022, the predominant road network spanned Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including Transjakarta, which operates the world's longest bus rapid transit system.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Common urban transport includes rickshaws like bajaj and becak and shared taxis such as angkot and minibuses.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

File:Whoosh High-speed Train G1224, in Bojongkoneng, Ngamprah.jpg
Indonesia is the first country in Southeast Asia to operate a high-speed rail

Railways are primarily located in Java and parts of Sumatra and Sulawesi,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> serving freight and passenger transport, including commuter and inter-city rail services like those in Greater Jakarta and Yogyakarta. In the late 2010s, rapid transit systems were introduced in Jakarta and Palembang, with more planned for other cities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In collaboration with China, Indonesia inaugurated its first high-speed rail (Whoosh) in 2023, connecting Jakarta and Bandung. It was the first such system in Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Air and sea transport also play significant roles. Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Indonesia's largest, served 54 million passengers in 2024, followed by Ngurah Rai and Juanda International Airports. Garuda Indonesia, the national flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Port of Tanjung Priok, the country's busiest and most advanced,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> handles over 50% of Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

EnergyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:PLTB-Sidrap.jpg
Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi

Indonesia is a major energy producer and consumer, producing Template:Convert and consuming Template:Convert worth of energy in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The country's total installed power generation capacity in 2022 is approximately 83.8 gigawatts (GW),<ref name="pwcPower">Template:Cite report</ref> primarily from coal (61%).<ref name="pwcPower" /> Other significant sources include natural gas, oil, and renewables such as geothermal, hydropower, and solar.<ref name="energyADB" /> The state-owned State Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN) holds a monopoly on electric power distribution in the country.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Indonesia's energy mix is still dominated by non-renewable sources, with coal being the majority, followed by natural gas and oil.<ref name="NZE" /> Renewables, including geothermal (5%), hydropower (7%), and solar (1%), make up a smaller but growing share.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The potential for renewable energy is immense, particularly geothermal, where the country ranks as one of the world's largest producers.<ref name="energyADB">Template:Cite report</ref> The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="OEC" /> and a significant exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG).<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

The government plans to transition towards greener energy sources<ref name="71GW" /> and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.<ref name="NZE">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the latest energy plan in early 2025, the government aims for a 71-gigawatt expansion in power capacity by 2034, with a focus on renewables.<ref name="71GW">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the country has insufficient infrastructure for renewable energy, faces difficulties in providing electricity access to remote areas,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and continues to rely heavily on coal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DemographicsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

File:Population density of Indonesia by district (kecamatan) (2022) (alternate colour scheme).svg
A map of districts (kecamatan) coloured by population density as measured by person per square kilometres

According to the 2020 census, Indonesia had a population of 270.2 million, making it the world's fourth most populous country. The population grew at a rate of 1.25% between 2010 and 2020.<ref name="2020census" /> Java, the world's most populated island, is home to 56% of Indonesia's population.<ref name="2020census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The overall population density stands at Template:Convert,<ref name="2020census" /> but Java's density is significantly higher, reaching Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Indonesia's first post-colonial census in 1961 recorded a population of 97 million,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and projections estimate it will grow to 321 million by 2050.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The country maintains a relatively young demographic, with a median age of 31.5 years as of 2024.<ref name="CIA" />

Indonesia's population distribution is highly uneven, reflecting its diverse geography and varying levels of development. It ranges from the bustling megacity of Jakarta to remote and uncontacted tribes in Papua.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2023, approximately 59% of Indonesians live in urban areas,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Jakarta as the country's primate city and the second-most populous urban area globally, housing over 34 million people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, about 8 million Indonesians reside overseas, with large communities in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:Largest cities of Indonesia

Ethnic groups and languagesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map English.svg
A map of ethnic groups in Indonesia

Indonesia is home to around 600 distinct native ethnic groups,<ref name="BPS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> predominantly descended from Austronesian peoples speaking Proto-Austronesian languages, likely from modern-day Taiwan. The Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia, represent another significant ethnic grouping.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Javanese, making up 40% of the population,<ref name="ISEASdemo">Template:Cite book</ref> are the largest ethnic group and the politically dominant one,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> primarily residing in central and eastern Java, with sizeable numbers in other provinces. Other major groups include the Sundanese, Malay, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis.<ref name="ISEASdemo"/>Template:Efn A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.Template:Sfn

The official language, Indonesian, is a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which became the archipelago's lingua franca over the course of centuries.Template:Efn It was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and gained official status in 1945, following independence, under the name Bahasa Indonesia, and has since been widely adopted due to its use in education, media, business, and governance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While nearly all Indonesians speak Bahasa, most also speak one of over 700 local languages, often as their first language.<ref name="ethnologue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These are predominantly from the Austronesian family, with over 270 Papuan languages in eastern Indonesia.<ref name="ethnologue" /> Javanese is the most widely spoken local language<ref name="CIA" /> and holds co-official status in Yogyakarta.<ref>Template:Cite act</ref>

The Dutch and other European-descended populations like the Indos, though significant during colonial times, always represented a small fraction of the population, numbering only around 200,000 in 1930.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Dutch language never gained substantial traction due to the Dutch colonial focus on commerce rather than cultural integration.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dutch fluency exists today in small numbers among some older generations and legal professionals,Template:Sfn as specific legal codes remain available only in that language.Template:Sfn

ReligionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Religious affiliation by district (kecamatan) in Indonesia (2022).svg
A map of districts (kecamatan) coloured by plurality/majority religious affiliation and what percentage of citizens it represents

Indonesia officially recognises six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Marshall">Template:Cite journal</ref> while acknowledging religious freedom in the constitution<ref>Chapter XA, Article 28E, 1st Clause of the 1945 Constitution.</ref><ref name="UUD45" /> and indigenous religions for administrative purposes.<ref name="Marshall" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2023, 87.1% of the population (248 million Indonesians) are Muslims, making Indonesia the world's most populous Muslim-majority country,Template:Sfn<ref name="auto" /> with Sunnis constituting 99% of the Muslim population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn Christians, comprising 10% of the population, form majorities in several eastern provinces,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> while Hindus and Buddhists are primarily Balinese and Chinese Indonesians, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Pradaksina.jpg
Buddhist monks performing Pradakshina ritual at Borobudur temple, Central Java

Before the arrival of major world religions, Indonesia's natives practised animism and dynamism, worshipping ancestral spirits and believing in the supernatural (hyang) inhabiting natural elements, such as large trees, mountains and forests.<ref name="Ooi">Template:Cite book</ref> Such beliefs are common to the Austronesian peoples.<ref name="Ooi" /> These indigenous traditions, such as Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Javanese Kejawèn and Dayak's Kaharingan, have profoundly influenced modern religious practices, resulting in a less orthodox and syncretic form of faith like Javanese abangan, Balinese Hinduism and Dayak Christianity.<ref>Magnis-Suseno, F. 1981, Javanese Ethics and World-View: The Javanese Idea of the Good Life, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1997, pp. 15–18 Template:ISBN, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Salah Satu Upacara Besar Di Pura Agung Besakih.jpg
A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only province where Hinduism is the predominant religion

Hinduism reached the archipelago in the 1st century CE,<ref>Jan Gonda, The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in Template:Google books</ref> followed by Buddhism in the 6th century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both religions shaped Indonesia's religious history through influential empires like Majapahit, Srivijaya, and Sailendra, leaving a lasting cultural impact that remains today despite both no longer being the majority.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Islam arrived as early as the 8th century<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Gerhard Bowering et al. (2012), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, Template:ISBN, pp. xvi</ref> through Sunni and Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabian peninsula, mixing with local cultural and religious traditions to form a distinct Islamic culture (santri).Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the 16th century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, resulting from the blend of trade, dawah, such as by the Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by several sultanates.<ref>Taufiq Tanasaldy, Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia, Brill Academic, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Gerhard Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, Template:ISBN</ref>

File:Banda Aceh's Grand Mosque, Indonesia.jpg
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region

Catholicism and Protestantism were later introduced through missionary efforts during European colonisation, such as by Jesuit Francis Xavier,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> though the spread of the former faced challenges under the VOC and Dutch colonial era policies. The latter's primary branches include Calvinism and Lutheranism,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> though a multitude of other denominations exist in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A small Jewish presence has existed in the archipelago, primarily descendants of Dutch and Iraqi Jews, though their numbers have dwindled since independence in 1945. Only a few Jews remain today, mostly in major cities like Jakarta, Manado and Surabaya.<ref name="Jews">Template:Cite journal</ref> One of the remaining synagogues, Sha'ar Hashamayim, is located in Tondano, North Sulawesi, around 31 km from Manado.<ref name="Jews" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Patung Tuan ma-Semana Santa.jpg
Semana Santa festival in Larantuka, East Nusa Tenggara, a Catholic ritual during Holy Week

Religion is central to the lives of the overwhelming majority of Indonesians, reflecting its integral role in the country's society, culture, and identity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Interfaith relations are significantly shaped by political leadership and civil society, guided by the first principle of Pancasila, which emphasises belief in a supreme deity and religious tolerance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn While it promotes harmony,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> religious intolerance continues to be a recurring issue.<ref name="RIP" /><ref name="mino">Template:Cite journal</ref>

EducationEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:No 18 Rektorat Universitas Indonesia.jpg
University of Indonesia is one of Indonesia's top universities

Indonesia has one of the largest education systems in the world, with over 50 million students, 4 million teachers, and more than 250,000 schools spanning the archipelago.<ref name="worldBankEdu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Overseen by the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education, the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology and the Ministry of Religious Affairs for Islamic schools,<ref name="worldBankEdu" /> the system follows a 6-3-3-4 structure: six years of elementary school, three years each of junior and senior secondary school, and four years of tertiary education.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While the literacy rate is high (96%),<ref name="CIA" /> it is lower in rural and remote areas. Enrolment rates vary across educational levels, with near-universal enrolment in primary education (97.9%), but drop to 81.7% and 64.2% in lower and upper secondary education and around 42.6% for tertiary education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Government spending on education accounted for approximately 1.3% of GDP in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the same year, there were 4,481 higher education institutions in the country, including universities, Islamic institutions, and open universities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University, and the Bandung Institute of Technology are the top three universities in the country, all of which rank within the world's top 300 universities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Issues regarding quality and equity are persistent, particularly urban-rural disparities, inadequate school infrastructure, and a lack of qualified teachers.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The system also lags behind international benchmarks, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), where Indonesian students consistently rank near the bottom in reading, mathematics, and science.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> The higher education sector has been struggling with underfunding, low quality, limited research output and a mismatch between graduates' skills and labour market needs.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HealthcareEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg
Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta

Indonesia has made significant progress in developing its healthcare system since 1945. Initially, healthcare services were limited, with a shortage of doctors, hospitals, and infrastructure.<ref name="APO" /> In the late 1960s, the government began establishing community health centres (puskesmas) to provide basic services in rural areas.<ref name="APO">Template:Cite journal</ref> With the help of the World Health Organization in the 1970s and 1980s, Indonesia implemented an immunisation program to combat diseases like polio and measles.<ref name="BMC">Template:Citation</ref> The system experienced a major transformation in 2014 with the launch of Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), a universal health care managed by the Social Security Agency on Health (BPJS Kesehatan).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is one of the world's largest single-payer systems, covering over 83% of the population (225.9 million) in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Government spending on healthcare accounted for 2.69% of GDP in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Primary healthcare is delivered through puskesmas, hospitals, and private clinics. While the healthcare system lags behind those in ASEAN neighbours like Malaysia and Singapore,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> significant public health outcomes have been achieved, such as an increase in life expectancy (from 54.9 years in 1973 to 71.1 years in 2023),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a decline in child mortality (from 15.5 deaths per 100 live births in 1972 to 2.1 deaths in 2022),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> polio eradication in 2014,<ref name="BMC" /> and decreasing cases of malaria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some chronic health issues persist, including child stunting that affects 21.6% of children under five according to a 2022 data.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Low air quality, particularly in major cities,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> contributes to respiratory illnesses, while maternal and child health indicators remain areas of concern, with a maternal mortality rate the third highest in the region.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Additionally, Indonesia has one of the highest smoking rates globally (34.8% of adults), contributing to a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular issues and lung cancer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CultureEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also The cultural history of Indonesia spans over two thousand years and has been influenced by the Indian subcontinent, China, the Middle East, Europe,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Melanesian, and Austronesian peoples. These influences have shaped the country's multicultural, multilingual, and multi-ethnic identity,<ref name="ethnologue" /><ref name="BPS" /> distinct from its indigenous roots. Indonesia holds 16 items recognised by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage, including wayang puppet theatre, batik, angklung, the saman dance, and pencak silat. Recent joint nominations added pantun, kebaya, and kolintang to the list.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Art and architectureEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further Template:Multiple image

Indonesian arts encompass traditional and contemporary forms shaped by influences from India, the Arab world, China, and Europe, driven by cultural exchange and trade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bali's artistic traditions, such as classical Kamasan and Wayang-style painting, are renowned, originating from visual narratives depicted on candi bas-reliefs from eastern Java.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Traditional architecture reflects ethnic diversity, with iconic and traditional houses (rumah adat) like Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang, Java's Pendopo, and Dayak longhouses each showcasing unique customs and histories.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other traditional crafts, including carpentry and masonry, showcase intricate decorations and techniques passed down through generations.

Discoveries of megalithic sculptures led to the flourishing of tribal art among the Nias, Batak, Asmat, Dayak, and Toraja communities,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture from Indonesia Template:ISBN p. 113</ref><ref>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective: R.P. Soejono's Festschrift Template:ISBN pp. 298–299</ref> who utilised wood and stone as primary sculpting materials. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation excelled in sophisticated stone sculpting and architecture, heavily influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist Dharmic culture. This period produced monumental works like the Borobudur and Prambanan temples,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which today remain celebrated as masterpieces of Indonesia's sophisticated artistic and architectural heritage.

Music, dance and clothingEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Indonesia's musical heritage predates historical records, with indigenous tribes using chants and traditional instruments like the angklung, gamelan, and sasando in rituals. Influences from other cultures have enriched Indonesian music, such as the gambus and qasida from the Middle East,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> keroncong from Portugal,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and dangdut (one of the country's most popular music genres), which incorporates Hindi, Malay, and Middle Eastern elements.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Today, Indonesian music enjoys regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei due to cultural similarities and language intelligibility.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Katoenen wikkelrok met geometrisch patroon TMnr 5713-2.jpg
An Indonesian batik

With over 3,000 traditional dances, Indonesian dance forms have their origins in rituals and religious worship,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as the dance of witch doctors and Hudoq, as well as periods of Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic influence. While modern and urban dances shaped by Western, Japanese, and South Korean cultures are gaining popularity, traditional dances like those of Java, Bali, and Dayak remain a living tradition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Indonesia's rich cultural history is also reflected in its diverse clothing styles. National costumes like batik and kebaya are widely recognised, with roots in Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese cultures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Jill Forshee, Culture and customs of Indonesia, Greenwood Publishing Group: 2006: Template:ISBN. 237 pp.</ref> Traditional attire varies by region and province, such as the Batak ulos, Malay and Minangkabau songket, and Sasak ikat, and is commonly worn for ceremonies, weddings, and formal events.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

{{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}

Theatre and cinemaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further

Traditional Indonesian theatre, such as wayang shadow puppetry, often depicts Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Retrieved 07 February 2025</ref> Other forms of drama, such as Ludruk, Ketoprak, Sandiwara, Lenong,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Balinese dance dramas, often incorporate humour, music, and audience interaction.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Unique traditions like the Minangkabau Randai combine music, dance, and martial arts (silat), telling semi-historical legends during traditional ceremonies and festivals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Modern theatre, exemplified by Teater Koma, addresses social and political themes through satire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first film produced in the archipelago was Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp, and the film industry expanded post-independence with Usmar Ismail's pioneering work in the 1950s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the latter part of the Sukarno era in the 1960s, films were used to promote nationalism and anti-Western sentiment, while Suharto's New Order imposed censorship to maintain social order.<ref name="Krishna Sen">Template:Cite book</ref> Film productions peaked in the 1980s with notable titles such as Pengabdi Setan (1980), Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988) and Warkop comedy films, but the industry declined in the next decade.<ref name="brill">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the post-Suharto era, the industry saw a resurgence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Independent filmmakers tackled previously censored themes like race, religion, and love,<ref name="Krishna Sen" /> producing notable films such as Kuldesak (1999) and Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002).<ref name="brill" /> The 2022 film KKN di Desa Penari set box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 9.2 million tickets sold.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Indonesian Film Festival (Festival Film Indonesia), which gives out the Citra Award, has celebrated cinematic achievements since 1955.

  • Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg

    The Pandavas and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance

  • Loetoeng Kasaroeng p67.jpg

    Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies

Mass media and literatureEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Pramudya Ananta Tur Kesusastraan Modern Indonesia p226.jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Media freedom in Indonesia significantly improved after the fall of Suharto's rule, during which the Ministry of Information tightly controlled the media.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The television landscape shifted from a monopoly by the public broadcaster TVRI (1962–1989) to a competitive market with national and provincial networks. By the 21st century, television signals have reached every village, offering up to 11 channels.<ref name="frd2011">Template:Citation-attribution</ref> Private radio stations provide news, while foreign broadcasters offer diverse programming. Print publications also expanded significantly after 1998.<ref name="frd2011" /> Indonesia's internet development began in the early 1990s, with the first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Indo Internet, starting operations in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By 2023, the country had 210 million internet users, with mobile phones as the primary point of access.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Internet penetration continues to grow annually.

Indonesian literature has roots in Sanskrit inscriptions from the 5th century and a strong oral tradition,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while early modern literature originates in the Sumatran tradition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Traditional forms such as syair, pantun, hikayat, and babad dominate early prose and poetry, with notable works such as Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi. The establishment of Balai Pustaka in 1917 marked a push to develop indigenous literature, leading to a literary Golden Age in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="literary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Influenced by the country's political and social landscape dynamics,<ref name="literary" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> modern literature includes works from notable figures like Chairil Anwar, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Ayu Utami.

CuisineEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Nasi ramas rendang.JPG
Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai, and vegetables

Indonesian cuisine has many regional cuisines, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, African, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rice is the leading staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chilli), coconut milk, fish, and chicken are fundamental ingredients.<ref>Compared to the infused flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and substantial.Template:Cite book</ref>

Some popular dishes, such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, mie ayam, bakso, sate, and soto, are ubiquitous and considered national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose tumpeng as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Minangkabau cuisines, along with dendeng and gulai. Another fermented food is oncom, which is similar in some ways to tempeh but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and is prevalent in West Java.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SportsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Pencak Silat Betawi 1.jpg
A demonstration of pencak silat, a form of martial arts

Badminton and football are the most popular sports in Indonesia. Indonesia is among the few countries that have won the Thomas and Uber Cup, the world team championship of men's and women's badminton. Along with weightlifting, badminton is the sport that contributes the most to Indonesia's Olympic medal tally. Liga 1 is the country's premier football league. On the international stage, Indonesia was the first Asian team to participate in the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as the Dutch East Indies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> On a regional level, Indonesia won a bronze medal at the 1958 Asian Games as well as three gold medals at the 1987, 1991, and 2023 Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games). Indonesia's first appearance at the AFC Asian Cup was in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other popular sports include boxing and basketball, which were part of the first National Games (Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON) in 1948.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sepak takraw and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak silat is an Indonesian martial art that, in 2018, became one of the sporting events in the Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading competitors. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia topped the SEA Games medal table ten times since 1977,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> most recently in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Library resources box

GovernmentEdit

HistoryEdit

  • "History" – Indonesian history at Repositori Institusi

TourismEdit

MapsEdit

Template:Indonesia topics Template:Navboxes Template:Subject bar Template:Authority control Template:Coord

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=9264"