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Commonwealth Day is the annual celebration of the Commonwealth of Nations, held on the second Monday in March. While the date holds some official status in select member states of the Commonwealth, observances of the date are not uniform across the Commonwealth, and the date is not celebrated as a public holiday in most Commonwealth countries.Template:Notetag
The event traces its origins to Empire Day, an event initially conceived to celebrate the British Empire. It was originally observed on Queen Victoria's birthdate, May 24th, or the last weekday before it. In the latter half of the 20th century, the celebration's focus shifted towards emphasising the modern Commonwealth of Nations, with the event being renamed Commonwealth Day in 1958, and its date moved to the second Monday in March in 1977.
Commonwealth Day is typically marked by a Commonwealth Day message made by the Head of the Commonwealth, as well as additional statements from the Commonwealth Secretary-General. Inter-denominational observances are also held in cities across the Commonwealth, including one led by the Head of the Commonwealth at Westminster Abbey in London and attended by the Commonwealth Secretary-General.
Flag-raising ceremonies for the flag of the Commonwealth of Nations are also held in Commonwealth countries. The flags of Commonwealth member states are flown at select locations in the United Kingdom, while the Royal Union Flag is flown at federal installations in Canada.
HistoryEdit
The idea of observing one day each year as a public holiday throughout the British Empire was first suggested in 1894 and 1895 by Thomas Robinson, the honorary secretary for the Royal Colonial Institute based in Winnipeg. Taking up Robinson's suggestion, the Royal Colonial Institute's London council petitioned Queen Victoria in July 1894, arguing that while other nations had annual national celebrations, the British Empire lacked one. They proposed designating the Queen's birthday for this purpose. In a reply the British prime minister, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, stated that it was a matter not for the government but for the community and pointed out that government departments already observed the Queen's birthday as a holiday.<ref name=reeseorigin>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=hallidayorigin>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the idea quickly gained support from organizations such as the British Empire League in the 1890s.<ref name="Malcolm">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="huk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The idea to hold an "Empire Day" as a day that would "remind children that they formed part of the British Empire" also gained support among educations during the 1890s.<ref name="huk"/> Championed by Clementina Trenholme, Empire Day was first observed in Ontario schools in 1898 and scheduled for the last school day before May 24, Queen Victoria's birthday.<ref name=reeseorigin/><ref name=hallidayorigin/> By the end of the 19th century, Empire Day was also celebrated in Cape Colony before the Second Boer War and thereafter throughout the Union of South Africa.<ref name=reeseorigin/><ref name=hallidayorigin/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Empire Day was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1904 by Reginald Brabazon, 12th Earl of Meath, "to nurture a sense of collective identity and imperial responsibility among young empire citizens".<ref>Jim English. Empire Day in Britain, 1904–58. p. 248.</ref>
After the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, her birthday, 24 May, was celebrated from 1902 as Empire Day, though not officially recognised as an annual event until 1916.<ref name="huk"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Deprecated inline In schools, morning lessons were devoted to "exercises calculated to remind (the children) of their mighty heritage".<ref>Earl of Meath, ‘British youth and the empire’,n earl of Meath, Brabazon potpourri (London, 1928), p. 95</ref> The centrepiece of the day was an organised and ritualistic veneration of the Union flag. Schoolchildren were given the afternoon off, and further events were usually held in their local community.<ref name="English2006">Template:Cite journal</ref>
After the First World War, the jingoism was toned down in favour of sombre commemoration in the festival.<ref name="English2006"/> In 1925, 90,000 people attended an Empire Day thanksgiving service held at Wembley Stadium as part of the British Empire Exhibition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, Empire Day became more of a sombre commemoration in the aftermath of World War I, and politically partisan in the United Kingdom as the Labour Party passed a resolution in 1926 to prevent the further celebration of Empire Day.<ref name="English2006"/>
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The Conservative party and other groups adopted Empire Day as a vehicle for anti-socialist propaganda, whilst the communist party exploited it as an opportunity to attack British imperialism. Other protests came from local Labour groups and pacifist dissenters. The overt politicization of Empire Day severely disrupted its hegemonic function and the political battles fought over the form and purpose of the celebrations made it difficult to uphold the notion that the festival was merely a benign tribute to a legitimate and natural state of affairs.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Change in name and dateEdit
After World War II, the event fell into rapid decline. On 18 December 1958, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan announced in Parliament that the name of Empire Day would be changed to Commonwealth Day.<ref name="English2006"/><ref>Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite hansard</ref>
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In 1973, the National Council in Canada of the Royal Commonwealth Society submitted a proposal to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau that Commonwealth Day should be observed simultaneously throughout the Commonwealth of Nations. The proposal was included in the Canadian items for inclusion in the agenda for the 1975 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. After the meeting, it was agreed that the Commonwealth Secretariat would select a date with no historical connotations so that the entire Commonwealth could use it as a date to celebrate Commonwealth Day. At a meeting in Canberra in May 1976, senior Commonwealth officials agreed on a new fixed date for Commonwealth Day, the second Monday in March.<ref name=canada>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second Monday of March was selected by Commonwealth leaders as it was a day when most schools would be in session, facilitating student participation in several Commonwealth-related activities, including mini-Commonwealth Games, simulated Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, and studies and celebrations on the geography, ecology, products or societies of other Commonwealth countries.<ref name=observanceuk>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ObservanceEdit
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Commonwealth Day is held on the second Monday in March.<ref name=caribsour>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=OU>Template:Cite book</ref> However, there is not a uniform observance of the day worldwide.<ref name=canada/>
On the day, the Head of the Commonwealth broadcasts a message throughout the entire Commonwealth of Nations. The broadcast is addressed to the people of the Commonwealth, and not to specific governments. Past Commonwealth Day messages by Queen Elizabeth II are themed after an issue of importance to the Commonwealth which she thinks people can have an impact on. In some member states of the Commonwealth, the message is sometimes augmented by an address from a member country's president, prime minister, or another senior minister. The Commonwealth Secretary-General also issues a statement on the day, which is read on the radio or published in some Commonwealth countries.<ref name=observanceuk/>
Several cities throughout the Commonwealth host multi-cultural and inter-denominational services to mark the day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Flag-raising ceremonies for the flag of the Commonwealth of Nations are also held in several Commonwealth countries.<ref name=cmfmag>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
United KingdomEdit
On Commonwealth Day, flags of the member states of the Commonwealth of Nations are flown in Parliament Square and at Marlborough House.<ref name=observanceuk/> The flag of the United Kingdom is flown from UK public buildings on the second Monday in March to mark Commonwealth Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Flag flying guidelines for the Scottish Government and its related agencies also advises the flying of the flags of the Commonwealth of Nations and Scotland on the date, only if the building has two or more flagpoles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In London, an inter-denominational service is led by the Head of the Commonwealth at Westminster Abbey. During the service, representatives of Commonwealth countries offer the flags of member states for blessing.<ref name=observanceuk/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Cite news</ref> A wreath-laying ceremony to commemorate the sacrifice of Commonwealth soldiers at London's Commonwealth Memorial Gates is attended by the Commonwealth Secretary-General, and is held before the service at Westminster Abbey.<ref name=cmfmag/><ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Several other events, such as the Commonwealth Africa Summit, also take place around the United Kingdom on Commonwealth Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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British Overseas TerritoriesEdit
Commonwealth Day was formerly celebrated as a public holiday in several British Overseas Territories. The day was observed as a school holiday in British Hong Kong before the handover of the territory from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref name="McAlpine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The date was also formerly observed as a public holiday in Gibraltar.<ref name="Gib2002">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2021, the holiday was moved to February instead of March.<ref name="Gib2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, Commonwealth Day was no longer listed as a public holiday in Gibraltar, with the February public holiday replaced by the Winter Midterm Bank Holiday.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although the event is no longer a public holiday, the Government of Gibraltar continues to mark Commonwealth Day through various events.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AustraliaEdit
Commonwealth Day is observed by Australian state governors and the governor-general.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Commonwealth Day Council of New South Wales holds an annual lunch in the presence of its patron, the governor, at Parliament House, Sydney.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BahamasEdit
In The Bahamas, Commonwealth Day school assemblies involving flag-raising ceremonies are held.<ref name="McAlpine"/>
BelizeEdit
In Belize, Commonwealth Day was also known as Sovereign's Day and was formerly celebrated as a public holiday in May. The holiday was originally celebrated in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday, although it was later set aside to recognise and celebrate the importance of being part of the Commonwealth of Nations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2021, Sovereign's Day was removed from the government's official list of public and bank holidays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CanadaEdit
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In Canada, the federal government directs that the Royal Union Flag be flown alongside the flag of Canada at federal installations nationwide where at least two flag poles are present.<ref name="UK Flag">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The requirement to fly the Royal Union Flag on certain days, including Commonwealth Day, stems from a 1964 parliamentary resolution following the adoption of flag of Canada, which retained the Royal Union Flag as an official symbol of the country's Commonwealth membership and allegiance to the Crown.<ref name="UK Flag"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
From 1898 to 1976, Empire Day/Commonwealth Day was observed on an ad hoc basis in conjunction with Victoria Day, a federal statutory holiday in May that also serves as the sovereign's official birthday in Canada.<ref name=canada/><ref name=celebcan>Template:Cite book</ref> Empire Day/Commonwealth Day was held on the weekday before Victoria Day and was not intended to be a general holiday in itself, but a day to provide schools and civic institutions the opportunity to implement activities and lessons on Canada and the British Empire.<ref name=celebcan/> In 1977, Commonwealth Day was moved to the second Monday in March, in line with the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations.<ref name=canada/>
TuvaluEdit
Commonwealth Day is observed as a public holiday in Tuvalu, as legislated in the country's Public Holidays Act.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Commonwealth Day themesEdit
| Year | Theme<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Our Commonwealth Neighbourhood – Working Together for Tolerance and Understanding | |
| 1996 | Our Working Partnership | |
| 1997 | Talking to One Another | |
| 1998 | Sport Brings Us Together | |
| 1999 | Music | |
| 2000 | Sharing Knowledge – The Communications Challenge | |
| 2001 | A New Generation | |
| 2002 | Diversity | |
| 2003 | Partners in Development | |
| 2004 | Building a Commonwealth of Freedom | |
| 2005 | Education – Creating Opportunity, Realising Potential | |
| 2006 | Health and Vitality | |
| 2007 | Respecting Difference, Promoting Understanding | |
| 2008 | The Environment, Our Future | |
| 2009 | Commonwealth@60 – Serving a New Generation | |
| 2010 | Science, Technology and Society | |
| 2011 | Women as Agents of Change | |
| 2012 | Connecting Cultures | |
| 2013 | Opportunity through Enterprise | |
| 2014 | Team Commonwealth | |
| 2015 | A Young Commonwealth | |
| 2016 | An Inclusive Commonwealth | |
| 2017 | A Peace-building Commonwealth | |
| 2018 | Towards A Common Future | |
| 2019 | A Connected Commonwealth | |
| 2020 | Delivering a Common Future | |
| 2021 | Delivering a Common Future | |
| 2022 | Delivering a Common Future: Connecting, Innovating, Transforming | |
| 2023 | Forging a Sustainable and Peaceful Common Future | |
| 2024 | One Resilient Common Future: Transforming our Common Wealth | |
| 2025 | Together We Thrive |
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Commonwealth Day – Commonwealth of Nations
- C. 1917 Pathé News view of Empire Day
- 1919 Pathé News views of Empire Day
- 1922 Pathé News view of Empire Day
- British Movietone News 1930 view of Empire Day
- 1931 Pathé News view of Empire Day
- 1933 Pathé News view of Empire Day
- 1934 Pathé News view of Empire Day
- HM King George VI: Empire Day Address, 24 May 1940
- The Queen's Commonwealth Day Message 2011
Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics Template:Queen Victoria