Palauan language

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other Template:Main other

Palauan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Sfn) is a Malayo-Polynesian language native to the Republic of Palau, where it is one of the two official languages, alongside English. It is widely used in day-to-day life in the country. Palauan is not closely related to other Malayo-Polynesian languages and its exact classification within the branch is unclear.

ClassificationEdit

It is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages, and is one of only two indigenous languages in Micronesia that are not part of the Oceanic sub-branch of that family, the other being Chamorro (see Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, and Template:Harvnb).

Roger Blench (2015)<ref>Blench, Roger. 2015. Early Oceanic contact with Palau: the evidence of fish names.</ref> argues that based on evidence from fish names, Palauan had early contact with Oceanic languages either directly or indirectly via the Yapese language. These include fish names for the sea eel, yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), left-eye flounder (Bothus mancus), triggerfish, sailfish, barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), damsel fish (Abudefduf sp.), squirrelfish (Holocentrus spp.), unicorn fish (Naso spp.), trevally, land crab (Cardisoma rotundus), and wrasse. This suggests that Oceanic speakers had influenced the fishing culture of Palau, and had been fishing and trading in the vicinity of Palau for quite some time. Blench (2015) also suggests that the Palauan language displays influence from Central Philippine languages and Samalic languages.

PhonologyEdit

The phonemic inventory of Palauan consists of 10 consonants and 6 vowels.<ref>Only 5 vowel phonemes are listed in Template:Harvnb because she avoids the issue of how to treat indeterminate underlying vowels. The vowel chart here tentatively reflects the analysis of Template:Harvcoltxt, who treats indeterminate vowels as instances of underlying Template:IPA link. Furthermore, the analysis of Palauan Template:IPAblink in Template:Harvnb treats it as a phoneme distinct from Template:IPAslink, while Template:IPAblink is merely an allophone of Template:IPAslink according to Template:Harvcoltxt. The consonant chart tentatively reflects Wilson's analysis.</ref> Phonetic charts of the vowel and consonant phonemes are provided below, utilizing the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
High	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Low		Template:IPA link

Consonant phonemes
		Alveolar		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPA link				Template:IPA link
Stop	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Fricative		Template:IPA link
Lateral			Template:IPA link
Flap			Template:IPA link

AllophonesEdit

While the phonemic inventory of Palauan is relatively small, comparatively, many phonemes contain at least two allophones that surface as the result of various phonological processes within the language. The full phonetic inventory of consonants is given below in IPA (the phonemic inventory of vowels, above, is complete).

Consonant allophones
	Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar			Velar		Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link				Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Stop	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Approximant (Lateral)							Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Approximant (Lateral)						Template:IPA link
Flap						Template:IPA link
Trill						Template:IPA link

The following is the table of allophones and their contexts in Palauan.Template:Sfnp

Phoneme	Allophone	Context
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink	Word final, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} "spit" Before another consonant, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink	Word initially (in careful speech), e.g. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} "dynamite"

DiphthongsEdit

Palauan contains several diphthongs (sequences of vowels within a single syllable). A list of diphthongs and corresponding Palauan words containing them are given below, adapted from Template:Harvcoltxt.

Diphthongs
IPA	Example	English Translation
main}}	lang}}	"paper" (German loan)
main}}	lang}}	"(singing) voice"
main}}	lang}}	"dirty"
main}}	lang}}	"ship"
main}}	lang}}	"come"
main}}	lang}}	"width"
main}}	lang}}	"Koror" (former capital of Palau)
main}}	lang}}	"tin"
main}}	lang}}	"torch"
main}}	lang}}	"afternoon"
main}}	lang}}	"horse" (English loan)
main}}	lang}}	"door"
main}}	lang}}	"word"
main}}	lang}}	"spear"
main}}	lang}}	"distribute"
main}}	lang}}	"river"
main}}	lang}}	"news"
main}}	lang}}	"pipe" (English loan)
main}}	lang}}	"tired"
main}}	lang}}	"fork"

The extent to which it is accurate to characterize each of these vowel sequences as diphthongs has been a matter of debate, as in Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, and Template:Harvnb. Nevertheless, a number of the sequences above, such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, clearly behave as diphthongs given their interaction with other aspects of Palauan phonology like stress shift and vowel reduction. Others do not behave as clearly like monosyllabic diphthongs.

Writing systemEdit

In the early 1970s, the Palau Orthography Committee worked with linguists from the University of Hawaii to devise an alphabet based on the Latin script.<ref>The final report of the Palau Orthography Committee was released as Template:Harvcolnb.</ref> The resulting orthography was largely based on the "one phoneme/one symbol" notion, producing an alphabet of twelve native consonants, six consonants for use in loan words, and ten vowels. The 20 vowel sequences listed under Diphthongs are also all officially recognized in the orthography.

Most of the letters/graphemes in written Palauan correspond to phonemes that can be represented by the corresponding segments in the International Phonetic Alphabet Template:Harvcol, e.g., Palauan Template:Angbr is the phoneme Template:IPAslink. Three notable exceptions are worth mentioning:

The first is Template:Angbr, which is invariably pronounced as a glottal stop Template:IPAblink. The ch digraph is a remnant of an earlier writing system developed during German occupation when the glottal stop was pronounced as a fricative Template:IPAblink; some older Palauans still remember their grandparents pronouncing ch this way. In modern Palauan usage the sound Template:IPAblink has been completely replaced by Template:IPAblink, but the ch spelling persists.
The second is Template:Angbr. It represents sometimes the full vowel Template:IPAblink as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'garden', and sometimes a schwa Template:IPAblink, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'child'. The distribution of the two pronunciations is similar to those of English vowel reduction: Template:IPAblink is found in stressed syllables vs. Template:IPAblink in unstressed ones (compare Eng. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} vs. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
- The two sounds Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink were once distinguished in the orthography, as the schwa Template:IPAblink was spelled Template:Angbr, using an ogonek: e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'child'. This was the orthography used by Josephs in his 1975 grammar;<ref>Josephs 1975, pp.22-25..</ref> yet the same author has used a simple Template:Angbr in his later work, e.g. his 1990 dictionary.<ref>Josephs 1990, p.{{sc|l}} ff.</ref>
The third is the digraph Template:Angbr, which is a (phonemic) velar nasal Template:IPAslink but can assimilate to be pronounced as Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.

There is no phonemic Template:IPAslink in Palauan: this gap is due to a historical sound shift from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *n to Template:IPAslink Template:Sfnp ‒ a change that is also found elsewhere in the region (e.g. in Gorontalo).

On May 10, 2007, the Senate of Palau passed Template:Usurped, which mandates that educational institutions recognize the Palauan orthography laid out in Template:Harvnb and Template:Harvnb. The bill also establishes an Orthography Commission to maintain the language as it develops as well as to oversee and regulate any additions or modifications to the current official orthography.

**Native consonants**
Palauan grapheme	IPA	Example word
b	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}} 'community house'
ch	main}}	lang}} 'animal'
d	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}} 'ship'
k	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}} 'question'
l	main}}	lang}} 'coconut'
ll	main}}	lang}} 'leaf'
m	main}}	lang}} 'hammer' (Span. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
ng	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}} 'fire'
r	main}}	lang}} 'mosquito'
rr	main}}	lang}} 'liquor'
s	main}}	lang}} 'friend'
t	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}} 'banana'

**Foreign consonants**
Palauan grapheme	IPA	Example word
f	main}}	lang}} 'fender' (Eng.)
h	main}}	lang}} 'tuberculosis' (Jpn. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
n	main}}	lang}} 'teacher' (Jpn. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})"
p	main}}	lang}} 'the Pope' (Span. {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
ts	main}}	lang}} 'chewing gum' (Eng.)
z	main}}	lang}} 'museum' (Eng.)

**Vowels**
Palauan grapheme	IPA	Example word
a	main}}	lang}} 'person'
e	main}}	lang}} 'garden'
e	main}}	lang}} 'child'
ee	main}}	lang}} 'near'
i	main}}	lang}} 'sun'
ii	main}}	lang}} 'nose'
o	main}}	lang}} 'mouth'
oo	main}}	lang}} 'playful'
u	main}}	lang}} 'flower'
uu	main}}	lang}} 'mangrove clam'

GrammarEdit

PronounsEdit

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Palauan language:Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

	Free	NOM I	NOM II	OBJ	POSS
1st person singular	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person singular	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
3rd person singular	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
1st person plural inclusive	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
1st person plural exclusive	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person plural	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
3rd person plural	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}

Noun inflectionEdit

Palauan nouns inflect based on humanness and number via the plural prefix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which attaches to plural human nouns (see Template:Harvcolnb). For example, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'person' is a human noun that is unambiguously singular, whereas the noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} people is a human noun that is unambiguously plural. Non-human nouns do not display this distinction, e.g., the word for 'stone', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, can denote either a singular 'stone' or multiple 'stones.'<ref>Note that some non-human animate plural nouns (animals) can stylistically inflect with the plural prefix re- if they are considered to be "sufficiently human" in some contexts, such as when talking about household pets that are like family members, or when anthropomorphized animal characters are described in stories. See Template:Harvcolnb.</ref>

Some possessed nouns in Palauan also inflect to agree with the person, number, and humanness of their possessors. For example, the unpossessed noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means simply 'table,' whereas one of its possessed forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'my table.' Possessor agreement is always registered via the addition of a suffix to the noun (also triggering a shift in stress to the suffix). The possessor agreement suffixes have many different irregular forms that only attach to particular nouns, and they must be memorized on a noun-by-noun basis Template:Harvcol. However, there is a "default" e-set suffixes (see Template:Harvcolnb and Template:Harvcolnb), shown below:

E-set
		Singular	Plural
		Singular	Inclusive	Exclusive
1st person		lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person		lang}}	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person	human	lang}}	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person	nonhuman	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}

U-set, I-set, and A-set
		Singular	Plural
		Singular	Inclusive	Exclusive
1st person		lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person		lang}}	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person	human	lang}}	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person	nonhuman	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Note that -V- represents vowels -u-, -i-, or -a-.

There are some morphophonological changes, often unpredictable, including: Template:Harvcol

Single vowels are reduced to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, written as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my stone'), or being syncopated entirely ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my fish'), with few nouns do not reduce their vowel ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my hand')
Double vowels are reduced to single vowels ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my nail'), sometimes reduced further to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or even syncopated
Due to syncopation, numerous complicated consonant clusters are produced, and some of them are simplified in Palauan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my water', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my breast')

Verb inflectionEdit

Palauan verb morphology is highly complex. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'eat', for example, may be analyzed as verb prefix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} + imperfective {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in which {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is an archimorpheme that is only apparent from comparing various forms, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'food' and taking into consideration morphophonemic patterns: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'the dog was eating fish' (lit. it VERB PREFIX-m eat-PAST INFIX-il- ARTICLE fish ARTICLE dog); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'The dog eats up fish' (lit. it-eat-PERFECTIVE-INFIX-m- fish ARTICLE dog). The verb system points to fossilized forms related to the Philippine languages.

Word orderEdit

The word order of Palauan is usually thought to be verb–object–subject (VOS), but this has been a matter of some debate in the linguistic literature.<ref>See Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, and Template:Harvnb for arguments in favor of treating Palauan as VOS. cf. Template:Harvnb and Template:Harvnb, which assume an SVO order for Palauan. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt provide clear and concise summaries of the debate and evidence in favor of the VOS analysis over the SVO analysis.</ref> Those who accept the VOS analysis of Palauan word order generally treat Palauan as a pro-drop language with preverbal subject agreement morphemes, final pronominal subjects are deleted (or null).

Example 1: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Smallcaps. (means: 'I was eating the apple.')

In the preceding example, the abstract null pronoun Template:Smallcaps is the subject 'I,' while the clause-initial {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the first person singular subject agreement morpheme.

On the other hand, those who have analyzed Palauan as SVO necessarily reject the pro-drop analysis, instead analyzing the subject agreement morphemes as subject pronouns. In the preceding example, SVO-advocates assume that there is no pro and that the morpheme {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is simply an overt subject pronoun meaning 'I'. One potential problem with this analysis is that it fails to explain why overt (3rd person) subjects occur clause-finally in the presence of a co-referring 3rd person "subject pronoun" --- treating the subject pronouns as agreement morphemes circumvents this weakness. Consider the following example.

Example 2: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. (means: 'Satsuko was eating the apple.')

Proponents of the SVO analysis must assume a shifting of the subject {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Satsuko' from clause-initial to clause-final position, a movement operation that has not received acceptance cross-linguistically, but see Template:Harvnb for discussion.

Palauan phrasesEdit

Some common and useful words and phrases in Palauan are listed below, with their English translations.<ref>See Template:Harvnb for a more comprehensive list of words and phrases.</ref>

Palauan	English
lang}}	Hello!
lang}}	Good morning.
lang}}	Good afternoon.
lang}}	Good evening.
lang}}	My name is ___.
lang}}	What's your name?
lang}}	How are you?
lang}}	I'm fine.
lang}}	I'm from ___.
lang}}	Palau
lang}}	U.S.
lang}}	England
lang}}	Japan
lang}}	China
lang}}	Where are you from?
lang}}	Where were you born?

Palauan	English
lang}}	I was born in ___.
lang}}	How old are you?
lang}}	I am ___ years old.
lang}}	What's your phone number?
lang}}	My phone number is ___.
lang}}	Where do you live?
lang}}	I live ___.
lang}}	Yes.
lang}}	No.
lang}}	Please.
lang}}	Thank you.
lang}}	Where are you going?
lang}}	Goodbye.
lang}}	Thank you very much!
lang}}	pretty flower.

Palauan numeralsEdit

1 to 10:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Palauans have different numbers for different objects. For example, to count people, it is: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Traditionally, there were separate counting sets for people, things, counting, ordinals, bunches of bananas, units of time, long objects, and rafts; however, several of these are no longer used.<ref>Palauan Language Online tekinged.com</ref>