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Edward Steichen

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Edward Jean Steichen ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; March 27, 1879 – March 25, 1973) was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter and curator and a pioneer of fashion photography. His gown images for the magazine Art et Décoration in 1911 were the first modern fashion photographs to be published. From 1923 to 1938, Steichen served as chief photographer for the Condé Nast magazines Vogue and Vanity Fair, while also working for many advertising agencies, including J. Walter Thompson. During these years, Steichen was regarded as the most popular and highest-paid photographer in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref>

After the United States' entry into World War II, Steichen was invited by the United States Navy to serve as Director of the Naval Aviation Photographic Unit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1944, he directed the war documentary The Fighting Lady, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 17th Academy Awards.

From 1947 to 1961, Steichen served as Director of the Department of Photography at New York's Museum of Modern Art. While there, he curated and assembled exhibits including the touring exhibition The Family of Man, which was seen by nine million people. In 2003, the Family of Man photographic collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in recognition of its historical value.<ref name="mow">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In February 2006, a print of Steichen's early pictorialist photograph, The Pond–Moonlight (1904), sold for US$2.9 million—at the time, the highest price ever paid for a photograph at auction.<ref>Tooth, Roger (15 February 2006), "At $2.9m, Pond–Moonlight becomes world's most expensive photograph", The Guardian.</ref> A print of another photograph of the same style, The Flatiron (1904), became the second most expensive photograph ever on November 8, 2022, when it was sold for $12,000,000, at Christie's New York – well above the original estimate of $2,000,000-$3,000,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Steichen was born Éduard Jean Steichen on March 27, 1879, in a small house in the village of Bivange, Luxembourg, the son of Jean-Pierre and Marie Kemp Steichen.<ref name="Niven 1997 4">Niven, Penelope (1997), Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. Template:ISBN, p. 4.</ref> His parents facing increasingly straitened circumstances and financial difficulties, decided to make a new start and emigrated to the United States when Steichen was eighteen months old. Jean-Pierre Steichen immigrated in 1880, with Marie Steichen bringing the infant Éduard along after Jean-Pierre had settled in Hancock in Michigan's Upper Peninsula copper country. According to noted Steichen biographer, Penelope Niven, the Steichens were "part of a large exodus of Luxembourgers displaced in the late nineteenth century by worsening economic conditions."<ref name="Niven 1997 4" />

Éduard's sister and only sibling, Lilian Steichen, was born in Hancock on May 1, 1883. She would later marry poet Carl Sandburg, whom she met at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office in 1907. Her marriage to Sandburg the following year helped forge a life-long friendship and partnership between her brother and Sandburg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Niven 1997 6">Niven, Penelope (1997), Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. Template:ISBN, p. 6.</ref>

By 1889, when Éduard was 10, his parents had saved up enough money to move the family to Milwaukee.<ref name="Niven 1997 16">Niven, Penelope (1997), Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. Template:ISBN, p. 16.</ref> There he learned German and English at school, while continuing to speak Luxembourgish at home.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1894, at fifteen, Steichen began attending Pio Nono College, a Catholic boys' high school, where his artistic talents were noticed. His drawings in particular were said to show promise.<ref>Faram, Mark D. (2009), Faces of War: The Untold Story of Edward Steichen's WWII Photographers Penguin. p. 15–16.</ref> He quit high school to begin a four-year lithography apprenticeship with the American Fine Art Company of Milwaukee.<ref name="Gedrim 1996 xiii">Gedrim, Ronald J. (1996), Edward Steichen: Selected Texts and Bibliography. Oxford, UK: Clio Press. Template:ISBN, p. xiii.</ref> After hours, he would sketch and draw, and he began to teach himself painting.<ref name="Niven 1997 28">Niven (1997), p. 28.</ref> Having discovered a camera shop near his work, he visited frequently until he persuaded himself to buy his first camera, a secondhand Kodak box "detective" camera, in 1895.<ref name="Niven 1997 29">Niven (1997), p. 29.</ref> Steichen and his friends who were also interested in drawing and photography pooled their funds, rented a small room in a Milwaukee, WI office building, and began calling themselves the Milwaukee Art Students League.<ref name="Niven 1997 42">Niven (1997), p. 42.</ref> The group hired Richard Lorenz and Robert Schade for occasional lectures.<ref name="Gedrim 1996 xiii" /> In 1899, Steichen's photographs were exhibited in the second Philadelphia Photographic Salon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Steichen became a U.S. citizen in 1900 and signed the naturalization papers as Edward J. Steichen, but he continued to use his birth name of Éduard until after the First World War.<ref name="Niven 1997 66">Niven (1997), p. 66.</ref>

CareerEdit

Paris, New York, and Partnerships with Stieglitz and RodinEdit

File:Edward Steichen - Rodin--Le Penseur - Google Art Project.jpg
Rodin — The Thinker (1902)

In April 1900, Steichen left Milwaukee for Paris to study art. Clarence H. White thought Steichen and Alfred Stieglitz should meet, and thus produced an introduction letter for Steichen, and Steichen—then en route to Paris from his home in Milwaukee—met Stieglitz in New York City in early 1900.<ref name="Niven 1997 74">Niven, Penelope (1997), Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. Template:ISBN, p. 74.</ref> In that first meeting, Stieglitz expressed praise for Steichen's background in painting and bought three of Steichen's photographic prints.<ref name="Niven 1997 75">Niven (1997), p. 75.</ref>

In 1902, when Stieglitz was formulating what would become Camera Work, he asked Steichen to design the logo for the magazine with a custom typeface.<ref name="Roberts 1997 17">Roberts, Pam (1997). "Alfred Stieglitz, 291 Gallery and Camera Work," in: Alfred Stieglitz (ed.), Camera Work, The Complete Illustrations 1903–1917. Köln: Taschen. Template:ISBN, p. 17.</ref> Steichen was the most frequently shown photographer in the journal.

Steichen began experimenting with color photography in 1904 and was one of the earliest in the United States to use the Autochrome Lumière process.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> In 1905, Stieglitz and Steichen created the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, in what had been Steichen's portrait studio;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it eventually became known as the 291 Gallery after its address. It presented some of the first American exhibitions of Auguste Rodin, Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, and Constantin Brâncuși.

According to author and art historian William A. Ewing, Steichen became one of the earliest "jet setters", constantly moving back and forth between Europe and the U.S. by steamship, in the process cross-pollinating art from Europe to the United States, helping to define photography as an art form, and at the same time widening America's understanding of European art and art in general.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Eugene, Stieglitz, Kühn and Steichen Admiring the Work of Eugene.jpg
Eugene, Stieglitz, Kühn and Steichen Admiring the Work of Eugene by Frank Eugene, 1907

Pioneering fashion photographyEdit

Fashion photography began with engravings reproduced from photographs of modishly-dressed actresses by Leopold-Emile Reutlinger, Nadar and others in the 1890s. After high-quality half-tone reproduction of photographs became possible, most credit as pioneers of the genre goes to the French Baron Adolph de Meyer and to Steichen who, borrowing his friend's hand-camera in 1907, candidly photographed dazzlingly-dressed ladies at the Longchamp Racecourse<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Photos">Template:Citation.</ref> Fashion then was being photographed for newspaper supplements and fashion magazines, particularly by the Frères Séeberger,<ref name="Photos" /> as it was worn at Paris horse-race meetings by aristocracy and hired models.

In 1911, Lucien Vogel, the publisher of Jardin des Modes and La Gazette du Bon Ton, challenged Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art through photography.<ref name="Niven 1997 352">Niven (1997), p. 352.</ref> Steichen took photos of gowns designed by couturier Paul Poiret, which were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration.<ref>Steichen's prints appeared in an article by Paul Cornu, "L'art de la robe", in Art et Décoration, April 1911, p. 101–118.</ref><ref name="Niven 1997 352" /> Two were in colour,<ref>Edward Steichen, Experiment in Three-Color Photography in "Our lllustrations", in Camera Work. No. 15 (July 1906), p. 44.</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> and appeared next to flat, stylised, yellow-and-black Georges Lepape drawings of accessories, fabrics, and girls.<ref name="Icons29"/>

Steichen himself, in his 1963 autobiography, asserted that his 1911 Art et Décoration photographs "were probably the first serious fashion photographs ever made,"<ref>Template:Citation</ref> a generalised claim since repeated by many commentators. What he (and de Meyer)<ref name="Icons29"/> did bring was an artistic approach; a soft-focus, aesthetically retouched Pictorialist style that was distinct from the mechanically sharp images made by his commercial colleagues for half-tone reproduction, and that he and the publishers and fashion designers for whom he worked appreciated as a marketable idealisation of the garment, beyond the exact description of fabrics and buttonholes.<ref name="Icons29">Template:Citation</ref>

After World War I, during which he commanded the photographic division of the American Expeditionary Forces, he gradually reverted to straight photography. In the early 1920s, Steichen famously took over 1000 photographs of a single cup and saucer, on "a graduated scale of tones from pure white through light and dark greys to black velvet," which he compared to the a musician's finger exercises.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was hired by Condé Nast in 1923 for the extraordinary salary of $35,000 (equivalent to over $500,000 in 2019 value).<ref name="Icons29"/>

World War IIEdit

File:Steichen above Lexington, by Jorgensen, 11-1943.png
CDR Edward Steichen photographed above the deck of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington (CV-16) by Ens Victor Jorgensen, November 1943

At the commencement of World War II, Steichen, then in his sixties, had retired<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as a full-time photographer. He was developing new varieties of delphinium, which in 1936 had been the subject of his first exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, and the only flower exhibition ever held there.<ref>An exhibition in Orlando in 2019/20 focused on Steichen's dedication to flowers. Examples especially of his rarely seen paintings are displayed in a review of Edward Steichen: In Exaltation of Flowers by Suzanne Cohen on Art Districts Magazine, n. d. [Sept 2019], and on the museum's website. Accessed 30 August 2024.</ref>

When the United States joined the global conflict, Steichen, who had come out of the first World War an Army Colonel, was refused for active service because of his age.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Later, invited by the Navy to serve as Director of the Naval Aviation Photographic Unit,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Budiansky, Stephen, "The Photographer who Took the Navy's Portrait", World War II, Volume 26, No. 2, July/August 2011, p. 25</ref> he was commissioned a Lieutenant-Commander in January 1942. Steichen selected for his unit six officer-photographers from the industry (sometimes irreverently called "Steichen's chickens"), including photographers Wayne Miller and Charles Fenno Jacobs.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> A collection of 172 silver gelatin photographs taken by the Unit under his leadership is held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.<ref name=":0" /> Their war documentary The Fighting Lady, directed by Steichen, won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 17th Academy Awards.

In 1942, Steichen curated for the Museum of Modern Art the exhibition Road to Victory, five duplicates of which toured the world. Photographs in the exhibition were credited to enlisted members of the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps and numbers by Steichen's unit, while many were anonymous and some were made by automatic cameras in Navy planes operated while firing at the enemy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was followed in January 1945 by Power in the Pacific: Battle Photographs of our Navy in Action on the Sea and In the Sky.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Steichen was released from Active Duty (under honorable conditions) on December 13, 1945, at the rank of Captain. For his service during World War II, he was awarded the World War II Victory Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with 2 campaign stars), American Campaign Medal, and numerous other awards.

Museum of Modern ArtEdit

In the summer of 1929, Museum of Modern Art director Alfred H. Barr, Jr. had included a department devoted to photography in a plan presented to the Trustees. Though not put in place until 1940, it became the first department of photography in a museum devoted to twentieth-century art and was headed by Beaumont Newhall. On the strength of attendances of his propaganda exhibitions Road to Victory<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Power in the Pacific, and precipitating curator Newhall's resignation along with most of his staff, in 1947, Steichen was appointed Director of Photography until 1962, later assisted by Grace M. Mayer.

His appointment was protested by many who saw him as anti-art photography, one of the most vocal being Ansel Adams who on April 29, 1946, wrote a letter to Stephen Clark (copied to Newhall) to express his disappointment over Steichen's hiring for the new position of director; "To supplant Beaumont Newhall, who has made such a great contribution to the art through his vast knowledge and sympathy for the medium, with a regime which is inevitably favorable to the spectacular and 'popular' is indeed a body blow to the progress of creative photography."<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Nevertheless, Ansel Adams' image Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico was first published in U.S. Camera Annual 1943, after being selected by Steichen, who was serving as judge for the publication.<ref name="Alinder 1996 192">Street Alinder, Mary (1996), Ansel Adams: a Biography. New York: Henry Holt. Template:ISBN, p. 192.</ref> This gave Moonrise an audience before its first formal exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1944.<ref name="Alinder 1996 193">Alinder (1996), p. 193.</ref>

Steichen as director held a strong belief in the local product, of the "liveness of the melting pot of American photography," and worked to expand and organise the collection, inspiring and recognising the 1950s generation while keeping historical shows to a minimum. He worked with Robert Frank even before his The Americans was published, exhibited the early work of Harry Callahan and Aaron Siskind, and purchased two prints by Robert Rauschenberg in 1952, ahead of any museum.<ref name=":1" /> Steichen also kept international developments in his scope and held shows and made important acquisitions from Europe and Latin America, occasionally visiting those countries to do so. Three books were published by the Department during his tenure (The Family of Man, Steichen the Photographer, and The Bitter Years: 1935–1941: Rural America as Seen by the Photographers of the Farm Security Administration).<ref>Template:Citation)</ref><ref name=":1" /> Despite his solid career in photography, Steichen displayed his own work at MoMA—his retrospective, Steichen the Photographer—only after he had already announced his retirement in 1961.

File:Clerf-FamilyOfMan-20060908.JPG
Poster for the permanent installment of The Family of Man exhibition in Clervaux, Luxembourg<ref name="mow"/>

Among accomplishments that were to redeem initial resentment at his appointment, Steichen created The Family of Man, a world-touring Museum of Modern Art exhibition that, while arguably a product of American Cold War propaganda, was seen by 9 million visitors and still holds the record for most-visited photography exhibit. Now permanently housed and on continuous display in Clervaux (Luxembourgish: Klierf) Castle in northern Luxembourg, his country of birth, Steichen regarded the exhibition as the "culmination of his career.".<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Comprising over 500 photos that depicted life, love and death in 68 countries, the prologue for its widely purchased catalogue was written by Steichen's brother-in-law, Carl Sandburg.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> As had been Steichen's wish, the exhibition was donated to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, his country of birth.

MoMA exhibitions curated or directed by SteichenEdit

The following are exhibitions curated or directed by Steichen during his tenure as Director of Photography at The Museum of Modern Art. (References link to the exhibition page in the museum's archive, with press releases, checklists of the exhibited photographs, and installation views.) Template:Refbegin

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  • 1948, 6 Apr–11 Jul: In and Out of Focus: A Survey of Today's Photography, "including prints by 76 [American] photographers, the first large exhibition organized by Captain Edward J. Steichen, Director of the Museum's Department of Photography."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1948, 27 Jul–26 Sep: 50 Photographs by 50 Photographers – Landmarks in Photographic History. "50 prints from the Museum Collections that form an abbreviated history of the development of pictorial photography during the past 100 years."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1948, 29 Sep–28 Nov: Photo-Secession (American Photography 1902–1910)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1949, 8 Feb–1 May: The Exact Instant. Events and Pages in 100 Years of News Photography<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1949, 26 Jul–25 Sep: Realism in Photography. Works by Ralph Steiner, Wayne F. Miller, Tosh Matsumoto, Frederick Sommer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 29 Nov–15 Jan: Roots of French Photography<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 24 Jan–19 Mar: Photographs of Picasso by Gjon Mili and by Robert Capa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 28 Mar–7 May: Photography Recent Acquisitions: Stieglitz, Atget<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 9 May–4 Jul: Color Photography. Survey with color photographs and transparencies by more than 75 photographers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 1 Aug–17 Sep: Photographs by 51 Photographers. More than 100 newly acquired prints.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1950, 26 Sep–3 Dec: Photographs by Lewis Carroll<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1951, 13 Feb–22 Apr: Korea – The Impact of War in Photographs<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1951, 1 May–4 Jul: Abstraction in Photography. Featured in an Photo Arts special issue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1951, 20 Nov–12 Dec: Memorable 'Life' Photographs, catalogue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1951/52, 29 Nov–6 Jan: Christmas Photographs, Christmas sale of prints by Adams, Callahan, Frank, Levitt, Weston a. o. for $10–25.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1952, 20 May–1 Sep: Diogenes with a Camera. First show of a series featuring contemporary American photographers: W. Eugene Smith, Sommer, Callahan, Weston, Esther Bubley, Eliot Porter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1952, 5–18 Aug: Then and Now, 50 photographs 1839–1952 displayed during the convention of the Photographic Society of America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1952/53, 25 Nov–8 Mar: Diogenes with a Camera II, with Adams, Lange, Tosh Matsumoto, Man Ray, Aaron Siskind, Todd Webb.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1955, 24 Jan–8 May: The Family of Man<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1956, 4 Apr–3 Jun: Diogenes with a Camera IV, with Marie-Jean Beraud-Villars, Shirley Burden, William A. Garnett, and Gustav Schenk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1956/57, 24 Oct–13 Jan: Language of the Wall: Parisian Graffiti Photographed by Brassaï.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1957/58, 27 Nov–15 Apr: 70 Photographers Look at New York, in collaboration with Grace Mayer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1960, 1–16 Oct: Photographs for Collectors. Sales show with "more than 250 prints by 66 photographers...priced at $25 and up."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1962, 30 Jan–1 Apr: Harry Callahan and Robert Frank, assisted by Grace M. Mayer. Over 200 prints, and screenings of Frank's films Pull My Daisy (1959) and The Sin of Jesus (1961).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 1962, 18 Oct–25 Nov: The Bitter Years: 1935–1941. 200 photographs selected by "Director Emeritus" Steichen (from 270,000 taken for the F.S.A.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Refend

In the latter years of his tenure after her appointment by Steichen as Assistant Curator, it was Grace M. Mayer from the Museum of the City of New York, where she had organized about 150 exhibitions,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who curated the shows The Sense of Abstraction (17 Feb–10 Apr 1960), co-directed by Kathleen Haven, the museum staff designer since 1955.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Then Mayer organized Steichens only solo-show during his time at the museum, Steichen the Photographer, (28 Mar–30 May 1961), Diogenes with a Camera V (26 Sep–12 Nov 1961), 50 Photographs by 50 Photographers, a third survey of the museum's collection (3 Apr–15 May 1962),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a series of four installations called A Bid for Space (1960 to 1963), which were designed by Kathleen Haven. Haven had also been responsible for the design of The Family of Man, she worked two years on, as well as Diogenes with a Camera (II, III and IV), the exhibition of Brassaï's graffiti photographs, and the 1958 collection survey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Steichen hired John Szarkowski to be his successor at the Museum of Modern Art on July 1, 1962. On his appointment, Szarkowski promoted Mayer to Curator.

Later lifeEdit

On December 6, 1963, Steichen was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Though then 88 years old and unable to attend in person, in 1967 Steichen, as a still-active member of the copyright committee of the American Society of Magazine Photographers, wrote a submission to the U.S. Senate hearings to support copyright law revisions, requesting that "this young giant among the visual arts be given equal rights by having its peculiar problems taken into account."<ref>United States. (1967). Copyright law revision: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, first session pursuant to S. Res. 37 on S. 597., U.S. Government Printing Office.</ref>

In 1968, the Edward Steichen Archive was established in MoMA's Department of Photography. The Museum's then-Director René d'Harnoncourt declared that its function was to "amplify and clarify the meaning of Steichen's contribution to the art of photography, and to modern art generally."<ref name=":2" /> Creator of the Archive was Grace M. Mayer, who in 1959 started her career as an assistant to the director, Steichen, and who became Curator of Photography in 1962, retiring in 1968. Mayer returned after her retirement to serve in a voluntary capacity as Curator of the Edward Steichen Archive until the mid-1980s to source materials by, about, and related to Steichen. Her detailed card catalogs are housed in the Museum's Grace M. Mayer Papers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Steichen's 90th birthday was marked with a dinner gathering of photographers, editors, writers, and museum professionals at the Plaza Hotel in 1969. The event was hosted by MoMA trustee Henry Allen Moe, and U.S. Camera magazine publisher Tom Maloney.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1970, an evening show was presented in Arles during The Rencontres d'Arles festival: Edward Steichen, photographe by Martin Boschet.

Steichen bought a farm that he called Umpawaug in 1928, just outside West Redding, Connecticut.<ref name="Niven 1997 530">Niven (1997), p. 530.</ref> He lived there until his death on March 25, 1973, two days before his 94th birthday.<ref name="Niven 1997 698">Niven (1997), p. 698.</ref> After his death, Steichen's farm was made into a park, known as Topstone Park.<ref name="NYT 1999">Prevost, Lisa, "An Upscale Town with Upcountry Style,"New York Times, 3 January 1999.</ref> As of 2018, Topstone Park was open seasonally.<ref name="Redding parks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>


LegacyEdit

File:ThePondMoonlight.jpg
Steichen's The Pond–Moonlight, multiple gum bichromate print, 1904

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"I consider Steichen a very great artist and the leading, the greatest photographer of the time. Before him, nothing conclusive had been achieved."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>{{#if:Auguste Rodin|{{#if:|}}

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Steichen's career, especially his activities at MoMA, did much to popularise and promote the medium, and both before and since his death photography, including his own, continued to appreciate as a collectible art form.<ref name=":1">Template:Citation.</ref>

In February 2006, a print of Steichen's early pictorialist photograph, The Pond–Moonlight (1904), sold for what was then the highest price ever paid for a photograph at auction, Template:USD.

Steichen took the photograph in Mamaroneck, New York, near the home of his friend, art critic Charles Caffin. It shows a wooded area and pond, with moonlight appearing between the trees and reflecting on the pond. While the print appears to be a color photograph, the first true color photographic process, the autochrome process, was not available until 1907. Steichen created the impression of color by manually applying layers of light-sensitive gums to the paper. Only three prints of The Pond–Moonlight are still known to exist and, as a result of the hand-layering of the gums, each is unique. (The two prints not auctioned are held in museum collections.) The extraordinary sale price of the print is in part attributable to its one-of-a-kind character and to its rarity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A show of early color photographs by Steichen was held at the Mudam (Musée d'Art moderne) in Luxembourg City from July 14 to September 3, 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Steichen married Clara E. Smith (1875–1952) in 1903. They had two daughters, Mary Rose Steichen (1904-1998) and Charlotte "Kate" Rodina Steichen (1908-1988). In 1914, Clara accused her husband of having an affair with artist Marion H. Beckett, who was staying with them in France. The Steichens left France just ahead of invading German troops. In 1915, Clara Steichen returned to France with her daughter Kate, staying in their house in the Marne in spite of the war. Steichen returned to France with the Photography Division of the American Army Signal Corps in 1917, whereupon Clara returned to the United States. In 1919, Clara Steichen sued Marion Beckett for having an affair with her husband, but was unable to prove her claims.<ref name=Lawsuit1919>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Mitchell>Template:Cite book</ref> Clara and Edward Steichen eventually divorced in 1922.

Steichen married Dana Desboro Glover in 1923. She died of leukemia in 1957.

In 1960, aged 80, Steichen married 27-year-old Joanna Taub and remained married to her until his death, two days before his 94th birthday. Joanna Steichen died on July 24, 2010, in Montauk, New York, aged 77.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ExhibitionsEdit

SoloEdit

Template:Refbegin

  • 1900: Photo Club. Paris<ref name=":4" />
  • 1900: Mrs. Arthur Robinson's home. Milwaukee (US)<ref name=":4" />
  • 1901: La Maison des Artistes, Paris<ref name=":4" />
  • 1902: Photo-Club, Paris<ref name=":4" />
  • 1902: Eduard Steichen, Paintings and Photographs, Maison des Artistes, Paris<ref name=":4" />
  • 1905: Photo-Secession Gallery, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1906: Photographs by Eduard Steichen, Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (291 Gallery), New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1908: Eduard Steichen, Photographs in Monochrome and Color, Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1909: Photo-Secession Gallery, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1910: Photo-Secession Gallery, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1910: Montross Gallery, London<ref name=":4" />
  • 1910: Little Gallery, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1915: M. Knoedler & Company, New York, including the murals for the Park Ave. town house of Agnes and Eugene Meyer<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 1938: Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1938: Edward Steichen, Retrospective, Baltimore Museum of Art<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
  • 1950: Edward Steichen, Retrospective, American Institute of Architects Headquarters, Washington, D.C.<ref name=":1" />
  • 1961: Steichen the Photographer, Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name=":4" />
    • 1963: condensed versions in Cologne, Germany, and Zurich, Switzerland<ref>J. Steichen 2000, p. 371.</ref>
  • 1965: Retrospective, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris<ref name=":4" />
  • 1976: Allan Frumkin Gallery, Chicago<ref name=":4" />
  • 1978: Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1979: George Eastman House, Rochester, New York<ref name=":4" />
  • 1997–2005: Hollywood Celebrity: Edward Steichen's Vanity Fair Photographs
    • 1997/98, 25 Oct–12 Apr: George Eastman House, Rochester, NY
    • 2004, 17 Jan–25 Apr: Kunsthal Rotterdam, Netherlands<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2002: Edward Steichen: Art as Advertising/ Advertising as Art, Norsk Museum for Fotografi-Preus Fotomuseum, Horten, Norway<ref name=":1" />
  • 2005: Edward Steichen, Luxembourg Embassy, Berlin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2007–2008: Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography / Une épopée photographique, curated by William A. Ewing and Todd Brandow for the Foundation for the Exhibition of Photography, Minneapolis, and Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne, in collaboration with Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • 2007, 9 Oct–30 Dec: Jeu de paume, Paris, France<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • 2008, 17 Jan–23 Mar: Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne, Switzerland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2008–2015: Edward Steichen: In High Fashion (The Condé Nast Years) 1923–1937, curated by William A. Ewing, Todd Brandow and Nathalie Herschdorfer, catalogue
    • 2008, 11 Jan–30 Mar: Kunsthaus Zürich, Switzerland, catalogue
    • 2008, 1 May–8 Jun: Palazzo Magnani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (combined with Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography), two catalogues<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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GroupEdit

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  • 1900: The New School of American Photography, Royal Photographic Society, London, England and Paris, France<ref name=":4">Template:Citation.</ref>
  • 1902: American Pictorial Photography, National Arts Club, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1904: Salon International de Photographie, Paris.<ref name=":4" />
  • 1905: Opening exhibition, Little Galleries of the Photo Secession, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1906: Photographs Arranged by the Photo Secession, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia<ref name=":1" />
  • 1910: The Younger American Painters, Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1910: International Exhibit of Pictorial Photography, Albright Art Gallery, Rochester, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1932: Murals by American Painters and Photographers, Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name=":1" />
  • 1955: The Family of Man, Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name=":4" />

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GalleryEdit

  • Steichen landscape ave of trees.gif

    Landscape with Avenue of Trees, painting by Steichen, 1902

  • Edward Steichen - Cover Design - Google Art Project.jpg

    Cover design, 1900, printed 1906

  • Camera Work cover.jpg

    Cover of Camera Work, No 2, showing Steichen's design and custom typeface. This volume was entirely devoted to his photographs.

  • Steichen-SelfPortrait1903.jpg

    Self-portrait, publ. in Camera Work No 2, 1903

  • Auguste Rodin by Edward Steichen, 1902.jpg

    Portrait of Auguste Rodin, 1902

  • Steichen flatiron.jpg

    The Flatiron, 1904

  • Portrait of Eleanora Duse - by Edward J. Steichen. LCCN2008676241.jpg

    Portrait of Eleanora Duse, 1903, the unaltered photograph

  • Eleonora Duse by Edward Steichen, 1903.jpg

    Eleonora Duse, a version publ. in Photographische Mitteilungen, 1903

  • Steichen Rita de Acosta Lydig 1905.jpg

    Portrait of Rita de Acosta Lydig, 1905

  • Portrait of Clarence H. White (5711502854).jpg

    Portrait of Clarence H. White, 1905

  • Edward Steichen-Experiment.jpg

    Experiment in Three-Color Photography, publ. in Camera Work No 15, 1906

  • Edward Steichen - On the House Boat--"The Log Cabin" - Google Art Project.jpg

    On the House Boat–"The Log Cabin", 1879, color halftone print 1908

  • Gertrude Kasebier cph.3b52204.jpg

    Gertrude Käsebier, publ. in The Century Magazine, Jan 1908

  • Henri Matisse and La Serpentine, fall 1909, Issy-les-Moulineaux, photograph by Edward Steichen..jpg

    Henri Matisse and La Serpentine, Issy-les-Moulineaux, fall 1909

  • Edward Steichen - Brancusi.jpg

    Portrait of Constantin Brâncuși, taken at Steichen's home at Voulangis, 1922

  • Edward Steichen - Milk bottles on a fire escape - 1915.jpg

    Milk Bottles – Spring, New York 1915

  • Le tournesol - Steichen.PNG

    Le Tournesol (The Sunflower), c. 1920, NGA, Washington

  • Edward Jean Steichen - Isadora Duncan in the Parthenon, Athens - Google Art Project.jpg

    Isadora Duncan in the Parthenon, Athens, 1921

  • Steichen - wind fire - Thérèse Duncan on the Acropolis, 1921.jpg

    Wind Fire – Maria-Theresa Duncan on the Acropolis, 1921

  • Aircraft landing aboard USS Lexington (CV-16), in November 1943 (80-G-K-15290).jpg

    Aircraft of Carrier Air Group 16 return to the USS Lexington, Nov 1943

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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Collections of his workEdit

Writings and other documentsEdit

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