Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Coreopsis (Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref>) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants.
DescriptionEdit
These plants range from Template:Convert in height. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip, but can also be yellow-and-red bicolor or pink.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They have showy flower heads with involucral bracts in two distinct series of eight each, the outer being commonly connate at the base. The flat fruits are small and dry and look like insects.
There are nearly 40 species of Coreopsis, all of which are native to North, Central, and South America.<ref name = powo/> The name Coreopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translation), meaning "bedbug", and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translation), meaning "view", referring to the shape of the achene.<ref name=Kim>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
SpeciesEdit
39 species are currently accepted by Plants of the World Online.<ref name = powo/> Template:Div col
- Coreopsis aristulata Template:Small
- Coreopsis auriculata Template:Small
- Coreopsis bakeri Template:Small
- Coreopsis basalis Template:Small
- Coreopsis bolanosana Template:Small
- Coreopsis breviligulata Template:Small
- Coreopsis buchii Template:Small
- Coreopsis canescentifolia Template:Small
- Coreopsis falcata Template:Small
- Coreopsis floridana Template:Small
- Coreopsis gladiata Template:Small
- Coreopsis glaucodes Template:Small
- Coreopsis grandiflora Template:Small
- Coreopsis imbricata Template:Small
- Coreopsis integra Template:Small
- Coreopsis integrifolia Template:Small
- Coreopsis intermedia Template:Small
- Coreopsis killipii Template:Small
- Coreopsis lanceolata Template:Small
- Coreopsis leavenworthii Template:Small
- Coreopsis linifolia Template:Small
- Coreopsis longula Template:Small
- Coreopsis maysillesii Template:Small
- Coreopsis mollicula Template:Small
- Coreopsis multifida Template:Small
- Coreopsis nudata Template:Small
- Coreopsis nuecensis Template:Small
- Coreopsis nuecensoides Template:Small
- Coreopsis paludosa Template:Small
- Coreopsis palustris Template:Small
- Coreopsis peruviana Template:Small
- Coreopsis piurana Template:Small
- Coreopsis poloe Template:Small
- Coreopsis pubescens Template:Small
- Coreopsis rosea Template:Small
- Coreopsis spectabilis Template:Small
- Coreopsis teotepecensis Template:Small
- Coreopsis tinctoria Template:Small
- Coreopsis wrightii Template:Small
Formerly placed hereEdit
- Bidens alba (L.) DC. (as C. alba L.)
- Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton (as C. aristosa Michx.)
- Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff (as C. aurea Aiton)
- Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (as C. mitis Michx.)
- Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton (as C. trichosperma Michx.)
- Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (as C. formosa Bonato)
- Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers. (as C. parviflora Jacq.)
- Electranthera cuneifolia Template:Small (as C. cuneifolia Template:Small)
- Electranthera mutica Template:Small (as C. mutica Template:Small)
- Epilepis rudis Template:Small (as C. rudis (Benth.) Hemsl.)
- Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.) Hemsl. (as C. heterophylla Cav.)
- Leptosyne bigelovii Template:Small (as C. bigelovii Template:Small)
- Leptosyne californica Template:Small (as C. californica Template:Small)
- Leptosyne calliopsidea Template:Small (as C. calliopsidea Template:Small)
- Leptosyne douglasii Template:Small (as C. douglasii Template:Small)
- Leptosyne gigantea Template:Small (as C. gigantea Template:Small)
- Leptosyne hamiltonii Template:Small (as C. hamiltonii Template:Small)
- Leptosyne maritima Template:Small (as C. maritima Template:Small)
- Leptosyne stillmanii Template:Small (as C. stillmanii Template:Small)
- Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers. (as C. amplexicaulis Cav.)
- Simsia foetida (Cav.) S.F.Blake (as C. foetida Cav.)
- Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A.Gray (as C. filifolia Hook.)
- Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney (as C. alternifolia L.)<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walter (as C. alata Cav. Pursh)
TaxonomyEdit
Coreopsis is a variable genus closely related to Bidens. In fact, neither Coreopsis nor Bidens, as defined in the 20th century, is strictly monophyletic. Coreopsis is best described as paraphyletic. Previously (1936), Coreopsis was classified into 11 sections and 114 species, but the African species were subsequently reclassified as Bidens, leaving the North and South American species, some 75–80 in all, under Coreopsis. 45 species are in the 11 North American sections, and the remaining 35 are in the South American section Pseudoagarista. The North American species fall into two broad groups, with 5 sections and 12 species in Mexico and North America and the remaining 5 sections and 26 species in Eastern North America.<ref name=Kim/>
One group which does seem to be monophyletic consists of temperate species from North America, including five sections of Coreopsis, Bidens coronata and Bidens tripartita, and the genus Thelesperma (five species).<ref name="crawford2005">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Plants of the World Online accepts the genera Anacis Template:Small,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Electranthera Template:Small,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Epilepis Template:Small,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Leptosyne Template:Small,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Silphidium Template:Small,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which other authorities, including the Global Compositae Database, treat as synonyms of Coreopsis. Plants of the World Online treats Selleophytum as a synonym of Coreopsis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SectionsEdit
One classification (GRIN) of the genus consists of eleven sections,<ref name="GRIN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> shown by cladistic relationships with number of species in parentheses.<ref name="Kim" />
- Coreopsis sect. Pseudoagarista (35)
Section AnathysanaEdit
- Coreopsis cyclocarpa S.F.Blake
Section CalliopsisEdit
- Coreopsis bicolor
- Coreopsis leavenworthii Torr. & A.Gray – Leavenworth's tickseed
- Coreopsis paludosa M.E.Jones
- Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. – plains coreopsis
Section CoreopsisEdit
- Coreopsis auriculata L. – lobed tickseed
- Coreopsis bakeri E.E.Schill.
- Coreopsis basalis (A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake – goldenmane tickseed
- Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet – large-flowered tickseed
- Coreopsis intermedia Sherff – goldenwave tickseed
- Coreopsis lanceolata L. – lance coreopsis, lance-leaf tickseed
- Coreopsis nuecensis A.Heller – crown tickseed
- Coreopsis nuecensoides E.B.Sm. – Rio Grande tickseed
- Coreopsis pubescens Elliott – star tickseed
- Coreopsis wrightii (A.Gray) H.M.Parker – rock tickseed
Section ElectraEdit
- Coreopsis cuneifolia Greenm.
- Coreopsis mexicana
- Coreopsis mutica DC.
Section EublepharisEdit
- Coreopsis floridana E.B.Sm. – Florida tickseed
- Coreopsis gladiata Walter – coastalplain tickseed
- Coreopsis integrifolia Poir. – fringeleaf tickseed
- Coreopsis linifolia Nutt. – Texas tickseed
- Coreopsis nudata Nutt. – Georgia tickseed
- Coreopsis palustris Sorrie – swamp tickseed
- Coreopsis rosea Nutt. – pink tickseed
Section Gyrophyllum (syn. Palmatae)Edit
- Coreopsis delphiniifolia Lam. – larkspurleaf tickseed
- Coreopsis major Walter – greater tickseed
- Coreopsis palmata Nutt. – stiff tickseed
- Coreopsis pulchra F.E.Boynton – woodland tickseed
- Coreopsis tripteris L. – tall tickseed
- Coreopsis verticillata L. – whorled tickseed
Section LeptosyneEdit
- Coreopsis douglasii (DC.) H.M.Hall – Douglas's tickseed
- Coreopsis californica (Nutt.) H.Sharsm. – California tickseed
- Coreopsis stillmanii (A.Gray) S.F.Blake – Stillman's tickseed
Section PseudoagaristaEdit
South America, 35 species
- Coreopsis mcvaughii D.J.Crawford
- Coreopsis petrophila A.Gray
- Coreopsis petrophiloides B.L.Rob. & Greenm.
- Coreopsis spectabilis A.Gray<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Section PugiopappusEdit
- Coreopsis bigelovii (A.Gray) Voss – Bigelow's tickseed
- Coreopsis calliopsidea (DC.) A.Gray – leafstem tickseed
- Coreopsis hamiltonii (Elmer) H. Sharsm. – Mount Hamilton tickseed
Section SilphidiumEdit
- Coreopsis latifolia Michx. – broadleaf tickseed
Section TuckermanniaEdit
- Coreopsis gigantea (Kellogg) H.M.Hall – giant coreopsis
- Coreopsis maritima (Nutt.) Hook.f. – sea dahlia
Distribution and habitatEdit
North American Coreopsis can be found in two habitats in the wild, growing along roadsides and open fields throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. In this environment the plant will self-sow.
EcologyEdit
Coreopsis species are a source of nectar and pollen for insects.<ref name=":0" /> The species is known to provide food to caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including Coleophora acamtopappi.
CultivationEdit
Coreopsis can grow in a garden as a border plant, or in a container, preferring well-drained soil. Deadheading the flowers ensures it does not become weedy. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones will identify what soil and climate is preferred for different cultivars or species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Notable species found in cultivation are C. grandiflora and C. verticillata, as well as their various cultivars.
The sunny, summer-blooming, daisy-like flowers are popularly planted in gardens to attract butterflies. Both annual and perennial types are grown in the home garden (USDA hardiness zone 7a/6b).<ref name=":0" /> In the Mid-Atlantic region, insects such as bees, hover flies, and wasps are often observed visiting the flowers.<ref name=":0" />
CultureEdit
All Coreopsis species were designated the state wildflower of the U.S. state of Florida in 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the language of flowers, Coreopsis means to be always cheerful, while Coreopsis arkansa in particular stands for love at first sight.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>