Template:Short description Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:About Template:Infobox medical condition (new) Cyclopia (named after the Greek mythology characters cyclopes), also known as alobar holoprosencephaly, is the most extreme form of holoprosencephaly and is a congenital disorder (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in miscarried fetuses.<ref>Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Leroi, Armand Marie Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body, p.73. Template:ISBN</ref>
Signs and symptomsEdit
Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called proboscis) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly.<ref>Dark, Graham (2007). Rhinocephaly. In Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Most such embryos are either naturally miscarried or are stillborn upon delivery.
Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The Vrolik Museum, Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and sometimes chickens). In such cases, the nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth.<ref name="freakyface">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CausesEdit
Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process.<ref name="medterms">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One highly teratogenic alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is cyclopamine or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant Veratrum californicum (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant thinking it is hellebore, which has been suggested as a "natural" treatment for vomiting, cramps, and poor circulation – three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cyclopia occurs when certain proteins are inappropriately expressed,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one optic lobe and one olfactory lobe, resulting in the eye and nose malformations of cyclopia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is the gene regulator involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses Pax6, which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000).
Notable casesEdit
- A British description from 1665 of a colt that appeared to have cyclopia reads:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
First, That it had no sign of any Nose in the usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. Next, That the two Eyes were united into one Double Eye which was placed just in the middle of the Brow.<ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Gutenberg</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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- In October 1766, an infant in France was born with cyclopia, living for only a few hours. Reports of the case were made in the Mercure de France and an illustration of the infant was made by Marie Bihéron. The case was also mentioned in Volume IV of Buffon's L'Histoire Naturelle.
- On 1 March 1793, a 46-year-old woman in Boalts Torp, Glimåkra, Sweden gave birth to a child with cyclopia that died after two hours. The child was 35cm long, its face without nose and nostrils, and its lidless eye with no eyebrow sat raised on the middle of its forehead like a large blueberry. The wrists were somewhat crooked as well as the right foot which was completely crooked and bent inwards. It was not clear whether it was a boy or a girl, but it was believed to be the former.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In November 1889, reports emerged from Umatilla County, Oregon, of a Nez Perce child with one eye in the center of the forehead. The child was reportedly healthy and "able to see with ease, and ran about with as much freedom as any of his companions."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several individuals tried to locate the child to be put on display, but the tribe had left to hunt in the mountains by the time they arrived.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is unknown what became of the child.
- On December 28, 2005, a kitten with cyclopia, "Cy", was born in Redmond, Oregon, United States and died about one day after birth.<ref name=cy>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2006, a baby girl in India with cyclopia was born. Her only eye was in the center of her forehead. She did not have a nose and her brain did not separate into two separate hemispheres (holoprosencephaly).<ref name="Cyclops Baby">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The child died one day after her birth.<ref name="Cyclops Baby Born in India Only Survives 1 Day">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2011, an albino cyclops shark fetus was discovered in the body of a caught shark in Mexico, with no discernible nose and one giant eye. The unborn fetus was turned over for medical studies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- On October 10, 2012, a small kitten was born. Its eye was in the center of the forehead and there was no developed nose to be found. The small cat died shortly after it was born. It was nicknamed Cleyed the Cyclops.<ref name=cleyed>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- On May 10, 2017, in Assam, India, a black goat was born with one eye and other cyclopia-related facial abnormalities. It was reported to still be alive over a week later, which is unusual for this condition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- On September 13, 2018, in MandailingNatal, North Sumatra, Indonesia, a baby with cyclopia was born without a nose and one eye with the weight of 2.4kg (5.3lb) and heart rate under 100 bpm. The child died seven hours after birth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- On March 16, 2022, a boy was born in Al Bayda, Yemen, with cyclopia. He died 7 hours after birth. He was seen in photos taken by Yemeni journalist Karim Zarai.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In March 2024, a pig was born in Ilocos Sur, Philippines, with cyclopia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- On December 21, 2024, a black she-goat was born in Shivasatakshi, Jhapa (Nepal), with cyclopia.
Cultural significanceEdit
The Islamic State used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIS claimed the photos depicted Masih ad-Dajjal, who according to the Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops.<ref name="isil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be Israeli, but was actually Bolivian and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
HumansEdit
- Janus head or two-faced man Wellcome L0032588.jpg
1616, Italy
- Licetus, De monstrorum caussis,...1634 Wellcome L0007741.jpg
1634, Italy
- An infant with one central eye. Engraving. Wellcome V0007405.jpg
1766, France
- B. C. Hirst & G. A. Piersol, Human monstrosities. Wellcome L0027960.jpg
1893, United States
- Pediatrics. (1900) (14578802990).jpg
1900, United States
- Roland Cyclopie 2.jpg
1909, France
- Cyclopia 1914.jpg
1912, United Kingdom
- Cyclopia front.jpg
1920, United States
- Cyclopia.JPG
1926, Egypt
- Cephalothoracopagus Janiceps 1.jpg
1950, India
- Cyclopia 1.jpg
1968, United States
- Patauface.PNG
AnimalsEdit
- Les écarts de la nature page20.jpg
Cat, 1775
- Les écarts de la nature page10.jpg
Horse, 1775
- Les écarts de la nature page42.jpg
Pig from Martinique, 1775
- ABNORMALITIES; Tabulae ad illustrandam embry Wellcome L0032361.jpg
Goat, 1849
- Dog with congenital defects. Lithograph. Wellcome V0022910EBL.jpg
- Head of a donkey with a congenitally deformed head. Lithogra Wellcome V0022905EL.jpg
- Cyclopelamb2.jpg
Sheep with in utero cyclopamine exposure
- BLW Cyclopian Pig.jpg
Pig in Hunterian Museum
- Chat cyclope - anatomie comparé mnhn Paris.JPG
- Cyclopic Lissachatina immaculata.JPG
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Commonscatinline Template:Medical resources Template:Phakomatoses and other congenital malformations not elsewhere classified