Kashmiri language

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Contain special characters Kashmiri (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh</ref> or Koshur<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Kashmiri: {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} Template:Small, Template:Small, {{#invoke:IPA|main}})<ref name=e26/> is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> primarily in the Kashmir Valley and surrounding hills of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Since 2020, it has been made an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administrated Azad Kashmir's population.<ref name="Bukhari">Template:Cite news</ref>

Geographic distribution and status

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.<ref name = "Census2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).</ref> Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other surrounding areas of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Koshur">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the Kashmir Valley, Kashmiri speakers form the majority.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.<ref name="Bukhari"/> According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Shakil2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,<ref name="Kachru2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="KJLR2">Template:Cite journal</ref> particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).<ref name="Shakil2" /> The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.<ref name="KJLR2" /> In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.<ref name="KJLR2" /> The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.<ref name="KJLR2" /> At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kachru2" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="KJLR2" /> This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims of Azad Kashmir have seen as their identity symbol.<ref name="Rahman2">Template:Cite book</ref> Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Rahman2" />

The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.<ref name="Central Institute of Indian Languages">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was a part of the Eighth Schedule in the former constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.<ref name="GAD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Hindi, Kashmiri is the second fastest growing language of India, followed by Meitei (Manipuri) as well as Gujarati in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.<ref>—{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.<ref name="OfficialLang">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Poguli and Kishtwari are closely related to Kashmiri, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

Phonology

Kashmiri has a very large phoneme inventory: 32 vowels and 62 consonants, giving that vowel nasalization and consonant palatalization are phonemic and not phonetic.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has the following phonemes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn

Vowels

The oral vowels are as follows:

	Front	Central	Back
High	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Low		Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

The short high vowels are near-high, and the low vowels apart from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are near-low.

Nasalization is phonemic. All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Stop/ affricate	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	Template:Small			Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	Template:Small			Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Trill			Template:IPA link

Palatalization is phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.

Archaisms

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop d). Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to rost in Kashmiri. Similarly, sahit (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to sost in Kashmiri.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

Writing system

There are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language: the Perso-Arabic script, the Devanagari script and the Sharada script. The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter"/>

The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script from the 8th Century AD onwards.<ref name="Sharada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between the 8th and the first quarter of the 20th century AD, Sharada was the primary script of inscriptional and literary production in Kashmir for Sanskrit and Kashmiri.<ref name=sharada>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With increased use of Persian script for writing Kashmiri in the 19th century AD, and the growth of other brahmic scripts such as Devanagari and Takri, the use of Sharada declined.<ref name=sharada/> The Sharada script is inadequate for writing modern Kashmiri because it lacks sufficient signs to represent Kashmiri vowels.<ref name=sharada/> Modern usage of Sharada is limited to religious ceremonies and rituals of Kashmiri Pandits, and for horoscope-writing by them.<ref name="KOA-Sharada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=sharada/>

Today Kashmiri is primarily written in Perso-Arabic (with some modifications, such as additions of new signs to represent Kashmiri vowels).<ref name="Omniglot-Kashmiri">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=sharada/> Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script is recognized as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has been derived from Persian alphabet. The consonant inventory and their corresponding pronunciations of Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script doesn't differ from Perso-Arabic script, with the exception of the letter ژ, which is pronounced as Template:IPAslink instead of Template:IPAslink. However, the vowel inventory of Kashmiri is significantly larger than other Perso-Arabic derived or influenced South Asian Perso-Arabic scripts. There are 17 vowels in Kashmiri, shown with diacritics, letters (alif, waw, ye), or both. In Kashmiri, the convention is that most vowel diacritics are written at all times.

Despite Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref name="Indian Express-Perso-Arabic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="KOA-Devanagari">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Perso-Arabic script

Consonants

Name	Forms				IPA	Transliteration<ref>https://kashmiridictionary.org/z%c8%a7ri-achar-_-consonants/</ref>	Unicode	Example<ref name="dictionary">Koul, O. N., Raina, S. N., & Bhat, R. (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages.</ref>
Kashmiri	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial				Kashmiri word	IPA	Meaning
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ạlif	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Efn-ua	–	U+0627	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} afsānü	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Short story
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} bē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	b	U+0628	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} bikhạ̄r'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Beggar
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} pē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	p	U+067E	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} pampōsh	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Lotus flower
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} pha	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	ph	U+067E and U+06BE	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} phal	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Fruit
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ur|Template:Uninastaliq}} tē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	t	U+062A	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} tajvīz	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Proposal
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} tha	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	th	U+062A and U+06BE	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} thạ̄l'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Plate
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ṭē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	ṭ	U+0679	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ṭūp'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Cap
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ṭha	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	ṭh	U+0679 and U+06BE	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ṭhūl	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Egg
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} sē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	s	U+062B	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} sobūth	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Proof
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} jīm	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	j	U+062C	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} jāy	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Place
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} chīm	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	ch, č	U+0686	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} chạ̄n̂d'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Silver
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} chha	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	chh, čh	U+0686 and U+06BE	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} chhān	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Carpenter
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} hay	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	h	U+062D	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ḥājath	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Need
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} khay	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}~{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	kh	U+062E	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} khatarnākh	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Dangerous
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{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} zọ̄d	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	z	U+0636	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} zạ̄mīn	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Responsible, guarantor
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{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} zọy	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	z	U+0638	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} zạ̄lim	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Cruel
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ạ̄n	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Efn-ua	–	U+0639	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} aqül	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Wisdom
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} gạ̄n	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	g, ğ	U+063A	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} gọsü	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Anger
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} fē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	f	U+0641	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} firin'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Sweet pudding
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} qāf	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	q	U+0642	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} qāshwü	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Spoon
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} kīf	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	k	U+0643	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} kọkur	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Chicken
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} kha	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	kh	U+0643 and U+06BE	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} khọr	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Foot
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} gāf	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	g	U+06AF	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} gāsh	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Light
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} lām	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	l	U+0644	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} lọkchār	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Childhood
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} mim	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	m	U+0645	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} marüg	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Meadow
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} nūn	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	n	U+0646	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} nab	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Sky
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ur|Template:Uninastaliq}} nūn gọna	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ur|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ur|Template:Uninastaliq}}			{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	ñ	U+06BA	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} dāñ zạmīn	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Paddy field
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} wāw	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Efn-ua	v, w	U+0648	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} van	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Forest
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} hē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Efn-uaTemplate:Efn-ua	h	U+06C1	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} họpü {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} wạhmü {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} pagāh	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Chubby Fear, anxiety Tomorrow
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} yē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Efn-ua	y	U+06CC	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} yāl {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} pyālü	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Hair of horse Cup
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ur|Template:Uninastaliq}} Lọkuṭ yē
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} boḍ yē	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Efn-ua	y	U+06D2	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} ḍāy	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Two and a half
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} tālür'	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	', ⁱ	U+0620	lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} sǖt'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	With

Devanagari

Consonants

Letter	क	ख	ग	च	छ	ज	च़	छ़	ज़	ट	ठ	ड	त	थ	द	न	प	फ	ब	म	य	र	ल	व	श	स	ह
IPA	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}
Transliteration	k	kh	g	ch	chh	j	ts	tsh	z	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	t	th	d	n	p	ph	b	m	y	r	l	w	sh	s	h

Vowels

There have been a few versions of the Devanagari script for Kashmiri.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.<ref>Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS.</ref> This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and elongated schwa-like vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

Letter	lang|ks-Deva|अ}}	lang|ks-Deva|आ}}	ॲ	lang|ks-Deva|ऑ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|इ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ई}}	lang|ks-Deva|ॶ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|ॷ}}	lang|ks-Deva|उ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऊ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऎ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ए}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऐ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऒ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ओ}}	lang|ks-Deva|औ}}	lang|ks-Deva|-व}}	ं
IPA	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	main}}	main}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	[əi]	main}}	main}}	[ɔː]	main}}	main}}
Transliteration	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|क}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|का}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॅ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॉ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कि}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|की}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॖ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॗ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कु}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कू}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॆ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|के}}	lang|ks-Deva|कै}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॊ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|को}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कौ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|क्व}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कव}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कं}}

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.<ref>Government of India. (2009). Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script.</ref><ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri.</ref> The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for the schwa-like vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} & elongated schwa-like vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and a new stand alone vowel {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|ॵ}} and vowel sign {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for the open-mid back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

Letter	lang|ks-Deva|अ}}	lang|ks-Deva|आ}}	ॳ	ॴ	lang|ks-Deva|इ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ई}}	ॶ	ॷ	lang|ks-Deva|उ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऊ}}	ऎ	lang|ks-Deva|ए}}	lang|ks-Deva|ऐ}}	ऒ	lang|ks-Deva|ओ}}	lang|ks-Deva|औ}}	lang|ks-Deva|ॵ}}	ं
IPA	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	main}}	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink
Transliteration<ref name=a-o>The central vowels are typically transcribed Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket when transliterating Arabic script, Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket when transliterating Nagari.</ref>	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|क}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|का}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कऺ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कऻ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कि}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|की}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॖ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॗ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कु}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कू}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॆ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|के}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कै}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॊ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|को}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कौ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कॏ}}	{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks-Deva|कं}}

Sharada script

Consonants

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks<ref name="unicode.org">Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Script	kōv kạ	ka	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	khvani khạ	kha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	gagar gạ	ga	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	gāsi ghạ	gha	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	nārug ṅạ	ṅa	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	tsāṭuv chạ	cha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	tshvaṭiñ chhạ	chha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	zayi jạ	ja	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	zashiñ jhạ	jha	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	khvana phuṭi ñạ	ña	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	ar mām̐ṭa	ṭa	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	sar mām̐ṭha	ṭha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḍa	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	ḍaka ḍhạ	ḍha	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	nānaguri ṇạ	ṇa	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	tov tạ	ta	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	thāshi thạ	tha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	dadav dạ	da	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	dūñ dhạ	dha	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	nastūv nạ	na	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	paḍuri pạ	pa	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	phariñ phạ	pha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	bub bạ	ba	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	bāyi bhạ	bha	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	mōv mạ	ma	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	yāva yạ	ya	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	raka rạ	ra	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	lāva lạ	la	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḷa	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	vashi vạ	va	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	shakar shạ	sha	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	phāri ṣạ	ṣa	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this consonant.
Template:Script	sus sạ	sa	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	hala hạ	ha	main}}	Template:Script

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks<ref name="unicode.org"/>
Template:Script	ādau a	a	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	aitav ā	ā	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	yeyev yē	i	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	yisherav yī	ī	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	vọpal vō	u	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	vọpal bā ū	ū	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	r̥enav	r̥	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this vowel.
Template:Script	rakhav	r̥̄	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this vowel.
Template:Script	leyev	l̥	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this vowel.
Template:Script	līsav	l̥̄	main}}	Template:Script	The Kashmiri language does not possess this vowel.
Template:Script	talavya yē	ē	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	tolī ai	ai	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	vuṭhō ō	ō	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	ashidī au	au	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	aḍi tsandra phyor	am̐	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	mas phyori aṃ	aṃ	main}}	Template:Script
Template:Script	dō phyori aḥ	aḥ	main}}	𑆃𑆂

Vowel mark

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated vowel mark	Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa	Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants
Template:Script	vahāy	-ā	main}}	𑆳	Template:Script	Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script
Template:Script	mūnthar	-i	main}}	𑆴	Template:Script
Template:Script	ar mūnthar	-ī	main}}	𑆵	Template:Script
Template:Script	khuru	-u	main}}	𑆶	Template:Script	Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script
Template:Script	ar khūrū	-ū	main}}	𑆷	Template:Script	Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script Template:Script = Template:Script
Template:Script	r̥enav r̥a	-r̥	main}}	𑆸	Template:Script	Template:Script = Template:Script
Template:Script	rakhav ru	-r̥̄	main}}	𑆹	Template:Script	Template:Script = Template:Script
Template:Script	leyev l̥a	-l̥	main}}	𑆺	Template:Script
Template:Script	līsav l̥̄a	-l̥̄	main}}	𑆻	Template:Script
Template:Script	hvanḍū	-ē	main}}	𑆼	Template:Script
Template:Script	hvanjōr	-ai	main}}	𑆽	Template:Script
Template:Script	oku shyūr	-ō	main}}	𑆾	Template:Script
Template:Script	okushi vahāy	-au	main}}	𑆿	Template:Script
Template:Script	aḍi tsandra phyor	-am̐	main}}	𑆀	Template:Script
Template:Script	mas phyori aṃ	-aṃ	main}}	𑆁	Template:Script
Template:Script	dō phyori aḥ	-aḥ	main}}	𑆂	Template:Script

Grammar

Kashmiri is a fusional languageTemplate:Sfn with verb-second (V2) word order<ref>Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri (2002). Kashmir News Network, pp.80.</ref> Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.Template:Sfn

Nouns

Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.Template:Sfn

Gender

The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.Template:Sfn A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.Template:Sfn The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:Template:Sfn

Process	Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
-en’ suffix	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	shopkeeper
-bāy suffix	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	teacher
-in’ + vowel change	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	donkey
-ür + vowel change	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	basket
Adding of affix	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	dog/bitch
vowel change	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	rat
consonant change	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	dry
vowel/consonant change	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	hot
suppletive form	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	man/woman
masculine only	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	---	mongoose
feminine only	---	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	housefly

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.Template:Sfn

Case

There are five cases in Kashmiri: nominative, dative, ergative, ablative and vocative.Template:Sfn Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense.Template:Sfn Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Bhatt, Rajesh (2007)."Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages", MIT Ergativity Seminar, pp.6.</ref> However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.Template:Sfn Other case distinctions, such as locative, instrumental, genitive, comitative and allative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.Template:Sfn

Noun morphology

The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø
Erg.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Dat.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} or -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Abl.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} or -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Voc.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Verbs

Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.Template:Sfn Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.Template:Sfn

Tense

Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):Template:Sfn

Present

	Masculine	Feminine
1st person sing.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person sing.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person sing.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
1st person pl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person pl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person pl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.Template:Sfn The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.Template:Sfn

As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.Template:Sfn Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.Template:Sfn<ref>Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.</ref>

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):Template:Sfn

Simple past (transitive)

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	Non-honorific	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	Honorific	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.Template:Sfn

Simple past (special intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-Ø	-Ø	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.Template:Sfn

Simple past (intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.Template:Sfn Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:Template:Sfn

Indefinite past (transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Remote past (transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:Template:Sfn

Indefinite past (special intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Remote past (special intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:Template:Sfn

Indefinite past (intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Remote past (intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:Template:Sfn

Future (intransitive)

	Singular	Plural
1st person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:Template:Sfn

Future (transitive)

	Singular object	Plural object
1st person sing.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
1st person pl.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person sing.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person pl.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person sing.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person pl.	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Aspect

There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).Template:Sfn

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:Template:Sfn

Masculine		Feminine
singular	plural	singular	plural
-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

The imperfective (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.Template:Sfn A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.Template:Sfn

Pronouns

Pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.Template:Sfn

Nominative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	proximate	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Ergative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	proximate	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Dative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	proximate	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Ablative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd person		main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd person	proximate	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
	remote II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.Template:Sfn

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st sing.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
1st pl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd sing.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2nd pl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd sing. prox.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd pl. prox.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd sing. R I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd pl. R I	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd sing. R II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3rd pl. R II	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.<ref>Koshur 2002, pp.79.</ref> Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.Template:Sfn The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ("red"):Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Erg.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Dat.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
Abl.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} or -{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.Template:Sfn

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ("more") and {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ("most"), respectively.Template:Sfn

Numerals

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers.Template:Sfn These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), multiplicative (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.Template:Sfn

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Aggregative	Multiplicative	Emphatic
Suffix		-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} for masculine -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} for feminine	-[ʋaj]	-{{#invoke:IPA|main}} or -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} for masculine -{{#invoke:IPA|main}} for feminine	-[j]
0.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
1.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}		main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
2.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
3.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
4.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
5.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
6.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
7.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
8.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
9.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
10.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
11.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
12.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|بٔہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|بٔہِم}}
13.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
14.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
15.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
16.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
17.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
18.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
19.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
20.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
21.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
22.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
23.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
24.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
25.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
26.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
27.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
28.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
29.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
30.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
31.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
32.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
33.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
34.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
35.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}
36.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم}}
37.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم}}
38.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہِم}}
39.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجی}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
40.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژَتجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژَتجِہِم}}
41.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
42.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دۄیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
43.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجی}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
44.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
45.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجی}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجی}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم}}
46.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجی}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
47.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
48.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕتٲجِہِم}}
49.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
50.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛژاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛژٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛژٲہِم}}
51.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
52.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُوَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
53.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزاہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم}}
54.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
55.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
56.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُوَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
57.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
58.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزاہ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم}}
59.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
60.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٹھِم}}
61.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
62.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُ ہٲٹھِم}}
63.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھِم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھِم}}
64.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُہٲٹھِم}}
65.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
66.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُہٲٹھِم}}
67.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
68.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕہٲٹھِم}}
69.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ سَتَتِم}}
70.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتَتِم}}
71.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ سَتَتِم}}
72.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُسَتَتِم}}
73.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتِم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتِم}}
74.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُسَتَتِم}}
75.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم}}
76.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُسَتَتِم}}
77.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ سَتَتِم}}
78.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕسَتَتِم}}
79.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ شيٖتِم}}
80.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شيٖتِم}}
81.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ شيٖتِم}}
82.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دۄیہِ شيٖتِم}}
83.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم}}
84.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم}}
85.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم}}
86.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم}}
87.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ شيٖتِم}}
88.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕشيٖتِم}}
89.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کُنہٕ نَمَتِم}}
90.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَمَتِم}}
91.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکہٕ نَمَتِم}}
92.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُنَمَتِم}}
93.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتِم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتِم}}
94.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُنَمَتِم}}
95.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم}}
96.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شُنَمَتِم}}
97.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ نَمَتِم}}
98.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرٕنَمَتِم}}
99.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَمہٕ نَمَتِم}}
100.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ہَتِم}}
101.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم}}
102.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم}}
200.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دُہَتِم}}
300.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٛےٚ ہَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ترٕٛہَتِم}}
400.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ژُہَتِم}}
500.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژھ ہَتھ}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژھ ہَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہَتِم}}
600.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتِم}}
700.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہَتِم}}
800.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|ٲٹھ شَتِم}}
900.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَو شَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|نَو شَتِم}}
1000.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سٲسیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|سٲسِم}}
1001.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس أکِم}}
1002.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس دۆیُم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس دۆیِم}}
1100.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس ہَتِم}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کَہہ شَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کاہ شَتیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کَہہ شَتِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کاہ شَتِم}}
1500.	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتھ}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتِم}}
10,000.	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دٔہ سٲسیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|داہ سٲسیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دٔہ سٲسِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|داہ سٲسِم}}
Hundred thousand	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|لَچھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|لَچھِم}}
Million	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دٔہ لَچھیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|داہ لَچھیُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|دٔہ لَچھِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|داہ لَچھِم}}
Ten million	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کۄروریُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کَروریُٛم}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کۄرورِم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کَرورِم}}
Billion	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرَبیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|اَرَبِم}}
Hundred billion	main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کھَرَبیُٛم}} or {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|کھَرَبِم}}

The ordinal number "1st" which is {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} for its masculine gender and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} for its feminine gender is also known as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Vocabulary

Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language and was heavily influenced by Sanskrit, especially early on.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref name="Gorekar2002"/> After the arrival of Islamic administrative rule in India, Kashmiri acquired many Persian loanwords.<ref name="Gorekar2002">Template:Cite book</ref> In modern times, Kashmiri vocabulary has imported words from English, Hindustani and Punjabi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary

Kashmiri retains several features of Old Indo-Aryan that have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.<ref name="ref41yomid">Template:Citation</ref> Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from the Vedic Sanskrit era and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-form yodvai (meaning if), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the word yadi instead.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

First person pronoun

Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ("I") used in the nominative (subject) case. The Indo-European root for this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit as aham and in Avestan Persian as azam. This contrasts with the m- form ("me", "my") that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such as ma(-m). However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced with m- in words such as ma-n and mai. However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' is ba/bi/bo in various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the other me terms. 'Mine' is myon in Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature include Dogri (aun vs me-), Gujarati (hu-n vs ma-ri), Konkani (hā̃v vs mhazo), and Braj (hau-M vs mai-M). The Iranian Pashto preserves it too (za vs. maa), as well as Nuristani languages, such as Askunu (âi vs iũ).<ref name="ref48bubag">Template:Citation</ref>

Variations

There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="ref16muduc">Template:Citation</ref> For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the word {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic word {{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="Kasref">Template:Cite book</ref>

Sample text

Perso-Arabic script

Art. 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

{{#invoke:lang|lang|ks|Template:Uninastaliq}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Sharada script

Verses by Lalleshwari:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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"I kept reciting the unique divine word "Om" and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."

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One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others.

See also

• Kashmir Valley
• Literature of Kashmir
• Kashmiri Wikipedia
• List of Kashmiri poets
• List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”
• Shina language
• States of India by Kashmiri speakers

Bibliography

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External links

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• Hook, Peter E. 1976. Is Kashmiri an SVO language? Indian Linguistics 37: 133–142.
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• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class1
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 2
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 3
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 6
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 8
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 10
• Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
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• "Neab", Kashmiri Language Literary Magazine
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• "Sangarmal", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
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• "Soan Meeraas", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
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• the word koshur (𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀) written on New Testament in Kashmiri (manuscript)