1288

File:Minnesten på Högbrobacke.jpg

Commemorative stone over the civil war in Gotland 1288.

File:Battle of Worringen 1288.PNG

Illustration of the Battle of Worringen

Year 1288 (MCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• A civil war breaks out on Gotland between the burghers of Visby and the rural farmers of Gotland; while the exact reason for this war is unknown, the most likely reason is the construction of a large wall around Visby, and the introduction of a toll, which the farmers were forced to pay.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• June 5 – War of the Limburg Succession – Battle of Worringen: Brabantian forces under Duke John I defeat the coalition army of Cologne, Luxemburg, and Nassau at Worringen (in a struggle to conquer the Duchy of Limburg). John liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Electorate of Cologne, which has previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref>Boffa, S. 2004. Warfare in medieval Brabant: 1356–1406. Coll.: "Warfare in History", Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, p. 289.</ref>
• Summer – Sultan Muhammad II drives the rebellious Banu Ashqilula from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King Sancho IV. In response, King Alfonso III proclaims the 18-year-old Alfonso de la Cerda as ruler of Castile and León.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 95–96. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against the 26-year-old King Ladislaus IV, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects in Hungary, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of Western Europe. Meanwhile, the Hungarian government loses more power because the clergy and most of the nobles rule the kingdom independently.<ref>Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526, p. 109. Tauris Publishers. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary, p. 84. Atlantisz Publishing House. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• October 28 – Treaty of Canfranc: King Edward I signs an agreement with Alfonso III at Canfranc, about the release of Charles II, who has been captured by Admiral Roger of Lauria in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples (see 1284).<ref>Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, p. 246. Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

England & Scotland

• January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in West Wales is recaptured by the English forces after a ten-day siege, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end. Rhys is exiled to Ireland.<ref>Ashley, Mike. The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, Robinson Publishing (1999), p. 344–345.</ref>
• The Parliament of Scotland creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.

Levant

• Spring – Genoa orders Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria to send five galleys to support Genoese suzerainty of Tripoli. Princess Lucia, sister of the late Count Bohemond VII, arrives in Acre, where the Knights Hospitaller escort her to the frontier with Tripoli. The commune refuses to accept her as new ruler and places the city under Genoese protection. After negotiations, Lucia offers to confirm Genoa's existing commercial privileges in Tripoli.<ref>David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, p. 17. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Asia

• April 9 – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary army (some 94,000 men). He orders the placing of steel-tipped bamboo stakes (to create an ambush) in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay. This ends the intentions of Kublai Khan to conquer Vietnam and Champa.<ref>Elleman, Bruce A. (2012). China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods, pp. 236–237. Naval War College: NUS Press, Template:ISBN.</ref>
• April – The Japanese era Kōan ends and the Shōō era begins during the reign of the 22-year-old Emperor Fushimi (until 1293).<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kōan" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 535, p. 535, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today.</ref>

By topic

Art and Culture

• The oldest surviving bell, in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, is built.
• Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.

Markets

• June 16 – Petrus, bishop of Västerås, buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden. During the reign of King Magnus III, nobles and foreign merchants from Lübeck take interests in the mining area.
• The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Religion

• February 22 – Nicholas IV is elected as the successor of the late Honorius IV (see 1287) during a conclave in Rome and becomes the 191st pope of the Catholic Church.
• March–April – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, arrives at Rome and is received by Nicholas IV, who gives him communion on Palm Sunday.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Rabban Bar Sauma". Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 767. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Technology

• The oldest-known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Mongol prince Nayan.<ref>Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN, p. 32.</ref>

Births

• January 20 – Robert Lisle, English nobleman (d. 1344)
• April 5 – Go-Fushimi, emperor (tenno) of Japan (d. 1336)
• November 1 – Ivan I, Grand Duke of Moscow (d. 1341)
• November 26 – Go-Daigo, emperor of Japan (d. 1339)
• Adolph II de la Marck, French prince-bishop (d. 1344)
• Blanche of Burgundy, French noblewoman (d. 1348)
• Charles I, king of Hungary (House of Anjou) (d. 1342)
• Gersonides, French Jewish mathematician (d. 1344)
• Guillaume I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1335)
• John of Beaumont, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. 1356)
• Mahmoud Shabestari, Persian poet and writer (d. 1340)
• Nicholas II, German nobleman and chamberlain (d. 1365)
• Nicolas Béhuchet, French nobleman and admiral (d. 1340)
• Nijō Michihira, Japanese nobleman and advisor (d. 1335)
• Pedro Afonso, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. 1350)
• Philip of Majorca, Aragonese prince and regent (d. 1343)
• Pierre Desprès, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361)

Deaths

• February 15 – Henry III (the Illustrious), German nobleman
• April 24 – Gertrude of Austria, Austrian noblewoman (b. 1226)
• June 5
  • Henry VI, count of Luxembourg (the Condemned)
  • Waleran I, French nobleman (House of Luxembourg)
• June 8 – Lope Díaz III, Spanish nobleman and knight (b. 1245)
• June 26 – Siegfried IV, German nobleman and prince-bishop
• July 3 – Stephen de Fulbourn, English archbishop and politician
• August 2 – Alix of Brittany (or Blois), Breton noblewoman (b. 1243)
• September 7 – Agnes of Dampierre, French noblewoman (b. 1237)
• September 29 – Matilda of Brabant, French noblewoman (b. 1224)
• September 30 – Leszek II (the Black), Polish nobleman (b. 1241)
• November 11 – Beatrice of Brabant, countess of Flanders (b. 1225)
• November 19 – Rudolf I, German nobleman and regent (b. 1230)
• December 17 – Ibn al-Nafis, Syrian scholar and polymath (b. 1213)
• Guillaume III, French nobleman, chamberlain and knight (b. 1217)
• Matilda of Holstein (or Mechthild), queen consort of Denmark
• Shang Ting, Chinese calligrapher, poet and writer (b. 1209)
• Tikkana Somayaji, Indian Prime-Minister and poet (b. 1205)
• Wang Qinghui, Chinese concubine, poet and writer (b. 1264)