Adrian Frutiger

Adrian Johann Frutiger<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 24 May 1928 – 10 September 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer who influenced the direction of type design in the second half of the 20th century. His career spanned the hot metal, phototypesetting and digital typesetting eras. Until his death, he lived in Bremgarten bei Bern.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Adrian Frutiger (24 May 1928 – 10 September 2015)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Frutiger's most famous designs, Univers, Frutiger and Avenir, are landmark sans-serif families spanning the three main genres of sans-serif typefaces: neogrotesque, humanist and geometric.<ref name="NY Times Obituary">Template:Cite news</ref> Univers was notable for being one of the first sans-serif faces to form a consistent but wide-ranging family, across a range of widths and weights.<ref name="Stanley Morison Moran">Template:Cite journal</ref> Frutiger described creating sans-serif types as his "main life's work",<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger" /> partially due to the difficulty in designing them compared to serif fonts.<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger" />

Early life

Adrian Frutiger was born in Unterseen, Canton of Bern, the son of a weaver.<ref name="Biography of Adrian Frutiger Linotype">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a boy, he experimented with invented scripts and stylized handwriting in a negative reaction to the formal, cursive penmanship then required by Swiss schools. His father and his secondary school teachers encouraged him to pursue an apprenticeship rather than pure art. After initially planning to train as a pastry chef, Frutiger secured an apprenticeship at the Otto Schlaefli printing house in Interlaken.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Formative years and personal life

At the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed for four years, as a compositor, to the printer Otto Schlaeffli in Interlaken, also taking classes in woodcuts and drawing at the Gewerbeschule in Bern under Walter Zerbe, followed by employment as a compositor at Gebr. Fretz in Zürich, Switzerland. In 1949 he transferred to the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, where he studied under Walter Käch, Karl Schmid, and Alfred Willimann until 1951.<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442">Template:Cite book</ref> Students there studied monumental inscriptions from Roman forum rubbings. At the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, Frutiger concentrated on calligraphy — a craft favouring the nib and the brush, instead of drafting tools, but also began sketches for what would become Univers, influenced by the sans-serif types popular in contemporary graphic design.<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Frutiger married Paulette Flückiger in 1952, who died in 1954 after the birth of their son Stéphane.<ref name="Rois de la restauration">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="1952 wedding announcement (collectables listing)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He married the theologian Simone Bickel in 1955.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fondation Frutiger – Simone Frutiger">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They had two daughters, who both experienced mental health problems and committed suicide as adolescents. Disappointed by the standard of mental health care at the time, Frutiger and his wife founded the Adrian and Simone Frutiger Foundation (Template:Langx) to fund psychology and neuroscience research and developments in mental health support.<ref name="Adrian & Simone Frutiger Prize">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Fondation Frutiger website">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Historique (French)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In an interview, Frutiger described himself as a Calvinist.<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger" />

Frutiger spent most of his professional career working in Paris and living in France, returning to Switzerland later in life.<ref name="Historique (French)" /><ref name="Frutiger at 80">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Career

File:FrutigerFaces.png

Specimens of typefaces by Adrian Frutiger

Template:Ill, of the Paris foundry Deberny & Peignot, recruited Frutiger based upon the quality of the illustrated essay Schrift / Écriture / Lettering: the development of European letter types carved in wood, Frutiger's final project at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich. Frutiger's wood-engraved illustrations of the essay demonstrated his skill, meticulousness, and knowledge of letter forms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At Deberny & Peignot foundry, Frutiger designed the typefaces Président, Méridien, and Ondine. In addition, Charles Peignot set Frutiger to work upon converting extant typefaces for the new phototypesetting Linotype equipment.<ref name="Stanley Morison Moran" /><ref name="Font designer Adrian Frutiger LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Adrian Frutiger's first commercial typeface was Président — a set of titling capital letters with small, bracketed serifs, released in 1954. A calligraphic, informal, script face, Ondine (Template:Gloss in French), also was released in 1954.

File:Ondine LT Std.png

The typeface Ondine, designed by Adrian Frutiger

In 1955, Méridien, a glyphic, old-style, serif text face was released. The typeface shows inspiration by Nicolas Jenson, and, in the Méridien type, Frutiger's ideas of letter construction, unity, and organic form, are first expressed together. Raph Levien described as a "Frutiger trademark" his common use of an "a" where the loop makes a horizontal line at the top on meeting the vertical.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It makes use of narrow wedge serifs, a style sometimes known as Latin which Frutiger would often use in his future serif designs. In 1956, he designed his first-of-three, slab-serif typefaces — Egyptienne, on the Clarendon model; after Univers, it was the second, new text face to be commissioned for photo-composition.

Univers

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File:HarleyStreetSign.JPG

Univers Bold Condensed on a London street sign

Charles Peignot envisioned a large, unified font family, that might be set in both the metal and the photo-composition systems. Impressed by the success of the Bauer foundry's Futura typeface, Peignot encouraged a new, geometric sans-serif type in competition. Frutiger disliked the regimentation of Futura, and persuaded Peignot that the new sans-serif should be based on the realist (neo-grotesque) model.<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger" /> The 1898 face, Akzidenz-Grotesk, is cited as the primary model. To maintain unity across the 21 variants, each weight and width, in roman (upright) and oblique (slanted), was drawn and approved before any matrices were cut. In the Univers font, Frutiger introduced his two-digit numeration; the first digit (3 though 8) indicates the weight, "3" the lightest, "8" the heaviest. The second digit indicates the face-width and either roman or oblique. It was marketed with a design inspired by the periodic table.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The response to Univers was immediate and positive; he claimed it became the model for his future typefaces. His slab serif designs Serifa (1967) and Glypha (1977) are directly based upon it.<ref name="Serifa MyFonts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Glypha LT MyFonts" />

Univers attracted attention to Frutiger's work outside continental Europe, and he was commissioned by Monotype to create Apollo, their first typeface specifically created for phototypesetting, which was released in 1964.<ref name="Stanley Morison Moran" /><ref name="Apollo MT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Frutiger

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File:Loc.-Lugano.PNG

ASTRA-Frutiger, a condensed variant of Frutiger, on a road sign near Lugano in Switzerland in 2011

File:Jernbanestasjonen.jpg

Frutiger in use by the Dutch rail system

In 1961–64, Frutiger created with André Gürtler a sans-serif font named Concorde for news use in regular and bold styles for Parisian printing company Sofratype. Required to create a design clearly different from Univers, the design based on classical capitals with a greater classical influence than Univers, partially influenced by a serif design Opéra he had worked on in the interim. The design failed to attract attention and was withdrawn from sale after a few years.

In 1970, Frutiger was asked to design signage at the new Charles de Gaulle Airport in the Roissy suburb of Paris. The "way-finding-signage" commission brief required a typeface both legible from afar and from an angle. Frutiger decided to adapt Concorde using legibility research as a guide, and titled the new design Roissy.<ref name="Adrian Frutiger Remembered">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Typefaces – the complete works">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1974, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company commissioned Frutiger to develop a print version of Roissy with improvements such as better spacing, which was released for public use under the name of Frutiger in 1976. Extremely legible at a distance or at small size, Frutiger became hugely influential on the development of future humanist sans-serif typefaces; font designer Erik Spiekermann described it as "the best general typeface ever" while Steve Matteson described it as "the best choice for legibility in pretty much any situation" at small text sizes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Type Q&A: Steve Matteson from Monotype">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Frutiger is an amalgamation of Univers tempered with organic influences of the Gill Sans, a humanist sans-serif typeface by Eric Gill, Edward Johnston's type for the London Transport, and Roger Excoffon's Antique Olive: like Univers it uses a single-story 'g', unlike the double of Gill Sans, and has square dots on the letters, but has a generally humanist design with wide apertures to increase legibility, decided on after legibility research.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Philosophies of Form in Seriffed Typefaces of Adrian Frutiger">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the 1970s, Frutiger designed Icone, a wedge-serif design with mild stroke modulation, which has many similarities in basic letter structure to Frutiger, and in overall effect to Albertus.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Icone MyFonts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frutiger's intention was more unusual: to create a design that could be modified by computer, through extreme slanting, morphing or changing stroke width, without seeming as if it had been distorted.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Frutiger designed a number of other signage projects in the 1970s. These included an adaptation of Univers for the Paris Métro, after the RATP, the public transport authority of Paris, asked Frutiger to examine the Paris Métro signage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He created a Univers font variation — a set of capitals and numbers specifically for white-on-dark-blue backgrounds in poor light.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also designed a slab serif font for the Centre Pompidou.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Frutiger's 1984 typeface Versailles is an old-style serif text with capitals like those in the earlier Président. Versailles is a Latin design with sharp wedge serifs, based on a popular genre in 19th-century printing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Avenir

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File:Meeting Bercy François Hollande 29 avril 2012 (12).jpg

Avenir used by the election campaign of French president François Hollande.

In 1988, Frutiger completed the family Avenir. Frutiger intended the design to be a more human version of geometric sans-serif types popular in the 1930s such as Erbar and Futura, and it is named Avenir (Template:Gloss in French) as a reference to the latter.<ref name="Adobe Avenir">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In a complete reverse, his next design Westside was a wild-west themed slab serif, inspired by reverse-contrast French Clarendons of the late 19th century.

Late designs

In 1991, Frutiger finished Vectora, a design influenced by Morris Fuller Benton's type faces Franklin Gothic and News Gothic. The resultant face has a tall x-height and is legible in small-point sizes.<ref name="Vectora Adobe">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frutiger's 1991 release Linotype Didot was an elegant revival of the Didot typeface adapted to display use, which remains popular; it is the version of Didot bundled with OS X, for example.<ref name="Didot LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While Frutiger continued to be involved in adaptations and expansions of pre-existing families and smaller projects, he described {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in 1998 as his "last typeface design".<ref name="Reputations: Adrian Frutiger" />

The roots of letters

File:Frutiger stones sample without border.jpg

Sample of the font Frutiger Stones

Linotype launched a font series named "Type before Gutenberg" in 1989 and in the 1990s, Frutiger released as part of it a series of designs inspired by pre-printing alphabets, such as Herculanum and Pompeijana, inspired by Roman brush lettering, Rusticana, inspired by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Roman carving. He later also created Frutiger Stones (no connection to Frutiger), a playful design inspired by the shapes of pebbles. Parts of this design were finalised by Linotype's team; it was based on an alphabet drawn by Frutiger on a 1992 Christmas card.<ref name="Herculanum LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Frutiger Stones">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Pompeijana LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also created Capitalis, inspired by brush lettering but without a specific historical source.<ref name="Frutiger Capitalis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nami, an uncial design Frutiger had been considering since 1992, followed in 2007.

Remastered releases

File:Frutiger Serif & Frutiger Next.png

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In the late 1990s, Frutiger began collaborating on refining and expanding his most famous Univers, Frutiger, and Avenir families. The new projects took advantage of improved digital production methods to create a wider range of styles and improved hinting for onscreen display. Univers was reissued as Linotype Univers with sixty-three variants; Frutiger was reissued as Frutiger Next with additional weights. Collaborating with Linotype designer Akira Kobayashi, Frutiger expanded the Avenir font family with light weights, heavy weights, and a condensed version that were released as the Avenir Next font.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frutiger described the process of restoring Univers as a "personal gift."<ref name="Traces: Adrian Frutiger on Univers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

These modifications were not universally considered improvements: Frutiger regretted allowing Linotype to substitute a modish 1990s true italic (not drawn by Frutiger) onto Frutiger Next instead of the sharper oblique Frutiger preferred throughout his career. In his autobiography, Frutiger commented that in resigning himself to it "Maybe I was too soft to say what I really felt... I didn't have the strength and patience anymore."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From a different perspective, type designer Martin Majoor commented that he preferred the italic but described Linotype Univers as "staggering" and "not an improvement" for its return to the very aggressively slanted italic of Frutiger's original drawings: "Redesigning an old successful typeface is something a type designer should maybe never consider."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frutiger commented on the italic that he felt Univers needed to be "snappy" and that it added character.<ref name="Typefaces – the complete works" />

In 2009, Frutiger collaborated with Akira Kobayashi on a second re-release of Frutiger, Frutiger Neue, which moved back towards the original 1970s release.<ref name="Frutiger Neue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Through his later years, Frutiger collaborated with co-authors Heidrun Osterer and Philipp Stamm on an extensive autobiography, Typefaces: the Complete Works (2008). In this book, Frutiger discussed his entire career and his completed and abandoned projects.

Death

Frutiger died on 10 September 2015, in Bremgarten bei Bern at the age of 87.<ref>Adrian Frutiger Dies at 87; His Type Designs Show You the Way</ref><ref>Font Designer – Adrian Frutiger – Adrian Frutiger Remembered</ref>

Typefaces

Frutiger's typefaces include:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Ondine (1954): a display design inspired by Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="Ondine LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Président (1954): a wedge-serif titling face in capitals and small capitals; somewhat similar to Copperplate Gothic.<ref name=President>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Méridien (1955): a text face, again with a crisp wedge-serif design and a gradual flare on ascenders.<ref name="Adobe Meridien">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frutiger Serif (below) is an update and expansion.<ref name="Frutiger Serif">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Egyptienne (1956): a humanist slab-serif design.<ref name="Egyptienne LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Univers (1957)
• Apollo (1962): created for Monotype, somewhat similar to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Apollo MT" /><ref name="Adobe Meridien" />
• Serifa (1967): a slab serif based on the Univers family.
• OCR-B (1968)
• Iridium (1975): a Didone serif text face. Its flared style suggests the irregularity of metal type, an approach that would become very popular in the 1990s.<ref name=Iridium>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Linotype: notes on Iridium font family">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Frutiger (1976)
• Glypha (1977): similar to Serifa.<ref name="Glypha LT MyFonts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Icone (1980): a wedge serif design. Almost monoline, but with a gentle flare of strokes.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Icone MyFonts"/>
• Breughel (1982): an old-style serif inspired by the Renaissance.<ref name="Breughel LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Versailles (1982)
• Linotype Centennial (1986)
• Avenir (1988)
• Westside (1989): a complete departure, a Wild West-themed slab serif on the French Clarendon model. Frutiger had been considering creating such a design for many years before its release.<ref name="Westside LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Herculanum (1990)
• Vectora (1990)<ref name="Vectora Adobe" />
• Linotype Didot (1991)
• Pompeijana (1992)
• Rusticana (1993)

File:Frutiger symbols font cropped.jpg

Frutiger Symbols: a group of designs inspired by Stone Age art drawn on pebbles.

• Frutiger Stones (1998)Template:Citation needed
• Frutiger Symbols (1998)Template:Citation needed
• Linotype Univers (1999)<ref name="Traces: Adrian Frutiger on Univers" />
• Frutiger Next (2000)
• Nami (2006): a playful unicase sans. Based on sketches from the 1980s and developed in collaboration with Akira Kobayashi.<ref name="Nami LT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Frutiger Arabic (2007): designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine in consultation with Frutiger. It is based on the Kufi style.
• Frutiger Serif (2008)<ref name="Frutiger Serif" />
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (2009)
• Univers Next (2010)

Prizes and awards

File:Frutiger capitalis regular cropped.jpg

Adrian Frutiger's font Frutiger Capitalis

• 1950 — Federal department of the Interior Prize, Bern, Switzerland<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1960 — Advertising campaign award, De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam, Netherlands<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1970 — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Paris, France<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1971 — Silver medal in competition for "Most Beautiful Swiss Books" with Bruno Pfäffli for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, International Book Art Exhibition, Leipzig, Germany<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1974 — Honoured with a coat of arms by the city of Interlaken, Switzerland<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1984 — Paul-Haupt Prize from the city of Bern, Switzerland<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1986 — Gutenberg Prize of the International Gutenberg Society and the City of Mainz (Germany)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1987 — Gold Medal of the Type Directors Club of New York<ref name="MyFonts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1990 — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Order of Arts and Letters), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Paris, France<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 1993 — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (France).<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 2006 — Typography Award from The Society of Typographic Aficionados (SOTA)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 2006 — TDC2 award in the Type System / Superfamily category<ref>TDC2 2006 : Winning Entries TDC2 awards page Template:Webarchive</ref>
• 2007 — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Federal Office of Culture, Bern, Switzerland<ref name="Adrian Frutiger 2008 p442"/>
• 2009 — European Design Hall of Fame<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 2013 — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref name="Kulturpreisverleihung Berner Oberland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

Other work

In 2003, the Swiss watchmaker Ventura commissioned him to design a new watch face for a limited-edition line of wristwatches.<ref name="Adrian Frutiger Developes Watch Dials for Ventura">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

To celebrate Swiss graphic design he designed three stamps for the Swiss post office.<ref name="Frutiger Stamps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He also designed a word mark for the National Institute of Design in Ahmedabad, India. Originally, the institute was named National Design Institute, however, the institute renamed itself to match Adrian Frutiger's stylized NID logotype alongside the name "National Institute of Design."

For the Fondation Frutiger he created a set of symbols as an abstract presentation of the Foundation's work.<ref name="Symboles: Formes et Contreformes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Adrian Frutiger also designed small vignettes for the book of prayers of the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> performing the work pro bono.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Select bibliography

• Erich Alb (Ed.): {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/Forms and Counterforms, Syndor Press 1998; Niggli: Template:ISBN
• Adrian Frutiger: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Schlaefli & Maurer 2003, Template:ISBN
• Adrian Frutiger, Horst Heiderhoff: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Marixverlag 2004, Template:ISBN
• Adrian Frutiger: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Haupt 2005, Template:ISBN
• Anne Cuneo: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, DVD 2005, Template:EAN, Template:OCLC, ISAN 0000-0000-D4FB-0000-F
• Adrian Frutiger: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Haupt 2008, Template:ISBN
• Schweiz. Stiftung Schrift und Typographie, Heidrun Osterer, Philipp Stamm (Eds.): Adrian Frutiger — Typefaces. The Complete Works, Birkhäuser 2009, Template:ISBN
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, DVD Artfilm 2005, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, ISAN 0000-0001-83B9-0000-W
• Anja Bodmer und Jürg Brühlmann: Read Me — {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hochparterre Bücher AG, 2008, Template:ISBN
• Heidrun Osterer, Philipp, Stamm (Eds.), Adrian Frutiger — Typefaces. The Complete Works, third edition, Birkhäuser 2021, Template:ISBN

See also

• Frutiger Aero, a design aesthetic named for Adrian Frutiger and his typefaces

References

• Carter, Sebsatian. 20th Century Type Designers. Lund Humphries Publishers: 2002. Template:ISBN.
• Eye, No. 31, Vol. 8, Spring 1999. [1]
• Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. Template:ISBN.
• Frutiger, Adrian. Signs and Symbols: Their Design and Meaning. Ebury Press: 1998. Template:ISBN.
• Frutiger, Adrian. Forms and Counterforms. Template:ISBN.
• Jaspert, Berry and Johnson. Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Cassell Paperback, London; 2001. Template:ISBN
• Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. Template:ISBN.
• McLean, Ruari. Typographers on Type. Lund Humphries: 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Ovenden, Mark Paris Metro Style in map and station design, Capital Transport, London, November 2008. Template:ISBN

External links

• Template:Helveticat
• Monotype Imaging: Adrian Frutiger
• Adrian Frutiger's 80th Birthday
• Postage stamp designed by Adrian Frutiger
• 'Portrait with word' of Adrian Frutiger by Mark-Steffen Goewecke
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
• Philosophies of Form in Seriffed Typefaces of Adrian Frutiger – Charles Bigelow