Raspberry

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File:Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg

Red-fruited raspberries

File:Fertődi kármin málna.JPG

European Rubus idaeus raspberry fruits on the plant

The raspberry is the edible fruit of several plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and in preserves, cakes, ice cream, and liqueurs.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Description

File:Raspberry - halved (Rubus idaeus).jpg

Halved raspberry; torus does not remain when the fruit is picked

File:Halved blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg

Halved blackberry; torus remains when the fruit is picked

A raspberry is an aggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products such as raspberry pie. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.<ref name="Growing Raspberries">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems faced by the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.Template:Cn

An individual raspberry weighs Template:Convert and is made up of around 100 drupelets,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.Template:Cn

Etymology

Raspberry derives its name from raspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys, or from raspoie, meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.<ref name="oed">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English rasp or "rough berry".<ref name=oed />

Species

File:Raspberries, fruit of four species.jpg

The fruit of four species of raspberry. Clockwise from top left: boulder raspberry, Korean raspberry, Australian native raspberry, and Mauritius raspberry.

File:Himbeere (Rubus idaeus) IMG 7756.JPG

Purple-fruited raspberry hybrid

Examples of raspberry species in Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus include:

• Rubus crataegifolius (Asian raspberry)
• Rubus gunnianus (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
• Rubus idaeus (red raspberry or European red raspberry)
• Rubus leucodermis (whitebark raspberry or western raspberry, blue raspberry, black raspberry)
• Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry)
• Rubus parvifolius (Australian native raspberry)
• Rubus phoenicolasius (wine raspberry or wineberry)
• Rubus rosifolius (Mauritius raspberry)
• Rubus strigosus (American red raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus)
• Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry)
• Rubus fraxinifolius (mountain raspberry, in southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean)

Several species of Rubus, also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:

• Rubus deliciosus (boulder raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
• Rubus odoratus (flowering raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
• Rubus nivalis (snow raspberry, subgenus Chamaebatus)
• Rubus arcticus (Arctic raspberry, subgenus Cyclactis)
• Rubus sieboldii (Molucca raspberry, subgenus Malachobatus)

Cultivation

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Flower

Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9.<ref name=rhs /> Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or Oregon or Washington, where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per meter in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.Template:Cn

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are biennial (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators.Template:Cn

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.<ref>"High Tunnel Raspberries and Blackberries", Department of Horticulture publication, Cathy Heidenreich, Marvin Pritts, Mary Jo Kelly., and Kathy Demchak</ref>

Cultivars

Major cultivars

File:Golden Raspberries.jpg

Yellow cultivar

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Template:ISBN.</ref> Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.Template:Cn

The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.

Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of R. strigosus and R. occidentalis.<ref>Template:Cite book page 96</ref> Blue raspberry can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, R. leucodermis.Template:Citation needed

Both the red and the black raspberry species have albino-like pale-yellow natural or horticultural variants, resulting from presence of recessive genes that impede production of anthocyanin pigments.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, the first of which was the loganberry. Later notable hybrids include the olallieberry, boysenberry, marionberry, and tayberry; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus has also been achieved.

Selected cultivars

Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Red, early summer fruiting

• Boyne
• Cascade Dawn
• Fertödi Venus
• Glen Clova
• Glen Moy (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Killarney
• Latham
• Malahat
• Malling Exploit
• Malling Jewel (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Prelude <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Rubin Bulgarski
• Titan
• Willamette

Red, mid-summer fruiting

• Cuthbert
• Glen Ample (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Lloyd George
• Meeker
• Newburgh
• Ripley
• Skeena
• Cowichan
• Chemainus
• Saanich

Red, late summer fruiting

• Cascade Delight
• Coho
• Fertödi Rubina
• Glen Magna (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Leo (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Malling Admiral (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Octavia
• Schoenemann
• Tulameen (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Red primocane, autumn fruiting

• Amity
• Augusta
• Autumn Bliss (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Joan J. (Thornless)
• Caroline
• Fertödi Kétszertermö
• Heritage
• Imara
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• Josephine
• Kwanza
• Kweli
• Mapema
• Polka (AGM)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Rafiki
• Ripley
• Summit
• Zeva Herbsternte

Yellow primocane, autumn fruiting

• Anne
• Fallgold
• Fertödi Aranyfürt
• Goldenwest
• Golden Queen
• Honey Queen
• Jambo
• Kiwi Gold

Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries)

• Brandywine
• Glencoe
• Royalty

Black

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• Black Hawk
• Bristol
• Cumberland
• Jewel
• Logan
• Morrison
• Munger
• Ohio Everbearer
• Scepter

Dwarf cultivars

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Diseases and pests

Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the raspberry beetle (in Europe)<ref name="EPPO-GD-rasp-beetle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the raspberry fruitworm (in North America),<ref name="iNaturalist-rasp-worm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> whose larvae can damage raspberries.

Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease Verticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

Animals

Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the Japanese beetle, which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Production

Raspberry production
2022, in thousands of tonnes<ref name="faostat"> FAOSTAT of the United Nations{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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{{#invoke:flag	}}	212
Template:MEX	174
Template:SRB	116
{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	105
Template:USA	76
World	948

In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, Poland, and the United States.

Nutrition

Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% carbohydrates, and have about 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of Template:Cvt, raspberries supply 53 kilocalories and 6.5 grams of dietary fiber. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C (29% of the Daily Value, DV), manganese (29% DV), and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of micronutrients (table). Raspberries are a low-glycemic index food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no starch.<ref name=Nutrition />

The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in whole foods Template:Ndash up to 6% fiber per total weight.<ref name="Nutrition">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Phytochemicals

Raspberries contain phytochemicals, such as anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid.<ref name="ppb">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.<ref name="ppb" /> Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.<ref name=scidi1>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Leaves

Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal teas, providing an astringent flavor. In herbal and traditional medicine, raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.<ref name=Holst2009>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Template:Portal inline
• Blue raspberry flavor
• Chambord (liqueur)
• Framboise
• List of culinary fruits
• Raspberry ketone
• Raspberry juice
• Red raspberry leaf (herb)
• Thimbleberry

Further reading

• Funt, R.C.; Hall, H.K. (2012). Raspberries (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. Template:ISBN.

External links

• Template:Cite EB1911
• Raspberries & More (University of Illinois Extension)