Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Distinguish Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned.<ref name=":0" /> The system is primarily used in the United States. It is also used in some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, and African countries such as Zambia and South Africa, although sometimes translations of these phrases are used instead of the Latin originals. The honors distinction should not be confused with the honors degrees offered in some countries, or with honorary degrees.
The system usually has three levels of honor (listed in order of increasing merit): cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. Generally, a college or university's regulations set out definite criteria a student must meet to obtain a given honor. For example, the student might be required to achieve a specific grade point average, submit an honors thesis for evaluation, be part of an honors program, or graduate early. Each school sets its own standards. Since these standards vary, the same level of Latin honors conferred by different institutions can represent different levels of achievement. Similarly, some institutions grant equivalent (or additional) non-Latin honors to undergraduates. The University of Wisconsin–Madison, for example, has a series of plain English grading honors based on class standing.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some colleges and universities (e.g., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Reed College, Yale Law School, and Stanford Law School) do not use honors at all.
These honors, when they are used, are almost always awarded to undergraduate students earning their bachelor's degree, and, with the exception of law school graduates, much more rarely to graduate students receiving their master's or doctorate degree. The honor is typically indicated on the diploma. Latin honors are often conferred upon law school students graduating as a Juris Doctor or J.D., in which case they are generally based upon class rank or grade point average.
English-speaking countriesEdit
United StatesEdit
DistinctionsEdit
Template:Redirect-distinguish Most American colleges and universities use Latin honors for bachelor's degrees and for the Juris Doctor degree, but not for other degrees such as master's degrees or the Ph.D. and M.D. degrees. There are three standard levels of Latin honors:
- cum laude (English: Template:IPAc-en), meaning "with praise", typically awarded to graduates in the top 20%, 25%, or 33% of their class, depending on the institution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Anchormagna cum laude (Template:IPAc-en), meaning "with great praise", typically awarded to graduates in the top 5%, 10%, or 15% of their class, depending on the institution.
- Template:Visible anchor (Template:IPAc-en), meaning "with highest praise", typically awarded to graduates in the top 1%, 2%, or 5% of their class, depending on the institution. Some institutions do not award the summa cum laude distinction or award it only in extraordinary circumstances.
HistoryEdit
In 1869, Harvard College became the first college in the United States to award final honors to its graduates. From 1872 to 1879, cum laude and summa cum laude were the two Latin honors awarded to graduates. Beginning in 1880, magna cum laude was also awarded. In his 1895 history of Amherst College, college historian William Seymour Tyler traced Amherst's system of Latin honors to 1881, and attributed it to Amherst College president Julius Hawley Seelye:
United KingdomEdit
In the UK, the Latin cum laude is used in commemorative Latin versions of degree certificates sold by a few universities (e.g. the University of Edinburgh) to denote a bachelor's degree with honours, but the honours classification is stated as in English, e.g. primi ordinis for first class rather than summa cum laude, etc. Official degree certificates use English.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other countriesEdit
For undergraduate degrees, Latin honors are used in only a few countries such as Israel, Indonesia, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, one university in Singapore and Canada. Most countries use a different scheme, such as the British undergraduate degree classification (usually used in Commonwealth countries) which is more widely used with varying criteria and nomenclature depending on country, including Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, the United Kingdom, Zimbabwe and many other countries. Malta shows the Latin honors on the degree certificates, but the UK model is shown on the transcript.
AustriaEdit
In Austria, the only Latin honor in use is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("under the auspices of the president of the republic") for doctoral degrees. Candidates must have consistently excellent grades throughout high school and university, making it very difficult to attain: only about 20 out of a total of 2,500 doctoral graduates per year (i.e. 0.8%) achieve a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} degree.
BelgiumEdit
In Belgium, the university degree awarded is limited to:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} <68% ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Dutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in French)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} >68% ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Dutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in French)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} >77% ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Dutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in French)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} >85% ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Dutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in French)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with the congratulations of the examination committee >90% ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Dutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in French)
BrazilEdit
In Brazil, most universities do not provide honors to their students. Among the few universities that do so, the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA—Technological Institute of Aeronautics) awards the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with every individual grade above 8.5 (out of 10.0), the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with average grade above 8.5 and more than 50% of individual grades above 9.5, and the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with average grade above 9.5. As of 2009, only 22 graduates have received the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor at ITA. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro awards the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with average grade from 8.0 to 8.9, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with average grade from 9.0 to 9.4, and the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for graduates with average grade from 9.5 to 10.0. The Federal University of Ceará awards the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} honor for undergraduates who have never failed a course, achieved an average grade from 8.5 (out of 10.0) and have received a fellowship of both Academic Extension and Teaching Initiation.
Czech RepublicEdit
In the Czech Republic, universities usually award the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} distinction to its best graduates in bachelors and masters study programmes. The criteria required by Czech universities are usually the following: a) an overall study results average up to 1.5 out of 4.0 (while "1" is the best, "excellent" grade and "4" is the failing grade), b) completion of the final state exam with the overall classification of 1 ("excellent") and also c) proper completion of studies in a period not exceeding the standard period of study by more than one year. Other distinctions such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are not used. Alternatively, the phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which means "with honours", is substituted for the usual {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The Czech universities usually do not award any Latin honours to its graduates in rigorosum and doctoral study programmes.
EstoniaEdit
In Estonia, up until 2010 both {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were used. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was awarded only for very exceptional work. Since 1 September 2010, only {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used. It is awarded to bachelors, masters and integrated studies graduates. Occasionally the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which means "with praise", is substituted for the usual {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. To receive {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} one must achieve a 4.60 GPA (out of 5) and receive the highest grade (A – 5.00) for the thesis or the final examination.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
FinlandEdit
Template:See also The Finnish Matriculation Examinations at the end of lukio/gymnasium uses the grades of: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (I, failing; "not accepted"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (A; "accepted"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (B; "willingly accepted"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (C; "accepted with praise"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (M; "accepted with great praise"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (E; "accepted with excellent praise") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (L; "praised"). They are roughly equivalent to Finnish school grades ranging from 4 to 10. Some Finnish universities, when grading master's theses and doctoral dissertations, use the same scale with the additional grade of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (N; "accepted not without praise") between {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; technical universities use a numerical scale (1–5) instead.
FranceEdit
In France, usually the French honors {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("very good mention"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("good mention"), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("quite good mention") are used. However some Grandes Écoles, like the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, HEC Paris, use the Latin and English titles {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / "graduated with highest honors" for the top 2% and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / "graduated with honors" for the next 5% of a year. From 2016, honorifics ceased to be used for the completion of a PhD.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Before this date, the French PhD diploma could be awarded with increasing honors: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While these honors grades have been revoked for the PhD diploma, they are still in use for doctors of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine.
GermanyEdit
In Germany, the range of degrees is:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("below any scale", fail, numerical grade 5.0) (see Sub omni canone in German Wikipedia)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("insufficient", fail, numerical grade 4.0–5.0)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("duly" conferred, that is, the requirements are fulfilled, numerical grade 3.0–4.0)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – or no additional comment ("satisfying", numerical grade 3.0)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("with honors", numerical grade 2.0)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("with great honors", numerical grade 1.0)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("with highest honors", numerical grade <1.0).
These degrees are mostly used when a doctorate is conferred, not for diplomas, bachelor's or master's degrees, for which numerical grades between 1.0 ("very good") and 4.0 ("pass"), and 5.0 ("fail"), are given.
HungaryEdit
In Hungary, the range of degrees—similar to the German system—is: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("duly" conferred, that is, the requirements are fulfilled), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with honors), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with highest honors). These degrees are used in university diplomas and in certain fields of sciences (medical, legal and a very few others) only. The grades of degrees are dependent on the received average points from final exams and from average points from the university studies.
IndonesiaEdit
Latin honors are used widely in Indonesia, the order of increment are:
- cum laude, meaning "with honors" (or literally "with praise") — GPA 3.40 - 3.59
- magna cum laude, meaning "with great honors" (or literally "with great praise") — 3.60 - 3.79
- summa cum laude, meaning "with highest honors" (or literally "with the highest praise") — GPA 3.80 and above
A fourth order, egregia cum laude, meaning 'with extraordinary honors', is occasionally used: it was created to recognise students who earned the same grade point average as a summa, but earned it while pursuing a more rigorous degree curriculum.
A less commonly used grade, maxima cum laude, or 'with very great honors', is an intermediate order between summa and magna. This distinction is sometimes used when the university regulation for summa is only awarded to students with perfect academic grades (4.0 / 4.0 GPA).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ItalyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
In Italy, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} notation ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} being the equivalent in Italian) is used as an increasing level of the highest grade for both exams (30/30) and degrees (110/110), in all its levels; Passing an exam {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) has usually only an honorific meaning, but sometimes it influences the average grade and can be useful to the student so honored (usually weighting 31/30). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is usually awarded after answering correctly a bonus difficult question at the oral examination.
In Italy, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (at institutions using a 110-point system) is the highest rank that can be achieved during the academic studies, and corresponds usually to a final score greater than 110/110 (the specific threshold varies from university to university). Up to 3 bonus points can be awarded for merits, e.g. having an average exams score greater than 28.5/30 (95% equivalent), excellent final project or for graduating on time. More notations include: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("academic kiss and embrace"), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("honor mention"), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("dignity of printing"), and were given based on various university-specific requirements, but without a legal value.
MaltaEdit
In Malta, for Bachelor Honours degrees {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to first class honours, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to second class honours (upper division), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to second class honours (lower division), whilst {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to third class honours. Professional degrees lasting longer than the standard three years such as the five year Bachelor of Pharmacy are awarded {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Postgraduate diplomas and master's degrees may be awarded as pass with distinction ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), pass with merit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), or pass ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
MexicoEdit
In Mexico, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (also known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Spanish) is used, by the major universities, to recognize an outstanding dissertation for bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees. Also different awards on public and private universities are given to the student with the highest final grade average (i.e. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Gabino Barreda Medal) and a diploma is given as a form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
NetherlandsEdit
In the Netherlands, two classes of honors may be used for bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with honor) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with highest honor). Typically these distinctions are reserved to mark exceptional achievement above a high minimum grade point average. Sometimes it is lost, despite a high average mark, when the student gets a mark of 6 or lower for one of the many exams (on a scale of 1–10, where 10 is the highest). It may also be awarded based on the weighted average of first achieved grades for each subject only. Generally, less than 2% receive the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} distinction. It is also possible to receive a PhD degree {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, although this honor is even rarer than for master's graduates. In view of the difficulty and subjectivity of determining this, some universities and fields of study very seldom award doctorates {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. At Dutch university colleges {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and, exceptionally, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may be awarded.
PhilippinesEdit
In the Philippines, junior high school and senior high school students under the new K–12 curriculum use an honor system using Filipino translations of the Latin original. Students who achieve a final grade average of 90-94 are awarded the title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and will receive a bronze medal with the DepEd seal. Those who have a final grade average of 95–97 receive the title of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and a silver medal with the same seal. Students with a final grade average of 98-100 shall be awarded the title of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and a gold medal with the same specification. In college, students are awarded the latin honors {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RussiaEdit
In Russia, the honor system is based on the grade point average. At least 4.75 out of 5.0 points are required for the summa cum laude degree (in Russian, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "with excellence").<ref>Russian Education Law — В соответствии с Законом Российской Федерации «Об образовании» № 12-ФЗ, 13 January 1996 and типовым «Положением об итоговой аттестации выпускников высших учебных заведений», утвержденным приказом Минобразования России, 25 March 2003 № 1155.</ref> The graduate has to receive a perfect grade on all final examinations. Usually less than 2% of all graduating students accomplish this (depending on the university and year). In military schools, a "red diploma" may be accompanied by a gold medal ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) for outstanding performance. Russian high schools also award a gold medal to the student who achieves a perfect score in all final examinations and in all other subjects not requiring a final exam. A silver medal is awarded to high school students who have one or two grades of 4 (Template:Langx {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "good", being second highest grade) on their final exams or other subjects as listed in the high school diploma ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
SingaporeEdit
In Singapore, the Latin honors, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are used by Singapore Management University. Graduates from Singapore Management University have to achieve GPAs of 3.4, 3.6 and 3.8 out of 4.0 respectively and without any exceptions to qualify for the Latin honors.
It is also used by Yale-NUS College, with the top 5% of a graduating class receiving {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the next 10% {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and the next 20% {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. There are no credit (CAP) requirements to achieve the Latin honors at Yale-NUS College.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
South AfricaEdit
In South Africa, the Latin honors {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used for bachelor's degrees, honour's degrees and master's degrees, and is awarded to students who have achieved an average grade of 75% or higher throughout the degree. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in South Africa can be considered broadly equivalent to a first class degree in the United Kingdom or a GPA of 3.7–4.0 in the United States.
SpainEdit
In Spain, the Latin honors {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used for PhD degrees only and is the highest possible qualification. It is only applicable to doctoral degrees that achieve an outstanding mark (10/10) and it is awarded after a secret vote of the jury members, using envelopes that must be opened in a session separate from the defense session. Obtaining the qualification of doctorate {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} requires the unanimity of the members of the examining board (between 3 and 5 experts, depending on the university). In Spain, the cum laude mention is regulated by RD 534/2013.
SwitzerlandEdit
In Switzerland, the degrees {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("distinguished with praise"), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are used, but the exact GPA corresponding to each varies by institution.
UkraineEdit
In Ukraine, the university education honor system is based on by-law # 161 (2 June 1993) of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine (3.12.3.5). For a student to graduate from a university with a diploma with honors ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), students have to receive mark 5 (excellent) at least on 75% of courses, receive mark 4 (good) at max 25% of courses, and pass the state exams only with mark 5 (excellent). Also, students are expected to have participated in research projects with visible results.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Honours degree – academic degree with a higher standard of study